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{{Short description|Terrorist attacks in Indonesia}}
{{about|the 2002 bombings in Bali|the 2005 attack|2005 Bali bombings}}
{{Use Australian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox terrorist attack
| title = 2002 Bali
| image =
| caption = The Bali Bombing memorial at the site of the original Paddy's Pub across the road from the site of the now demolished Sari Club (to the left of this picture)
| ___location = [[Bali]],
| coordinates = {{Coord|8|43|02|S|115|10|27|E|region:ID-BA_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| target =
* Two [[nightclub]]s (''Paddy's Pub'' and ''Sari Club'') in [[Kuta, Bali|Kuta]]
* U.S. Consular office in [[Denpasar]]
| date = {{start date and age|2002|10|12|df=yes}}
| time = 11:05 p.m. [[Time in Indonesia|Central Indonesia Standard Time]]
| timezone = [[UTC+08:00]]
| type = [[Suicide attack|Suicide bombing]], [[car bombing]], [[terrorism in Indonesia|terrorist attack]]
| weapons = [[Car bomb|Van bomb]], [[explosive belt]], [[Improvised explosive device]]
| fatalities = 204 (including both bombers)
| injuries = 209
| perps = [[Jemaah Islamiyah]]<br/>[[Al-Qaeda]]<ref name="rulit.net2"/>
| motive = Retaliation for United States' support of [[war on terror]] and Australia's role in the liberation of [[Timor-Leste]]
| map = {{Location map many | Indonesia_Badung_Regency#Indonesia_Bali#Indonesia
|coordinates = {{coord|8|43|02|S|115|10|27|E}}
|width = 280
|float = center
|label =
|position = right
|background = #FFFFDD
}}
| map_caption = Location in [[Badung Regency]], [[Bali]] and [[Indonesia]]
}}
{{Campaignbox Terrorism in Indonesia}}
{{Campaignbox al-Qaeda attacks}}
The '''2002 Bali bombings''' were a series of terrorist attacks on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of [[Kuta, Bali|Kuta]] on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Bali]]. The attacks killed 202 people—including 88 [[Australians]] and 38 local [[Indonesians]]—and injured a further 209, making it the worst terrorist act in Indonesia's history.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2778923.stm |work=BBC News | title=Bali death toll set at 202 | date=19 February 2003| access-date=14 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = The Sydney Morning Herald|url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Possible-police-role-in-2002-Bali-attack/2005/10/12/1128796591857.html|website = The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date = 24 November 2015}}</ref>
Various members of [[Jemaah Islamiyah]] (also abbreviated JI), a violent [[Islamist]] group, were convicted in relation to the bombings, including three who were [[Capital punishment in Indonesia|sentenced to death]]. The attack involved the detonation of three [[bomb]]s: a [[Explosive belt|bomb vest]] worn by a [[suicide attack|suicide bomber]]; a large [[car bomb]], both of which were detonated in or near popular Kuta nightclubs; and a third, much smaller device detonated outside the United States consulate in [[Denpasar]], causing only minor damage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-02-11 |title=Bali suspect re-enacts bombings |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2747519.stm |access-date=2025-07-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
On 9 November 2005, one of the top JI's bomb-makers, former Malaysian university lecturer [[Azahari Husin]], was killed in a police raid on a house in [[Batu, East Java]]. Azahari was believed to be the technical mastermind behind the Bali bombings and several terrorist attacks in Indonesia during the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4421300.stm | work=BBC News | title='Bali bomb maker' believed dead | date=10 November 2005 | access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref> On 9 November 2008, [[Amrozi bin Nurhasyim]], [[Imam Samudra]], and [[Huda bin Abdul Haq]] were executed by firing squad on the island prison of [[Nusakambangan]]. On 9 March 2010, [[Dulmatin]], nicknamed "The Genius"—believed to have set off one of the Bali bombs with a [[mobile phone]]—was killed in a shootout with Indonesian police in [[Pamulang]], [[South Tangerang]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://politifi.com/news/Bali-bomber-mastermind-Dulmatin-killed-in-shootout-263287.html | title=Bali bomber mastermind Dulmatin killed in shoot-out | date=9 March 2010 | access-date=5 April 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614170228/http://politifi.com/news/Bali-bomber-mastermind-Dulmatin-killed-in-shootout-263287.html | archive-date=14 June 2017}}</ref>
== Attack ==
[[File:2004 Mitsubishi Colt L300 Star Wagon 2.5 L039P by Karya Logam (20200227).jpg|thumb|A [[Mitsubishi L300#Second generation (1979)|Mitsubishi L300]] van similar to the one in which the car bomb was planted]]
At 11:05 p.m. on 12 October 2002, a suicide bomber inside the nightclub ''Paddy's Pub'' (sometimes called ''Paddy's [[Irish pub|Irish Bar]]'' or ''Paddy's Bar'') detonated an explosives vest, causing many patrons, with or without injuries, to flee into the street.<ref name=bw-jos>{{cite journal|last1=West|first1=Brad|title=Collective memory and crisis: The 2002 Bali bombing, national heroic archetypes and the counter-narrative of cosmopolitan nationalism|journal=Journal of Sociology|date=December 2008|volume=44|issue=4|pages=337–353|doi=10.1177/1440783308097125|s2cid=144052465|url=https://www.academia.edu/540301|access-date=29 June 2015}}</ref> Twenty seconds later, a second and much more powerful [[car bomb]] inside a white [[Mitsubishi L300#Second generation (1979)|Mitsubishi van]] was detonated by another suicide bomber outside the ''Sari Club'', a renowned [[wikt:open air|open-air]] [[Thatching|thatch-roof]] [[Bar (establishment)|bar]] opposite ''Paddy's Pub''.
The bombing occurred during one of the year's busiest tourist periods in [[Kuta Beach]], driven in part by many [[Australia]]n [[Sports team|sporting teams]] making their annual end-of-season [[holiday]].<ref name=bw-jos />
Damage to the densely populated residential and commercial district was immense, destroying neighbouring buildings and shattering windows several blocks away. The car bomb explosion left a {{convert|1|m|ft|adj=mid|-deep|spell=in}} crater.<ref name=forensic>Australian Department of Defence. "[http://www.defence.gov.au/dpe/dhs/infocentre/publications/journals/NoIDs/adfhealth_sep03/ADFHealth_4_2_50-55.html Aspects of forensic responses to the Bali bombings ]" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918102440/http://www.defence.gov.au/dpe/dhs/infocentre/publications/journals/NoIDs/adfhealth_sep03/ADFHealth_4_2_50-55.html |date=18 September 2014 }}</ref>
The local [[Prof. Ngoerah Hospital|Sanglah Hospital]] was ill-equipped to deal with the scale of the disaster and was overwhelmed with the number of injured, particularly [[burn (injury)|burn]] victims. So many people were injured by the explosion that some of them had to be placed in hotel pools near the explosion site to ease the pain of their burns. Many had to be flown great distances, to [[Darwin, Australia|Darwin]] ({{convert|1800|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and [[Perth]] ({{convert|2600|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}), for specialist burn treatment.
A comparatively small bomb exploded outside the [[List of diplomatic missions of the United States|U.S. consulate]] in [[Denpasar]], causing minor injuries to one person and minimal property damage. It was reportedly packed with human excrement<ref name="afp">{{cite web|url=http://afp.gov.au/international/operations/previous_operations/bali_bombings_2002| access-date=18 March 2007| publisher=[[Australian Federal Police]] |title=Bali bombings 2002| work=International Activities|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060618005353/http://afp.gov.au/international/operations/previous_operations/bali_bombings_2002 |archive-date = 18 June 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is thought to have exploded shortly before the two Kuta bombs.
