Paul Sabatier (chemist): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|French chemist (1854–1941)}}

Paul Sabatier was born at Carcassonne in southern France on November 5, 1854. He taught many science and physics classes most of his life before he became Dean of the Faculty of Science in 1905.

{{for|the French clergyman and historian|Paul Sabatier (theologian)}}

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Paul Sabatier

| honorific_suffix = [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS(For)]]<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rideal | first1 = E. K. | author-link = Eric Rideal| title = Paul Sabatier. 1859-1941 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1942.0006 | journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 4 | issue = 11 | pages = 63–66| year = 1942 | s2cid = 137424552 }}</ref> H[[FRSE]]

| image = Paul Sabatier.jpg

| image_size = 200px

| caption = Sabatier in 1912

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1854|11|5|df=yes}}

| birth_place = [[Carcassonne]], France

| nationality = French

| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1941|8|14|1854|11|5}}

| death_place = [[Toulouse]], France

| field = [[Inorganic chemistry]]

| workplaces = [[Collège de France]]<br/>[[University of Bordeaux]]<br/>[[University of Toulouse]]

| alma_mater = [[Collège de France]]<br/>[[École Normale Supérieure]]

| doctoral_advisor = [[Marcellin Berthelot]]<ref name="Fechete2016">{{cite journal | last=Fechete | first=Ioana | title=Paul Sabatier – The father of the chemical theory of catalysis | journal=Comptes Rendus Chimie | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=19 | issue=11–12 | year=2016 | doi=10.1016/j.crci.2016.08.006 | pages=1374–1381| doi-access=free }}</ref>

| doctoral_students = <!--[[Edgar Bright Wilson]]-->

| known_for = [[Heterogeneous catalysis]]

| prizes = [[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]] <small>(1912)</small><br/>[[Davy Medal]] {{small|(1915)}}<br/>[[Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)|Albert Medal]] {{small|(1926)}}<br/>[[Franklin Medal]] <small>(1933)</small>

}}

'''Paul Sabatier''' ({{IPA|fr|sabatje|lang}}; 5 November 1854 &ndash; 14 August 1941) was a [[French people|French]] [[chemist]], born in [[Carcassonne]]. In 1912, Sabatier was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] along with [[Victor Grignard]]. Sabatier was honoured for his work improving the [[hydrogenation]] of organic species in the presence of metals.

Sabatier's earliest researches concerned the thermochemistry of sulphur and metallic sulphates, the subject for his thesis leading to his doctorate, and, in Toulouse, he continued his physico-chemical investigations to sulphides, chlorides, chromates and copper compounds. He also studied the oxides of nitrogen and nitrosodisulphonic acid and its salts and carried out fundamental research on partition coefficients and absorption spectra.

==Education==

Sabatier is most known for the Sabatier Process and his works such as La Catalyse en Chimie Orgarnique (Catalysis in organic chemistry) which was published in 1913. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1912, too.

Sabatier studied at the [[École normale supérieure|École Normale Supérieure]], starting in 1874. Three years later, he graduated at the top of his class.<ref name=nobel /> In 1880, he was awarded a [[Doctor of Science]] degree from the [[Collège de France|College de France]].<ref name=nobel />

Sabatier was married with four daughters where one married the famous Italian chemist Emilio Pomilio. He died on August 14, 1941.

In 1883 Sabatier succeeded [[Édouard Filhol]] at the Faculty of Science, and began a long collaboration with [[Jean-Baptiste Senderens]], so close that it was impossible to distinguish the work of either man.

They jointly published 34 notes in the ''Accounts of the Academy of Science'', 11 memoirs in the ''Bulletin of the French Chemical Society'' and 2 joint memoirs to the ''Annals of Chemistry and Physics''.<ref name=Alcouffe/>

After the discovery of [[nickel tetracarbonyl]] in 1890 they tried to synthesize similar compound with nitrogen oxides, but only discovered different types of oxidation. As late as 1912, Sabatier believed that it's possible to get "true nitro metals" with [[dinitrogen tetroxide]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1912/sabatier/lecture/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> but it was later proven that these were not real chemical compounds but just metal oxides with [[nitrogen dioxide]] physically absorbed on them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newton |first=Friend J. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15744/page/n205/mode/1up |title=A Text-book Of Inorganic Chemistry Vol-vi Part-i |date=1928 |pages=175}}</ref>

In 1896 [[Henri Moissan]] and [[Charles Moureu]] discovered that [[acetylene]] reacts with some [[Transition metal|transition metals]].<ref>[[s:fr:Page:Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, tome 122, 1896.djvu/1242]]</ref> Bearing in mind Prosper de Wilde (1835-1916) hydrogenated acetylene on [[platinum black]] in 1874, Sabatier and Senderens picked up the topic and continued investigations in the area.

The [[methanation]] reactions of COx were first discovered by Sabatier and Senderens in 1902.<ref name="Ronsch" />

Sabatier and Senderen shared the Academy of Science's Jecker Prize in 1905 for their discovery of the Sabatier–Senderens Process.<ref name="Alcouffe" />

After 1905–06 Senderens and Sabatier published few joint works, perhaps due to the classic problem of recognition of the merit of contributions to joint work.<ref name=Alcouffe/>

Sabatier taught science classes most of his life before he became Dean of the Faculty of Science at the [[University of Toulouse]] in 1905.

