Muhammad Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr: differenze tra le versioni

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{{T|inglese|biografie|luglio 2016}}

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{{Bio

|Nome = Muḥammad Muḥammad Ṣādiq

|Titolo = Grande Ayatollah

|Nome = Muḥammad Muḥammad Ṣādiq

|Cognome = al-Ṣadr

|PreData = {{Arabo|محمد محمّد صادق الصدر}}

Riga 9 ⟶ 7:

|LuogoNascita = al-Kazimiyya

|GiornoMeseNascita = 23 marzo

|AnnoNascita = 1943

|LuogoMorte = Najaf

|GiornoMeseMorte = 19 febbraio

|AnnoMorte = 1999

|Epoca = XX 1900

|Attività = religioso

|Nazionalità = araboiracheno

|FineIncipit = è stato un ''[[Grande Ayatollah]]'' sciita imamita [[usuli]]

|Immagine = Shaheed Syed Muhammad al-Sadr.jpg

|Categorie = no

|Epoca = XX

|Nazionalità = arabo

|FineIncipit = è stato un ''[[Grande Ayatollah]]'' sciita imamita [[usuli]]

}}

[[File:Shaheed Syed Muhammad al-Sadr.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Il Grande Ayatollah Muḥammad Muḥammad Ṣādiq al-Ṣadr]]

Il Grande Ayatollah Muḥammad Muḥammad Ṣādiq al-Ṣadr fuFu un ''Āyatollāh al-ʿUẓmā'' impegnato anche in politica e attivo nella richiesta di riforme in [[Iraq]] e nella liberazione degli esponenti sciiti incarcerati dal governo. La sua crescente popolarità lo mise in competizione involontaria con altri esponenti delle gerarchie religiose sciite, incluso l'[[Ayatollah]] [[Muhammed Baqir al-Hakim]], che fu esiliato in [[Iran]].

== Biografia ==

Muḥammad Muḥammad Ṣādiq al-Ṣadr era figlio di Muḥammad Ṣādiq al-Ṣadr (1906–1986), e nipote di [[Isma'il al-Sadr|Ismāʿīl al-Ṣadr]], il patriarca della famiglia al-Ṣadr, ed era cugino primo di [[Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]] e di [[Bint al-Huda]].

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Following the Gulf War, Shi'ites in Southern Iraq went into open rebellion. A number of provinces overthrew the Baathist entities and rebelled against Saddam Hussein and the Baath Party. The leadership of the Shi'ite rebellion as well as the Shi'ite doctrine in Iraq was split between [[Ayatollah Ali Sistani]] and Ayatollah Muhammad Sadiq al-Sadr. Sadr, based in Baghdad, appealed to the younger, more radical Shi'ites from the more impoverished areas of Southern Iraq. The Shi'ites traveled to Baghdad from these poor areas to join Sadr and his Shi'ite leadership. The area which Sadr preached in and these poor Shi'ites occupied became known as "Revolution Township". In this ghetto, Sadr established a secret network of devoted followers and he became an increasingly prominent figure in the Iraqi political scene.

In seguito alla [[Guerra del Golfo]], gli sciiti dell'Iraq meridionale entrarono in aperta ribellione contro il governo centrale. Un certo numero di province rovesciò le strutture [[ba'th]]iste e si rivoltò contro [[Saddam Hussein]] e il Baʿth che lo sosteneva in modo passivo. La leadership della insurrezione sciita e la stessa dottrina sciita in Iraq furono divise tra quanti si rifacevano all'Ayatollah [[Ali al-Sistani]] e l'Ayatollah Muhammad Sadiq al-Ṣadr. Quest'ultimo, di base a Baghdad, si rivolse ai più giovani e maggiormente radicaleggianti sciiti delle aree più impoverite dell'Iraq meridionale. Gli sciiti accorsero a Baghdad dalle loro regioni derelitte per raggiungere al-Ṣadr e riconoscerne la leadership. In questo [[ghetto]] cittadino di fatto, al-Ṣadr costruì una rete clandestina di fedeli seguaci e divenne sempre più una figura preminente sullo scenario politico iracheno.

As a result of the disenfranchisement and repression of the Shi'ites in Iraq and the loyalty of the local populations, [[Saddam Hussein]] and his [[Ba'ath Party|Baath]]ist government could not control the Revolution Township on a neighborhood level. Their lack of control limited their ability to effect al-Sadr's power base and the devotion of his followers. Revolution Township was ironically renamed Saddam City, an acute definition of the poverty and oppression Saddam brought to the Shi'ites in the span of his reign over Iraq.