An August 2005 report by the [[United States-Indonesia Society]] (USINDO) described the events as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usindo.org/publications/reports/pdf/WarOnTerror.pdf |title=terror layout 2|access-date=1 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326213002/http://www.usindo.org/publications/reports/pdf/WarOnTerror.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<blockquote>The investigators were thus able to recreate the bombers activities. Amrozi, [[Joni Hendrawan|Idris]] and Ali Imron had simply walked into a dealership and purchased a new [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] motorbike, after asking how much they could re-sell it for if they returned it in a few days. Imron used the motorbike to plant the small bomb outside the U.S. Consulate. Idris then rode the motorbike as Imron drove two suicide bombers in the Mitsubishi to the nightclub district in Kuta. He stopped near the Sari Club, instructed one suicide bomber to put on his explosives vest and the other to arm the vehicle bomb. The first bomber headed to Paddy's Pub. Idris then left the second bomber, who had only learned to drive in a straight line, to drive the minivan the short distance to the Sari Club. Idris picked up Imron on the Yamaha and the duo headed back into Denpasar. Idris dialed the number of the Nokia to detonate the bomb at the Consulate. The two suicide bombers exploded their devices. Imron and Idris dropped the motorbike at a place where it eventually attracted the attention of the caretaker.</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin:10px"
|- style="background: #E9E9E9;"
! Total fatalities !! 202
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #E9E9E9;" | <div style="text-align: center;">Fatalities by nationality <br /> (''Source: [[SBS Australia|SBS News Australia]]'')<ref>{{cite news|last1=Park|first1=Andrew|title=Bali bombings: Full list of victims' names|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2012/10/10/bali-bombings-full-list-victims-names|access-date=28 June 2015|publisher=[[SBS Australia]]|date=10 October 2012}}</ref></div>
|-
! Nationality !! Deaths<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Charis |date=29 September 2022 |title=202 people died in the 2002 Bali bombings. This is who they were |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/202-people-died-in-the-2002-bali-bombings-this-is-who-they-were/ow30ib8sw |website=SBS News}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|-
| {{flagu|Indonesia}}
| 38
|-
|
|
|-
|
| 7
|-
| {{flagu|Germany}}
| 6
|-
| {{flagu|Sweden}}
| 5
|-
| {{flagu|France}}
| 4
|-
| {{flagu|Netherlands}}
| 4
|-
| {{flagu|Denmark}}
| 3
|-
|{{flagu|Switzerland}}
| 3
|-
| {{flagu|New Zealand}}
|
|-
|
| 2
|-
| {{flagu|Canada}}
| 2
|-
|
| 2
|-
|
| 2
|-
|
| 2
|-
| {{flagu|Italy}}
| 1
|-
| {{flagu|Ecuador}}
| 1
|-
| {{flagu|Greece}}
| 1
|-
| {{flagu|Poland}}
| 1
|-
| {{flagu|Portugal}}
| 1
|-
| {{flagu|Taiwan}}
| 1
|-
| ''Unknown''
| 3
|-
| colspan="4" style="background: #E9E9E9;" | <div style="text-align: center;">Fatalities by age <br /> (''Source: [[Sydney Morning Herald]]'')<ref>{{cite news|author-link1=Michael Bachelard|last1=Bachelard|first1=Michael|author2=Andrew Forbes|author3=Rodolfo Pazos|title=The first Bali bombing: ten years on|url=http://www.smh.com.au/data-point/bali-anniversary|access-date=29 June 2015|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213191425/http://www.smh.com.au/data-point/bali-anniversary|url-status=dead}}</ref></div>
|-
! Age !! Deaths
|-
| Under 21
| 20
|-
| 21–30
| 77
|-
| 31–40
| 73
|-
| Over 40
| 28
|-
| ''Unknown''
| 4
|}
The final death toll was 202, mainly comprising Western tourists and holiday-makers in their 20s and 30s who were in or near Paddy's Pub or the Sari Club, but also including many Balinese Indonesians working or living nearby, or simply passing by. Hundreds more people suffered horrific burns and other injuries. The largest group among those killed were Australian tourists, with 88 fatalities. On 14 October, the [[United Nations Security Council]] passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1438|Resolution 1438]] condemning the attack as a threat to international peace and security.
=== Awards ===
There were many acts of individual heroism in the bombings' aftermath. Several of these received official recognition under Australia's honours and awards system, particularly in the [[2003 Special Honours (Australia)|Special Honours List for 2003]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.gg.gov.au/media-release/announcement-special-bali-honours-list |title=Announcement of the Special Bali Honours List |date=17 October 2003 |author=[[Governor-General of Australia]] |access-date=17 February 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217140355/https://old.gg.gov.au/media-release/announcement-special-bali-honours-list |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/full-list-bali-honours-20031017-gdhltl.html |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=17 October 2003 |title=Full list: Bali honours}}</ref><ref name=braverydecorations>{{cite web |title=Australian Bravery Decorations 17 October 2003 |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-10/2003_10_17_oct_2003_s377_2003.pdf |website=www.gg.gov.au |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia|The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]] |access-date=2 October 2023 |date=17 October 2003}}</ref>
[[Timothy Britten]], a Senior Constable with the Western Australia Police Force, and Richard Joyes were both awarded the [[Cross of Valour (Australia)|Cross of Valour]], Australia's highest civilian honour, for entering the burning remains of the Sari Club to free a badly injured woman from the wreckage; after rescuing her on the third attempt, both men then searched for other potential survivors until the increasing intensity of the flames and of secondary explosions made this impossible. Both men were aware of the possibility of being injured or even killed (Britten specifically believed that yet another bomb might detonate at any moment in order to disrupt rescue efforts and kill emergency workers) and indeed sustained several injuries during their efforts to rescue the woman and find other survivors.<ref name=AustralianBraveryAssociation>{{cite web | title = Cross of Valour Citations | url = http://www.forbravery.org/crossvalour.html | accessdate = 12 December 2009 | date = 14 May 2003 | publisher = Australian Bravery Association | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091105163654/http://www.forbravery.org/crossvalour.html | archivedate = 5 November 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = BRITTEN, Timothy Ian | work = It's an Honour | publisher = [[Government of Australia]] | url = https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1044243 | accessdate = 31 March 2007 | date = 17 October 2003 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223115952/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1044243&search_type=simple&showInd=true | archive-date = 23 December 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = JOYES, Richard John | url = https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1044249 | accessdate = 31 March 2007 | date = 17 October 2003 | work = It's an Honour | publisher = [[Government of Australia]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222154308/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1044249&search_type=simple&showInd=true | archive-date = 22 December 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=abc>{{cite news |title=After Bali |work=Four Corners |url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2003/transcripts/s946351.htm |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |year=2003 |access-date=18 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117085833/http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2003/transcripts/s946351.htm |archive-date=17 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=braverydecorations />
Natalie Goold initially escaped from Paddy's Bar after the bombings but then went back into the burning building, sustaining burns to her right arm and hand, to rescue her friend Nicole McLean, who had been heavily injured by the blasts. After asking two men for their shirts to use as [[tourniquet]]s for McLean's wounds, Goold secured McLean's transportation to a local hospital and stayed with her during their medical evacuation to Australia.<ref name=ABAcitations>{{cite web |title=Star of Courage Recipients |url=http://www.forbravery.org.au/star-of-courage-recipents/ |website=www.forbravery.org.au |publisher=Australian Bravery Association |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325114312/http://www.forbravery.org.au/star-of-courage-recipents/ |archive-date=25 March 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=smhnatgoold>{{cite news |title=Bali blast survivors honoured |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/bali-blast-survivors-honoured-20031213-gdhz19.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=1 October 2023 |date=13 December 2003}}</ref><ref name=gooldsc>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1044251 GOOLD, Natalie Joy], SC, 17 October 2003. For unknown reasons, there is no actual citation. itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</ref>