==Research==

Sabatier's earliest research concerned the [[thermochemistry]] of [[sulfur]] and metallic [[sulfate]]s, the subject for the thesis leading to his doctorate. In [[Toulouse]], he continued his [[physics|physical]] and chemical investigations to [[sulfide]]s, [[chloride]]s, [[Chromate ion|chromate]]s and [[copper]] compounds. He also studied the [[oxide]]s of [[nitrogen]] and nitrosodisulfonic acid and its [[salt (chemistry)|salt]]s and carried out fundamental research on [[partition coefficient]]s and [[absorption spectrum|absorption spectra]]. Sabatier greatly facilitated the industrial use of [[hydrogenation]]. In 1897, building on the recent biochemical work of the American chemist, [[James F. Boyce, Sr.|James Boyce]], he discovered that the introduction of a trace amount of [[nickel]] (as a catalyst) facilitated the addition of hydrogen to molecules of most carbon compounds.

=== Sabatier reaction ===

Sabatier is best known for the [[Sabatier process]] and his works such as ''La Catalyse en Chimie Organique'' (Catalysis in organic chemistry) which was published in 1913. He won the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] jointly with fellow Frenchman [[Victor Grignard]] in 1912.<ref name="nobel" />

The reduction of [[carbon dioxide]] using [[hydrogen]] at high temperature and pressure is another use of nickel [[catalyst]] to produce [[methane]].

:<math chem="">\begin{matrix}{}\\

\ce{{CO2} + 4H2 ->[Catalyst + 400\ ^\circ \ce{C}][\ce{pressure}] {CH4} + 2H2O}\\{}

\end{matrix}</math>

:∆''H'' = −165.0 kJ/mol

:(some initial energy/heat is required to start the reaction)

=== Sabatier principle ===

He is also known for the [[Sabatier principle]] of catalysis.

==Personal life==

[[File:Paul Sabatier Office Toulouse 2012.jpg|thumb|right|Sabatier's office desk and collection of chemicals at the University of Toulouse]]

Sabatier was married and had four daughters, one of whom wed the Italian chemist Emilio Pomilio.<ref name=nobel>{{cite web|title=Paul Sabatier - Biography | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1912/sabatier-bio.html|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|access-date=2013-12-07}}</ref>

The [[Paul Sabatier University]] in [[Toulouse]], France is named in honour of Paul Sabatier, as is one of [[Carcassonne]]'s high schools. Paul Sabatier was a co-founder of the [[Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse]], together with the mathematician [[Thomas Joannes Stieltjes]].

Sabatier died on 14 August, 1941 in [[Toulouse]] at the age of 86.

==See also==

*[[Timeline of hydrogen technologies]]

==References==

{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=Alcouffe>{{citation|title=La loi de 1905 et l'université de Toulouse ou la La laïcité au bon sens du terme |publisher=Iesr – Toulouse |date=December 2006

|last=Alcouffe |first=Alain|language=fr |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/64799/filename/note433.doc|accessdate=2017-07-26|page=10}}</ref>

<ref name=Ronsch>{{citation

|last1=Rönsch|last2=Schneider|last3=Matthischke|last4=Schlüter|last5=Götz|last6=Lefebvre|last7=Prabhakaran|last8=Bajohr

|first1=Stefan|first2=Jens|first3=Steffi|first4=Michael|first5=Manuel|first6=Jonathan|first7=Praseeth|first8=Siegfried|date=2016

|title=Review on methanation – From fundamentals to current projects|journal=Fuel|volume=166|pages=276–296|doi=10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.111|bibcode=2016Fuel..166..276R }}</ref>

}}

==External links==

*{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s11167-005-0190-6 | title = Paul Sabatier (to 150th anniversary of his birthday) | journal = Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry | volume = 77 | issue = 11 | pages = 1909–1912 | year = 2004 | s2cid = 195233988 }}

*{{Cite journal | last1 = Rideal | first1 = E. K. | title = Presidential address. Concepts in catalysis. The contributions of Paul Sabatier and of Max Bodenstein | doi = 10.1039/JR9510001640 | journal = Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) | pages = 1640–1647 | year = 1951 }}

*{{Cite journal | last1 = Taylor | first1 = H. | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | volume = 66 | issue = 10 | pages = 1615–1617 | doi = 10.1021/ja01238a600 | year = 1944 |title=Paul Sabatier 1854–1941| bibcode = 1944JAChS..66.1615T }}

* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1912 ''The Method of Direct Hydrogenation by Catalysis''

{{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 1901-1925}}

{{1912 Nobel Prize winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabatier, Paul}}

[[Category:1854 births]]

[[Category:1941 deaths]]

[[Category:People from Carcassonne]]

[[Category:Lycée Pierre-de-Fermat alumni]]

[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Bordeaux]]

[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Toulouse]]

[[Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society]]

[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]

[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]

[[Category:20th-century French chemists]]

[[Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry]]

[[Category:French Nobel laureates]]

[[Category:Inorganic chemists]]

[[Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni]]

[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour]]

[[Category:19th-century French chemists]]

[[Category:Recipients of Franklin Medal]]