Come esito della privazione dei diritti civili e della repressione degli sciiti in Iraq e della lealtà nei confronti di al-Ṣadr delle popolazioni locali, [[Saddam Hussein]] e il suo governo ba'thista, non furono in grado di controllare quella parte di Baghdad e la carenza di controllo limitò la loro capacità di colpire la base di consenso e di potere di al-Ṣadr. Quella parte di Baghdad fu ironicamente chiamata Madīnat Ṣaddām.<ref>Saddam City, nella stampa internazionale.</ref>

As his power grew, al-Sadr became more and more involved in politics following the Gulf War and throughout the 1990s he openly defied Saddam. He organized the poor Shi'ites of [[Sadr City]], yet another nickname for the impoverished Shi'ite ghetto in Baghdad, against Saddam and the Baath Party. Sadr gained the support of the Shi'ites by reaching out to tribal villages and offering services to them that they would otherwise not have been afforded by Hussein's regime. Saddam began to crack down on the Shi'ite leaders in the late 1990s in an attempt to regain control of Iraq.

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As his power grew, al-Sadr became more and more involved in politics following the Gulf War and throughout the 1990s he openly defied Saddam. He organized the poor Shi'ites of [[Sadr City]], yet another nickname for the impoverished Shi'ite ghetto in Baghdad, against Saddam and the Baath Party. Sadr gained the support of the Shi'ites by reaching out to tribal villages and offering services to them that they would otherwise not have been afforded by Hussein's regime. Saddam began to crack down on the Shi'ite leaders in the late 1990s in an attempt to regain control of Iraq.

Sometime before his death, al-Sadr was informed of Saddam's limited patience with him. In defiance, al-Sadr wore his death shroud to his final Friday sermon to show that the Shi'ites would not be intimidated by Saddam's oppression and that Sadr would preach the truth even if it meant his own death. He was later killed leaving the mosque in the Iraqi city of [[Najaf]] along with two of his sons as they drove through the town.<ref>{{citeCita booklibro |lastcognome=Berman |firstnome=Eli |yearanno=2011 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R7jvDS3OiAUC&pg=PA56 |titletitolo=Radical, Religious and Violent |publishereditore=MIT Press |pagep=56 |isbn=9780262258005}}</ref><ref>{{citeCita news |lastcognome=Jehl |firstnome=Douglas |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/22/world/assassination-of-shiite-cleric-threatens-further-iraqi-unrest.html |titletitolo=Assassination of Shiite Cleric Threatens Further Iraqi Unrest |workopera=The New York Times |datedata=February 22, febbraio 1999}}</ref> Their car was ambushed by men, and both his sons were killed by gunfire while he was severely injured. He died an hour later in the hospital. Shi'as in Iraq, as well as most international observers, suspect the Iraqi Baathist government of being involved in, if not directly responsible, for their murders. Anger at, among other things, the government's involvement in Sadr's death helped spark the [[1999 Shia uprising in Iraq]]. Saddam later vows to hunt the perpetrators who assassinated Sadr and calls for Shia-Sunni unity in Iraq.

Following the [[2003 invasion of Baghdad|fall of Baghdad]], the majority-Shi'a suburb of Revolution City (Saddam City) was unofficially but popularly renamed to [[Sadr City]] in his honor. Sadr City was the first part of Baghdad to overthrow the Baath Party in 2003.

Mohammad al-Sadr's son, [[Muqtada al-Sadr]], is currently the leader of the Sadr-ist movement and bases his legitimacy upon his relationship to his father. He led a guerilla uprising against Coalition forces and the new Iraqi government as part of the [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)|Iraqi Insurgency]] between 2004 and 2008.

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== Opere ==

* ''Al-Islam wa l-Mithaq al-'alamiyya li-l-huquq al-insan'' (L'Islam e il Patto internazionale sui diritti umani)

*''Ma wara al-fiqh'' (Cosa c'è dietro la giurisprudenagiurisprudenza)

* ''Fiqh al-asha'ir'' (La giurisprudenza tribale)

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== Bibliografia ==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090517081721/http://www.meib.org/articles/0307_iraqd.htm "The Sadrist Movement", with additional insight on Muqtada al-Sadr's family background, including his father's books, at the Middle East Intelligence Bulletin]

*Prof. Juan Cole, Un. of Michigan, ''History'' 241: "American Wars in the Middle East. Lecture: The Shi'ite Sadr Movement in American Iraq", November 18, 2008.

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*[[Kamal al-Haydari]]

*[[Muhammad Ya'qubi]]

*[[Musa al-Sadr|Mūsā al-Ṣadr]]

*[[ElencoLista dei Marja']]

==Altri progetti==

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==Collegamenti esterni==

* [httphttps://wwwweb.webcitationarchive.org/query?url=web/20091019170338/http://www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/Quarter/1803/mmsalsadr.html&date=2009-10-25+06:30:23 L'omicidio del Grande Ayatollah Muhammed Sadiq al-Sadr]

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[[Categoria:Ayatollah]]