Robert Meredith and his group of friends were caught up in the bombing of the Sari Club; he was thrown onto his back and badly winded. Despite intense heat and flames, Meredith and his friends managed to help about ten other survivors escape by lifting them over a wall; while the wall ended up collapsing under people's weight, injuring Meredith's feet and depriving him of the already limited protection of his thong sandals, he managed to get to a staircase from where he helped yet more survivors get to safety. Meredith would ultimately be left with several burns and cuts to his feet.<ref name=ABAcitations /><ref name=meredithsc>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1044252 MEREDITH, Robert Alan], SC, 17 October 2003. For unknown reasons, there is no actual citation. itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</ref>
Lauren Munro was also caught up in the Sari bombing, being rendered unconscious; when he came to, he pulled free an injured woman who had been trapped under roof beams, and carried her out of the building and over a wall of rubble. Munro helped several other people get over the same wall before re-entering the Sari Club and spending the next two hours carrying out many more injured people and helping to fight the fire.<ref name=ABAcitations /><ref name=munrosc>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1044253 MUNRO, Lauren John], SC, 17 October 2003. For unknown reasons, there is no actual citation. itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</ref> Ben Clohessy was also rendered unconscious by the blast that destroyed the Sari Club and also rescued or helped to rescue other survivors after regaining consciousness.<ref name=clohessysc1>{{cite news |title=Western Australians recognised for their bravery |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-12-16/western-australians-recognised-for-their-bravery/106932 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |access-date=2 October 2023 |date=16 December 2003}}</ref><ref name=clohessysc2>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1044250 CLOHESSY, Ben Michael], SC, 17 October 2003. For unknown reasons, there is no actual citation. itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</ref> Goold, Meredith, Munro, and Clohessy were all awarded the [[Star of Courage (Australia)|Star of Courage]] (SC) on 17 October 2003 for their respective actions.<ref name=ABAcitations /><ref name=braverydecorations /><ref name=smhnatgoold /><ref name=gooldsc /><ref name=meredithsc /><ref name=munrosc /><ref name=clohessysc1 /><ref name=clohessysc2 />
Awards of the [[Commendation for Brave Conduct]] were made to, among other people, Hanabeth Luke.<ref>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1044272 LUKE, Hanabeth], Commendation for Brave Conduct, 17 October 2003. For unknown reasons, there is no actual citation. itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</ref> Luke was in the Sari Club with her partner Marc Gajado at the time of the second bombing, with the explosion throwing her to the ground. After managing to escape the now-burning building by climbing through its collapsed roof using severed electrical wire, Luke began a search for Gajado, during which she came across a badly injured Tom Singer. Singer was lying close to a burning car and Luke believed that he would be engulfed in flames if he remained there.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Bravery Decorations 17 October 2003 - Biographical notes |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-01/20031017_-_bravery_-_biographical_notes.pdf#page=9 |website=www.gg.gov.au |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia|The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]] |access-date=2 October 2023 |page=9 |date=17 October 2003}}</ref><ref name=reutershanabethluke>{{cite news |last1=Gralow |first1=Jill |title=Bali bombings survivor looks ahead as Australia marks 20th anniversary |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bali-bombings-survivor-looks-ahead-australia-marks-20th-anniversary-2022-10-11/ |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=11 October 2022}}</ref><ref name=smhhanabethluke>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Jordan |title='More at peace': Bali survivor has become the last link to families' sons |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/more-at-peace-bali-survivor-has-become-the-last-link-to-families-sons-20221011-p5boui.html |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=12 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Jonathan |title=Hanabeth Luke: My life after Bali bombings |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-19797155 |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=8 October 2012}}</ref>
When Singer confirmed that he could not stand up independently, Luke helped him to his feet and supported him in walking away. Luke then tried to return to the Sari Club to resume looking for Gajado, but was persuaded by a friend that it was too dangerous to do so (Gajado was ultimately determined to have been killed instantly); she thus went back to attending to Singer, helping other people to get him into a car to be taken to hospital. Singer died in hospital a month later.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Bravery Decorations 17 October 2003 - Biographical notes |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-01/20031017_-_bravery_-_biographical_notes.pdf#page=9 |website=www.gg.gov.au |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia|The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]] |access-date=2 October 2023 |page=9 |date=17 October 2003}}</ref><ref name=reutershanabethluke/><ref name=smhhanabethluke/><ref name="BBC News"/> Separately from her Commendation for Brave Conduct award, a photograph of Luke helping Singer was published in news media around the world in the days after the bombings.<ref name=smhhanabethluke /><ref name=reutershanabethluke />
Kusitino 'Kossy' Halemai, a [[Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands|Wallis and Futuna]]-born Australian citizen who was managing the Bounty Hotel in Kuta at the time of the attacks, sheltered survivors in the immediate aftermath of the blasts.<ref name=oam_kossy>{{Cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Kossy-Halemai-Tears-came-much-later-for-Bali-rescuer/2005/06/12/1118514930545.html |date=12 June 2005 |title=Tears came much later for Bali rescuer |work=The Sydney Morning Herald|first=Neil |last=McMahon | access-date=24 January 2010}}</ref><ref name=oam_kossy2>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1136178 HALEMAI, Kusitino] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110153317/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1136178&search_type=simple&showInd=true |date=10 November 2013 }}, Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM), 13 June 2005, Citation: "For service to the victims and families affected by the bombings which occurred in Bali on 12 October 2002 and to continuing support for an international recovery program for Bali."</ref> A makeshift [[triage]] area in the hotel's reception area was organised by [[Richard B. Poore|Richard]]<ref name=oam_rpoore>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1129383 POORE, Richard Beresford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001111220/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1129383 |date=1 October 2022 }}, OAM, 22 August 2005, Citation: "For service to Australia by providing assistance to the victims of the bombings which occurred in Bali on 12 October 2002 and to their families.", itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 21 March 2010.</ref> and Gilana Poore,<ref name=oam_gpoore>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1058040 POORE, Gilana Lea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110153320/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1058040&search_type=advanced&showInd=true |date=10 November 2013 }}, OAM, 26 January 2005, Citation: "For service through the provision of assistance to victims in the immediate aftermath of the bombings which occurred in Bali on 12 October 2002, and subsequently to the people of Bali.", itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 11 March 2012.</ref> with the couple also fielding phone calls from the media and from families trying to trace loved ones. After three days of this, the Poores flew to Richard's native New Zealand where they organised the collection of eighty boxes of medical supplies; they then returned to Bali with these supplies as well as two burns nurses.<ref name=nzheraldrpooreoam>{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Derek |title=Aussie award for Kiwi Bali bombing helper |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/aussie-award-for-kiwi-bali-bombing-helper/OWD2DM4HLZ2VRU4G343CL7O5SQ/ |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=2 October 2023 |date=26 August 2005}}</ref> Halemai and the Poores were honoured with the [[Medal of the Order of Australia]] (OAM), with Gilana Poore's OAM being awarded on 26 January 2005,<ref name=oam_gpoore /> Halemai's OAM being awarded on 13 June 2005,<ref name=oam_kossy /><ref name=oam_kossy2 /> and Richard Poore's OAM being awarded on 22 August 2005.<ref name=oam_rpoore /><ref name=nzheraldrpooreoam />
James Parkinson, an emergency nurse, worked alongside Doctor Hogg from [[Wollongong]] in the Denpasar Sanglah Hospital running the trauma centre for the bombing victims. After he disappeared in [[Africa]] and [[Europe]] for three years, the [[Governor General of Australia|Governor General]]'s department finally tracked him down and awarded Parkinson the Medal of the Order of Australia in 2005.<ref name=oam_jpark>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1058029 PARKINSON, James] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629115318/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1058029&search_type=simple&showInd=true |date=29 June 2011 }}, Medal of the Order of Australia, 26 January 2005, itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 21 March 2010.</ref>
==
The [[Mitsubishi L300#Second generation (1979)|Mitsubishi L300 van]] bomb was initially thought to have consisted of [[C4 explosive|C4]], a military grade [[plastic explosive]] which is difficult to obtain. However, investigators discovered the bomb was made from [[potassium chlorate]], aluminium powder, and [[sulfur]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=N. C. Asthana|author2=Anjali Nirmal|title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA263|year=2009|publisher=Pointer Publishers|___location=Jaipur|isbn=978-81-7132-598-6|page=263}}</ref> For the Sari club bomb with the L300 van, the terrorists assembled 12 plastic filing cabinets filled with explosives. The cabinets, each containing a potassium chlorate, aluminum powder, sulfur mixture with a [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]] booster, were connected by {{convert|150|m}} of [[PETN]]-filled detonating cord. Ninety-four [[RDX]] electric detonators were fitted to the TNT. The total weight of the van bomb was {{convert|2250|lb|order=flip}}.<ref name="terrorcent">"[http://www.terrorismcentral.com/Library/terroristgroups/JemaahIslamiyah/JITerror/BaliPreps.html#_ftnref6 Bali: Preparations ]" ''[[Terrorism central]]'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629122322/http://www.terrorismcentral.com/Library/terroristgroups/JemaahIslamiyah/JITerror/BaliPreps.html#_ftnref6|date=29 June 2015}}</ref>
The large, high-temperature blast damage produced by this mixture was similar to a [[thermobaric]] explosive,<ref name=def_up>"[http://www.defense-update.com/commentary/24-1-06.htm Is the world facing Thermobaric Terrorism? ]" ''[[Defense-update]].com'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607231414/http://www.defense-update.com/commentary/24-1-06.htm |date=7 June 2011 }}</ref> although the bombers may not have known this.<ref name="timeson1">{{Cite news |last=Sheridan |first=Michael |others=Additional reporting by Dewi Loveard and Sara Hashash |date=2 March 2008 |title=We killed too many, say Bali bombers |language=en |work=The Sunday Times |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/indonesia/bali/we-killed-too-many-say-bali-bombers-0d0xf0hx2j9 |access-date=20 March 2023 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>
== Suspects ==
The organization suspected of responsibility for the bombing was [[Jemaah Islamiyah]], an [[Islamist]] group allegedly led by radical cleric [[Abu Bakar Bashir]].<ref name=AGE>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/bashirs-release-a-cause-of-great-pain-howard/2006/06/14/1149964605731.html |title=Bashir's release a cause of great pain|work=The Age |access-date=19 September 2006 | ___location=Melbourne | date=15 June 2006 |first1=Brendan |last1=Nicholson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Sidney |date=29 August 2003 |title=Jakarta and jihad : Indonesia faces more terror – International Herald Tribune |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2003/08/29/edjones_ed3_.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207073545/http://www.iht.com/articles/2003/08/29/edjones_ed3_.php |archive-date=7 December 2008}}</ref> A week after the blasts, Arab satellite channel [[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al-Jazeera]] put to air an [[Cassette tape|audio-cassette]] purportedly carrying a recorded voice message from [[Osama bin Laden]] that stated the Bali bombings were in direct retaliation for support of the United States' [[War on Terror]] and [[Australia and the Indonesian occupation of East Timor|Australia's role]] in the [[1999 East Timorese independence referendum|liberation]] of [[Timor-Leste]].<ref name="Bin Laden">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2002 |title='Bin Laden' voices new threat to Australia |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/bin-laden-voices-new-threat-to-australia-20021114-gdusbw.html |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref>
<blockquote>You will be killed just as you kill, and will be bombed just as you bomb. Expect more that will further distress you.</blockquote>
The recording did not however claim responsibility for the Bali attack.<ref name="Bin Laden"/> Former [[FBI]] agent [[Ali Soufan]] confirmed in his book, ''The Black Banners'', that al-Qaeda did in fact finance the attack.<ref name="rulit.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.rulit.net/books/the-black-banners-read-249656-95.html |title=The Black Banners |access-date=3 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018114755/http://www.rulit.net/books/the-black-banners-read-249656-95.html |archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> In addition, [[Riduan Isamuddin]] confessed that al-Qaeda had sent him US$30,000 to fund the bombings of the two nightclubs.<ref name="smh.com.au">{{cite news | url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/06/1065292494121.html | title='Al-Qaeda financed Bali' claims Hambali report | date=6 October 2003 | newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald| access-date=5 July 2016 | agency=AFP }}</ref><ref name="rulit.net2">{{cite web |title=The Black Banners |url=http://www.rulit.net/books/the-black-banners-read-249656-95.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018114755/http://www.rulit.net/books/the-black-banners-read-249656-95.html |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="smh.com.au2">{{cite news |date=6 October 2003 |title='Al-Qaeda financed Bali' claims Hambali report |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |agency=AFP |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/06/1065292494121.html |access-date=5 July 2016}}</ref>
<blockquote>General Pastika ordered his men to make the arrest early the next morning, November. Amrozi was asleep in the rear of the house. According to Greg Barton's account, Amrozi did not attempt to escape, but laughed instead, later exclaiming, "Gosh, you guys are very clever, how did you find me?" Amrozi's mobile phone, a particularly important piece of evidence, was seized during his arrest. Bags of chemical ingredients for bombs were found in his workshop and [[Soil test|soil samples]] taken from outside his home showed traces of the primary chemical used in the Sari Club bomb. Police found [[receipt]]s for the purchase of chemicals used to make the bombs, as well as a list of expenses incurred in making the bombs. Further search of Amrozi's home revealed copies of speeches by Osama bin Laden, and Abu Bakar Bashir, the radical Indonesian Muslim cleric reputed to be the leader of Jemaah Islamiyah. The speeches exhorted listeners to wage [[jihad]]. Police also uncovered training manuals on [[ambush]] techniques and numerous articles on jihad. Under questioning Amrozi revealed the names of six others involved in the bombing: Ali Imron, Imam Samudra, Dul Matin, Idris, Abdul Ghani and Umar Patek. But Amrozi's mobile phone proved to be the real catch. Indonesian investigators were able to print out a list of calls he had made immediately before, during and after the bombing, as well as the names and [[telephone number]]s in the phone's memory. Pastika kept Amrozi's arrest secret for two days. After it was announced, Polri monitored the sudden flurry of communications among numbers listed in Amrozi's telephone before the calls abruptly ceased. The investigators were able to identify the ___location of a number of the telephones, leading to a series of arrests.</blockquote>
Indonesian authorities also believe more suspects remain at large. In 2005, Indonesian police arrested 24 additional people suspected of involvement in the Bali attacks and a [[2003 Marriott Hotel bombing|2003 bombing of the Marriott Hotel]] in [[Jakarta]]
On 13 June 2007, it was reported that [[Abu Dujana (Jemaah Islamiah)|Abu Dujana]], who might have headed a [[clandestine cell system|terrorist cell]] in Bali, was captured.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=3274889 Report on capture by ABC News] ''[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018091104/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=3274889 |date=18 October 2007 }}</ref>
Just past midnight on 9 November 2008, the three convicted of carrying out the bombings (Imam Samudra, Amrozi Nurhasyim, and Ali Ghufron) were executed by a firing squad.
[[Umar Patek]] was finally arrested in [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan in early 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2011 |title=Bali bombing suspect Umar Patek 'arrested in Pakistan' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-12900555 |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> The U.S. government had offered a US$1 million reward for his arrest. Patek is a suspect in other bombings as well as the one in Bali.
Another suspect named Zulkarnaen was finally arrested in Lampung on 10 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flora |first=Maria |date=13 December 2020 |title=18 Tahun Buron, Fakta Zulkarnaen Teroris Bom Bali 1 Ditangkap Densus 88 di Lampung |url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/4432154/18-tahun-buron-fakta-zulkarnaen-teroris-bom-bali-1-ditangkap-densus-88-di-lampung |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=liputan6.com |language=id}}</ref> He was also stated to have orchestrated numerous Jemaah Islamiyah-related incidents in the past and been one of the executives of said terrorist group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halim |first=Devina |date=14 December 2020 |editor-last=Galih |editor-first=Bayu |title=Ini Rekam Jejak Buronan Bom Bali I Menurut Catatan Densus 88 |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/12/14/18241181/ini-rekam-jejak-buronan-bom-bali-i-menurut-catatan-densus-88 |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref>
== Legal proceedings ==
=== Initial charges and trials ===
In April 2003, Indonesian authorities charged [[Abu Bakar Bashir]] (also rendered "Ba'asyir"), the alleged spiritual leader of Jemaah Islamiyah, with [[treason]]. It was alleged that he tried to overthrow the government and establish an Islamic state. The specific charges against Bashir related to a series of [[Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings|church bombings]] on Christmas Eve in 2000, and to a plot to bomb United States and other Western interests in [[Singapore]]. He was initially not charged over the Bali attack, although he was frequently accused of being the instigator or inspirer of the attack. On 2 September, Bashir was acquitted of treason but convicted of lesser charges and sentenced to a prison term of four years. He said he would appeal.<ref name="theage.com.au">{{Cite web |last1=Nicholson |first1=Brendan |last2=Forbes |first2=Mark |date=15 June 2006 |title=Bashir's release a cause of great pain: Howard |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/bashirs-release-a-cause-of-great-pain-howard-20060615-ge2iry.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref>
On 15 October 2004, he was arrested by the Indonesian authorities and charged with involvement in another bomb attack, which killed 14 people at the J. W. Marriott hotel in [[Jakarta]] on 5 August 2003. Secondary charges in this indictment accused him of involvement in the Bali bombing, the first time he faced charges in relation to this attack.<ref name="theage.com.au"/>
On 3 March 2005, Bashir was found not guilty of the charges surrounding the 2003 bombing, but guilty of conspiracy over the 2002 attacks in Bali. He was sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment. The Australian, US, and many governments expressed its disappointment that the sentence was too short. In the outcome, Bashir was freed on 14 June 2006 having served less than 26 months for his conspiracy.<ref name="theage.com.au"/> On 21 December 2006, Bashir's conviction was overturned by Indonesia's Supreme Court.
On 30 April 2003, the first charges related to the Bali bombings were made against Amrozi bin Haji Nurhasyim, known as Amrozi, for allegedly buying the explosives and the van used in the bombings. On 8 August, he was found guilty and sentenced to death. Another participant in the bombing, [[Imam Samudra]], was sentenced to death on 10 September. Amrozi's brother, Ali Imron, who had expressed remorse for his part in the bombing, was sentenced to life imprisonment on 18 September. A fourth accused, [[Mukhlas|Ali Ghufron]], the brother-in-law of [[Noordin Mohammed Top]] was sentenced to death on 1 October. Ali Ghufron, alias Mukhlas, told police that he was the head of one of Jemaah Islamiyah's four cells and had ordered the Bali bombings. He also confessed that a fellow leader Riduan Isamuddin, known as Hambali, had provided the funds for the attacks. He told police, <blockquote>''I do not know for sure the source of the aforementioned money from Hambali; most probably it was from [[Afghanistan]], that is, from Sheikh Usama bin Laden. As far as I know, Hambali did not have a source of funds except from Afghanistan.''</blockquote> Another operative, Wan Min bin Wan Mat, revealed to police that he had given Mukhlas money, at Hambali's request and that he understood part of the money had come directly from al-Qaeda.
As noted below, all three were executed on 9 November 2008.
The Australian, US, and many other foreign governments expressed satisfaction with the speed and efficiency with which the Indonesian police and courts dealt with the bombings primary suspects, despite what they characterized as light sentences. All Australian jurisdictions abolished the death penalty more than 30 years ago, but a poll<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/speeches/death-penalty-matter-principle|title=The Death Penalty – a matter of principle|date=14 December 2012|website=www.humanrights.gov.au|language=en|access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> showed that 77% of Australians approved of the death sentence for Amrozi. The Australian government said it would not ask Indonesia to refrain from using the death penalty.
On 11 August 2003, [[Riduan Isamuddin]], generally known as Hambali, described as the operational chief of [[Jemaah Islamiyah]] was arrested in Ayutthaya, Thailand, the old capital one hour's drive north of [[Bangkok]]. He is in American custody in the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]].
=== Constitutional appeals ===
On 23 July 2004, one of the convicted bombers, [[Masykur Abdul Kadir|Maskur Abdul Kadir]], successfully appealed his conviction. He had been tried under retroactive laws which were introduced after the bombing and which were employed to aid the prosecution of those involved in the attack. These laws were used by the prosecution instead of existing criminal laws as they allowed the death penalty to be imposed and lowered certain evidentiary restrictions.
The highest court in Indonesia, the [[Constitutional Court of Indonesia|Constitutional Court]], found by a margin of five to four that trying the terrorist suspects under these retroactive laws violated Article 28I(1) of the [[Constitution of Indonesia|constitution]] [2]. The minority judges argued that international human rights documents such as the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] allowed an exception to not applying retrospective legislation in the prosecution of crimes against humanity. The majority found that this argument was inconsistent with the text of Article 28I(1) which states that the rights listed there "cannot be limited under any circumstances".
Following this decision, charges related to the bombings against Idris, who had confessed to participating in the attacks to the police and court, were dismissed. The legal status of Kadir, Idris and others who might have their convictions quashed following the ruling on the retrospective law is unclear.
The Constitutional Court is a relatively new body, created after the fall of [[Suharto]], and this decision was one of the first to overrule the constitutionality of the government's application of a law.
=== Execution of perpetrators ===
On 24 October 2008, Bali officials announced that three men convicted of carrying out the bombings would be executed by firing squad in November 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Saputra |first1=Andy |last2=Rivers |first2=Dan |date=24 October 2008 |title=Bali bombers' executions set for November |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/10/24/bali.executions/index.html?iref=topnews |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Cazzulino |first=Michelle |date=30 October 2008 |title=Relieved Bali bombing victims want chapter closed |work=The Daily Telegraph |___location=UK |url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,24573604-5001021,00.html |access-date=8 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|author=AAP
|title=Bali bombers already brought to justice, Kevin Rudd says
|work=The Daily Telegraph
|___location=UK
|date=30 October 2008 |url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,,24575384-5001028,00.html
|access-date=8 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207020211/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0%2C%2C24575384-5001028%2C00.html
|archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=dead
}}</ref> On 25 October 2008, Communications and Information Minister asked the Indonesian media to stop calling the three "heroes".<ref>{{cite news|date=25 October 2008|title=Minister Asks Media not to Call Amrozi Et Al: "Heroes"|work=[[Antara (news agency)|Antara News]]}}</ref>
The [[Denpasar]] District Court, on 3 November, accepted a [[Clemency#Related concepts|reprieve]] motion to reconsider the death sentences.<ref>"[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24594228-601,00.html New twist in Bali bombers' execution ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106131832/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24594228-601,00.html |date=6 November 2008 }}" ''[[The Australian]]''</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2008 |title=New appeal filed for Bali bombers |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7705493.stm |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> Fahmi Bachmid, a lawyer for the family of Jafar Sodiq, a brother of Amrozi and Mukhlas, stated: "We lodged the judicial review to Denpasar court to question (previous) decisions." Lawyer Imam Asmara Hadi stated: "We have lodged an appeal because we haven't received a copy of the Supreme Court rejection of our previous appeal."
Indonesia's Supreme Court denied previous petitions for [[judicial review]] amid the constitutional court's dismissal of the bombers' appeals. Denpasar court official Nengah Sanjaya said the 3-page appeal would be sent to a [[Cilacap]], central [[Java]] court. But the Attorney General's office said on 1 November the execution was "very close".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rondonuwu |first1=Olivia |last2=Nathlia |first2=Telly |last3=Retnowati |first3=Herry |last4=Davies |first4=Ed |date=3 November 2008 |title=New court appeal lodged by Bali bombers |language=en |work=Reuters |editor-last=Richardson |editor-first=Alex |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-indonesia-bombers-idUKTRE4A20GX20081103 |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> Supreme Court judge Djoko Sarwoko, however, said a "last-minute legal challenge by the relatives of Imam Samudra, Amrozi Nurhasyim and Ali Ghufron will not change or delay the execution." They were moved to isolation cells, and execution spots were ready on the [[Nusakambangan]] island prison where they were being held. Local chief prosecutor Muhammad Yamin said they would be "executed simultaneously" but at different locations.<ref>"[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/131041/Judge-Bali-bombers-cannot-appeal-execution Judge: Bali bombers cannot appeal execution ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207025808/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/131041/Judge-Bali-bombers-cannot-appeal-execution |date=7 December 2008 }}" ''[[GMANews.tv]]'',</ref>
Amrozi, Imam Samudra and Ali Ghufron were executed by firing squad after midnight on 9 November 2008 ([[UTC+7|West Indonesian time]]).<ref>{{cite news |author=Firdaus |first=Irwan |date=9 November 2008 |title=Indonesia executes Bali bombers |work=The Jakarta Post |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/11/09/indonesia-executes-bali-bombers.html |url-status=dead |access-date=9 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112060134/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/11/09/indonesia-executes-bali-bombers.html |archive-date=12 November 2008}}</ref> In the final moment, there was no remorse or repentance, and they shouted ''[[Allahu Akbar]]'' ("God is great!").<ref>"[http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2297150 No repentance from Bali bombers ]" ''[[TVNZ]]'',</ref> Despite his carefree demeanor throughout his trial and incarceration, the Australian edition of ''[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]'' reported Amrozi was pale-faced and shaking in the moments before his execution.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/smiling-bali-bomber-assassin-amrozi-was-pale-afraid/story-e6freuy9-1111117989857|title=Smiling Bali bomber assassin Amrozi was 'pale & afraid'|author=Wockner, Cindy|work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Daily Telegraph]]|date=10 November 2008|access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> For burial, Mukhlas and Amrozi's bodies were flown by helicopter to Tenggulun, [[Lamongan]], [[East Java]], while Imam Samudra's body was flown to [[Serang]], [[Banten]], amid "welcome martyrs" banner displayed at the cemetery.
The execution caused high tension and sparked clashes in Tenggulun between hundreds of police and supporters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2008 |title=Bali bomb burials stoke tensions |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7718246.stm |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/Execution_of_Bali_bombers_sparks_clashes.html?siteSect=143&sid=9948123&cKey=1226210855000&ty=ti Execution of Bali bombers sparks clashes ] {{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}" ''[[swissinfo]]''</ref> Indonesian singer and TV presenter [[Dorce Gamalama]] attended the funeral of Imam Samudra. After praying with the crowd, she spent half an hour in the house of the executed man and spoke with his mother. On leaving she was quoted as saying "I'm certain he's gone to heaven".<ref>{{cite web |title=Dorce Hadiri Pemakaman Imam Samudra |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-1033864/dorce-hadiri-pemakaman-imam-samudra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207040146/http://www.detiknews.com/read/2008/11/09/112244/1033864/10/dorce-hadiri-pemakaman-imam-samudra |archive-date=7 December 2008 |access-date=9 November 2008 |work=Detik.com |language=id}}</ref> [[Ma'ruf Amin]], deputy chairman of the [[Indonesian Ulema Council]], the chief body for Islamic clerics in Indonesia said of the men: "They did not die a holy death. That can only be in a war and Indonesia is not at war."<ref name="rage">{{Cite web |last1=Allard |first1=Tom |last2=Murray |first2=Lisa |date=10 November 2008 |title=Torrent of rage as Indonesia on high alert |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/torrent-of-rage-as-indonesia-on-high-alert-20081110-gdt27x.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>
== Memorials ==
=== Bali ===
[[File:Balinese ground zero.JPG|thumb|right|List of victims]]
[[File:Ex-paddys.jpg|thumb|right|The bombing site and memorial in September 2007]]
A permanent memorial was built on the site of the destroyed Paddy's Pub on Legian Street. (A new bar, named "Paddy's: Reloaded", was reopened further along Legian Street). The memorial is made of intricately carved stone, set with a large marble plaque, which bears the names and nationalities of each of those killed. It is flanked by the national flags of the victims. The monument is well-maintained and illuminated at night.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
The memorial was dedicated on 12 October 2004, the second anniversary of the attack. The dedication included a Balinese Hindu ceremony and the opportunity for mourners to lay flowers and other offerings. The Australian ambassador and Indonesian officials attended the ceremony.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
The Balinese mark their commitment in a nine-day-long event. After major cleansing ceremonies, establishing a memorial for the lost lives, and paying respect to those who left loved ones behind, the people of Kuta look forward to restoring Bali's image through an event named "Kuta Karnival — A Celebration of Life". The community event consists of traditional art performances such as Balinese Sunset Dances, sports on the beach as well as in the water for young and old plus rows and rows of culinary displays along the one kilometre of sandy beach.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
In line with the return of tourism to Kuta, Kuta Karnival has grown into a tourism promotional event with major coverage from television and newspapers from across the globe.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Companies, embassies, Non-Government Organizations, associations and even individuals come forth to get involved in the various events such as a Balinese dance competition presented by a surf-wear company, an environment exhibition presented by an embassy, a fun cycle presented by a group of individuals, a seminar presented by an association and a parade on the streets presented by an NGO. Tourists and locals alike, more than ninety thousand people, participate in the numerous events year after year.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
[[2005 Bali bombings|Further bombings in Bali in 2005]] did not reduce the Kuta community's determination to carry out this annual event.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Kuta Karnival is conducted to commemorate and give respect to the victims of human violence and show the world the true spirit of local community survival despite terrorism attacks.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
On 12 October 2010, Australian and Indonesian survivors of the 2002 bombings attended a solemn commemoration service to mark the eighth anniversary of the devastating attacks.<ref>Aussies to mark bomb anniversary in Bali, Australian Times, 12 October 2010. http://www.australiantimes.co.uk/news/Aussies-to-mark-bomb-anniversary-in-Bali {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
=== Melbourne ===
[[File:Bali 2002 bombing Memorial Melbourne.jpg|thumb|right|Bali 2002 bombing memorial, Swanston Street, [[Melbourne]]]]
In Lincoln Square on the western side of [[Swanston Street]] in [[Carlton, Victoria|Carlton]], Melbourne, is a memorial representing the 88 Australians who died in the bombings, and notably the 22 from [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]].
There are 88 jets in the fountain; at night, there are lights representing all those who died. The fountain shuts off and becomes a reflecting pool on 12 October each year.
This was one of the very few fountains allowed to operate during the drought in 2007.
Christine Anu sang The Lighthouse by toxtwo at the opening ceremony.
==== Jason McCartney ====
{{main|Jason McCartney (footballer)}}
One Melburnian survivor of the bombings was [[North Melbourne Football Club|North Melbourne]] [[Australian Football League|AFL]] player [[Jason McCartney (footballer)|Jason McCartney]]. He suffered second-degree burns to over 50% of his body while helping carry others to safety and nearly died during surgery after being transported back to Melbourne.
{{Quote box |quoted=true |bgcolor=#FFFFF0 |salign=center
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|quote=But what a moment this is, for not only Australia, not only for AFL football, but for the free world as well. Now, I'm not trying to overdramatize things...this shows terrorism, as I said, will never beat courage. Welcome back indeed, Jason McCartney, an inspiration to all.
|source=[[Eddie McGuire]] on [[Nine Network]]'s television call of McCartney's return after the bombings (North Melbourne vs. Richmond, Round 11, 2003)<ref name="North Melbourne YouTube">{{cite AV media |title=Tissot In the Moment: Jason McCartney's return (19:35:00, Round 11, 2003)|author=[[Australian Football League]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWn2Szf8GkA |type=Video|via=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[North Melbourne Football Club]] |access-date=3 November 2022 |date=20 May 2015}}</ref>
}}
After a long rehabilitation process, McCartney returned for a single AFL match: North Melbourne vs. [[Richmond Football Club|Richmond]] at [[Docklands Stadium]] in Melbourne on 6 June 2003. He wore compression garments and protective gloves as well as the numbers "88" and "202" on his jersey, signifying the Australian and total numbers of victims, respectively, while many in the crowd held up signs saying "Bali 88/202". Other Australian victims were honored in a video shown on the stadium's video screens before the game, with the attendees including [[Melbourne Football Club|Melbourne]] players [[Steven Febey]] and [[Steven Armstrong]], who were both injured in the blast, and representatives from five [[Australian rules football]] clubs who lost players in the attacks were presented to the crowd.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quayle |first1=Emma |title=Final act of hero's return |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/06/06/1054700394324.html |access-date=3 November 2022 |work=The Age |date=7 June 2003}}</ref> McCartney helped North Melbourne to a narrow win before announcing his retirement at the end of the game,<ref name="North Melbourne YouTube" /> and his comeback has been cited as one of the AFL's most inspirational stories.<ref name="count">{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/sport/count-to-10-and-play--20002009-20091227-lfxz.html|title=Count to 10 and play – 2000–2009|first=Martin|last=Boulton|date=27 December 2009|via=Brisbane Times}}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8N2o1wss-Hk ''AFL: The Greatest'' – News Stories] YouTube (originally produced by Fox Footy)</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Twenty years at Docklands: The 20 most memorable moments and biggest stories (2020 AFL) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_AhETwWGRU |access-date=23 March 2025 |___location=Docklands Stadium, Melbourne |date=8 March 2020 |type=Video |publisher=[[Australian Football League]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>Australian Football League, [http://www.150years.com.au/150Moments/150MomentsArticle/tabid/11382/Default.aspx?newsId=55972# The Game That Made Australia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419120046/http://www.150years.com.au/150Moments/150MomentsArticle/tabid/11382/Default.aspx?newsId=55972 |date=19 April 2013 }}, Retrieved 19 September 2010</ref>
=== Perth ===
[[File:Public art - Bali Memorial, Kings Park.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial at Kings Park, Perth]]
A memorial which lists the victims of the bombings from Western Australia was opened on the first anniversary, and is situated on the ridge of [[Mount Eliza, Western Australia|Mount Eliza]] in [[Kings Park, Western Australia|Kings Park]], overlooking the city. The memorial is specifically designed to frame the sun's rays at dawn on 12 October each year and faces in the exact direction of Bali. Due to a 52-storey building in [[Elizabeth Quay]], sunlight no longer reaches the memorial.
=== Gold Coast ===
An Indonesian-style stone memorial is situated in Allambe Memorial Park at Nerang. A bronze plaque lists the names of the 88 Australians who died in the bombings. An annual twilight service is held at the site of the memorial on each anniversary of the Bali bombings.
=== Sydney ===
[[File:Bali memorial coogee.jpg|thumb|Memorial at Dolphin Point, [[Coogee, New South Wales|Coogee Beach]], to 20 of the Australian Bali bombing victims who were residents of Coogee and its neighbouring suburbs]]
On the northern side of [[Coogee, New South Wales|Coogee Beach]] a memorial to the Bali bombing victims comprises three interlocking bronze shapes that have an abstract resemblance to three bowed figures supporting each other. There are also some [[:File:Bali grafitti.jpg|graffiti memorials]] in memory of the dead.
A memorial to seven residents of [[Sutherland Shire]] who were victims is at [[Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla]]. Called ''The Seed'', the work is based on the seed and foliage of the ''[[Banksia robur]]'', a native plant indigenous to the Shire. This sculpture of pink sandstone is the centrepiece of the memorial. It is set in a black granite pond located in 'Peryman Place' not far from [[North Cronulla Beach]], frequented by many of the seven victims and their families. <br />Two plaques are set into the granite surrounding the pond. The plaques carry the victims' photos, names, and ages; and also details of the event, the design's symbolism, its dedication, and a poem written by the families of the victims. The work is by sculptor Chris Bennetts and Ishi Buki Sandstone Sculpture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sutherland.nsw.gov.au/SSC/home.nsf/Web+Pages/24D33FF65161B10DCA256DB30009800A?OpenDocument |title=Memorial for Shire victims of Bali bombings |access-date=30 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029154418/http://www.sutherland.nsw.gov.au/SSC/home.nsf/Web%2BPages/24D33FF65161B10DCA256DB30009800A?OpenDocument |archive-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
South of Sydney, in the town of [[Ulladulla]], a large youth centre is being built as a memorial to Craig Dunn and Danny Lewis, two local victims of the bombings. Money is being raised through the Dunn & Lewis Youth Development Foundation.<ref>Dunn Lewis Entertainment Centre – http://www.dunnlewiscentre.com.au</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dunnlewisfoundation.org.au/complex/complex-plans.php |title=Dunn Lewis Centre – Stage 2 Plans |access-date=17 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723161827/http://www.dunnlewisfoundation.org.au/complex/complex-plans.php |archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=Ulladulla>{{cite web|url=http://www.dunnlewisfoundation.org.au/ |title=Dunn & Lewis Youth Development Foundation|access-date=5 October 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080925052827/http://www.dunnlewisfoundation.org.au/| archive-date= 25 September 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>
=== Canberra ===
A granite cube serves as a memorial in the Eastern Formal Gardens of [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]].
=== London ===
{{main|Bali Bombings Memorial, London}}
[[File:Bali bombing memorial in London, Horse Guard Road.JPG|thumb|right|Memorial in London, outside the Foreign and Commonwealth Office]]
On the fourth anniversary of the bombings the Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall (now [[Charles III]] and [[Queen Camilla]]) unveiled a memorial in London, at the rear of the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] Main Building, facing [[St. James's Park]]. The memorial consists of a 1.5-metre marble globe, to represent that people from 21 countries were killed, and has 202 doves carved into it. The names of all 202 victims are on a curved stone wall behind the globe. It is the work of the artist Gary Breeze and the sculptor Martin Cook.<ref>{{cite book| last = Ward-Jackson | first = Philip | year = 2011 | title = Public Sculpture of Historic Westminster: Volume 1 | series = Public Sculpture of Britain | volume = 14 | ___location = Liverpool | publisher = Liverpool University Press | pages = 79–80}}</ref>
There is a small stone memorial to the 28 British nationals who died, in the small country park of Ratby Burroughs in Leicestershire.
=== Hong Kong ===
In 2005, two marble wall placards were unveiled at [[Hong Kong Football Club]] in memory of the members of the club who were killed in the bombings (including [[Jake Young (American football)|Jake Young]]).
=== Singapore ===
Every year since 2002, the Rugby Section of the [[Singapore Cricket Club]] (the "SCC") has held a dawn memorial service on the Padang (the SCC's rugby field in central Singapore) on the anniversary of the bombings, to honour the memory of the eight players which the SCC lost (Neil Bowler, Chris Redman, Dave Kent, Peter Record, Tim Arnold, Chris Bradford, Chris Kays and Charlie Vanrenen). The service is attended by survivors of the 2002 rugby tour to Bali, friends and family of those who lost their lives, as well as current and past players of the club.
The SCC also maintains a permanent memorial to the players it lost inside the club's main lounge.
=== Vietnam ===
A remembrance garden was constructed at the [[International School Ho Chi Minh City]] commemorating teachers from that school who were killed in the bombings.
== In media ==
[[File:Bali kuta blast monument ag2.jpg|thumb|right|Peace Park at the former site of the Sari Club]]
In 2006, ''[[Long Road to Heaven]]'', an Indonesian feature film about the bombings, was released by Kalyana Shira Films. The film was directed by Enison Sinaro and written by Wong Wai Leng and Andy Logam-Tan. It stars [[Raelee Hill]], [[Mirrah Foulkes]], Alex Komang, [[Surya Saputra]], John O' Hare, Sarah Treleaven, and Joshua Pandelaki. It tells the story during three different times: the planning a few months before the bombing, its execution in 2002, and the trials in 2003 through the viewpoints of both the victims and the bombers. The story is not chronologically linear, starting with the explosion and then moving from time to time so as all three plots are culminated one after the other. At the beginning of each scene, subtitles tell the date and ___location of the scene.
A comic book about the first Bali bombing was launched to promote peace and discourage radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. The book, ''Ketika Nurani Bicara'' (When Conscience Speaks), tells about the bombing from the perspective of three people: a volunteer who helped evacuate a bombing victim who lost her husband in the blast; a victim who struggled to raise her children without her husband; and a terrorist who regrets his involvement in the bombing.<ref>[http://en.voi.co.id/indonesian-news/arts-and-culture-news/3002-comic-book-about-bali-bombing-released-tuesday.html Comic book about Bali bombing released Tuesday {{pipe}} VOI (Voice of Indonesia)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623164110/http://en.voi.co.id/indonesian-news/arts-and-culture-news/3002-comic-book-about-bali-bombing-released-tuesday.html |date=23 June 2013 }}</ref>
A ''[[Seconds from Disaster]]'' episode, "Bali Bombings", was a documentary telling the story of what happened, and looking at what happened after the incident.
A [[Zero Hour (2004 TV series)|''Zero Hour'']] documentary depicts the disaster.<ref>{{Citation |title=Bali Bombing |date=12 October 2005 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0822952/ |series=Zero Hour |access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref>
In 2022 (20 years after the incident), the Australian-Indonesian [[historical drama]] ''[[Bali 2002]]'', aired on [[Stan (service)|Stan]] and [[Nine Network]].
== See also ==
{{Portal|2000s|Australia|Indonesia}}
* [[2005 Bali bombings]]
* [[Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings]]
* [[Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta|2004 Jakarta embassy bombing]]
* [[Anti-Australian sentiment]]
* [[Bali Mandara Eye Hospital]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in Indonesia]]
* [[Terrorism in Indonesia]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category}}
==External links==
* [http://www.indo.com/bali121002/ Remember Bali]: a memorial website
* Australian Broadcasting Corp. Online, current affairs program ''Four Corners'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20100408194840/http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2003/20030210_bali_confessions/default.htm "The Bali Confessions"] (10 February 2003)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170710044842/https://www.opendemocracy.net/conflict-terrorism/bali_2720.jsp Bali's message of dialogue- includes the Bali Declaration on Building Interfaith Harmony July 2005]
* [http://www.indo.com/bali121002_bekup/mourning4.html Moruning in Bali: Bali is Wounded]
{{Al-Qaeda}}
{{Club fires}}
{{War on terror}}
{{Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia}}
{{Australia–Indonesia relations}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bali Bombings, 2002}}
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[[Category:2002 building bombings]]
[[Category:Attacks on diplomatic missions of the United States]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Indonesia in 2002]]
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[[Category:Arson in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Post-Suharto era]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2002]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murder in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Car and truck bombings in 2002|Bali, 2002]]
[[Category:Nightclub fires|Bali, 2002]]
[[Category:Suicide car and truck bombings in Indonesia|Bali 2002]]
[[Category:2002 fires in Asia|Bali, 2002]]
[[Category:Australia–Indonesia relations]]
[[Category:Criticism of religion]]
[[Category:Australian terrorism victims]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 2002]]
[[Category:Australian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Suicide bombings in 2002]]
[[Category:Nightclub bombings]]
[[Category:Attacks on tourists in Asia]]
[[Category:Anti-Western sentiment]]
[[Category:Building bombings in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Persecution by Muslims]]
[[Category:2002 murders in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Polish people murdered abroad]]
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