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{{short description|American animated sitcom (1991–1999)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Doug-72210-2.png
| alt_name = ''Brand Spanking New! Doug'' {{no italics|(seasons 5–6)}}<br>''Disney's Doug'' {{no italics|(season 7, reruns of seasons 5–7)}}
| genre = [[Animated sitcom]]
| creator = [[Jim Jinkins
| developer = {{Plainlist|
* Jim Jinkins
* [[David Ray Campbell|David Campbell]]
* Joe Aaron
}}
| voices = {{Plainlist|
* [[Billy West]]
* Thomas McHugh
* [[Fred Newman (actor)|Fred Newman]]
* [[Chris Phillips (voice actor)|Chris Phillips]]
* [[Constance Shulman]]
* Becca Lish
* [[Eddie Korbich]]
}}
| theme_music_composer = [[Fred Newman (actor)|Fred Newman]]
| composer = Dan Sawyer<br />[[Fred Newman (actor)|Fred Newman]]
| country ={{Plainlist|
* United States
* France (seasons 1-4)
}}
| language = English
| num_seasons = 7
| num_episodes = 117 (166 segments)
| list_episodes = List of Doug episodes
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Jim Jinkins
* [[David Ray Campbell|David Campbell]]
* Vanessa Coffey (seasons 1–4)
* Mary Harrington (seasons 1–4)
* Christine Martin
* David Martin
}}
| producer = {{ubl|Melanie Grisanti|Nicolas Pesques (season 2)}}
| runtime = 22–23 minutes
| company = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jumbo Pictures]]
* [[Games Animation]] (seasons 1-4)
* [[Ellipse Programme]] (seasons 1-4)
* [[Walt Disney Television Animation]] (seasons 5–7)
}}
| network = [[Nickelodeon]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1991|8|11}}
| last_aired = {{End date|1994|1|2}}
| network2 = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| first_aired2 = {{Start date|1996|9|7}}
| last_aired2 = {{End date|1999|6|26}}
}}
'''''Doug''''' is an American [[animated sitcom]] created by [[Jim Jinkins]] and produced by [[Jumbo Pictures]]. It originally aired on [[Nickelodeon]] from August 11, 1991, to January 2, 1994, and on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] from September 7, 1996, to June 26, 1999. The show focuses on the early adolescent life and zany hijinks of its title character, Douglas "Doug" Funnie, who experiences common predicaments while attending school in his new hometown of Bluffington. Doug narrates each story in his journal, and the show incorporates many imagination sequences. The series addresses numerous topics, including trying to fit in, [[platonic relationship|platonic]] and [[romantic relationship|romantic]] relationships, [[self-esteem]], [[bullying]], and [[rumor]]s. Many episodes center on Doug's attempts to impress his classmate and [[crush (relationship)|crush]], Patti Mayonnaise.
Jinkins developed ''Doug'' from drawings in his [[sketchbook]] that he created over the course of the 1980s. ''Doug'', a mostly autobiographical creation, was largely inspired by Jinkins's childhood growing up in [[Virginia]], with most characters in the series being based on real individuals. He first pitched ''Doug'' as a children's book to uninterested publishers before [[Nickelodeon]] purchased the show. Following this, the series underwent further development, in which Jinkins meticulously detailed every aspect of the show's setting. Jinkins was insistent that the series would have a purpose and instructed writers to annotate each script with a moral. The show's unusual soundtrack consists largely of [[scat singing]] and mouth noises.
The series premiered on the cable network Nickelodeon, as the first of the original three [[Nicktoons]] alongside two other original animated series, ''[[Rugrats]]'' (which premiered directly after ''Doug'') and ''[[The Ren & Stimpy Show]]'' (which premiered directly after ''Rugrats''). The original run consisted of 52 episodes over four seasons that were broadcast from 1991 to 1994, with [[Games Animation]] and [[Ellipse Programmé]] co-producing. Due to Nickelodeon opting against renewing the show for a fifth season,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/toon-town/Content?oid=2211960|title=Toon Town|first=Rich|last=Griset|website=Style Weekly|date=9 June 2015 }}</ref> The Walt Disney Company would acquire Jumbo Pictures alongside the ''Doug'' intellectual property, subsequently green-lighting the show for three additional seasons of 65 episodes. Jinkins made several creative changes during this time. The show moved to [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s Saturday morning lineup, co-produced by [[Walt Disney Television Animation]]. In 1998, the series also aired on [[broadcast syndication|television syndication]]. It became a top-rated show, inspiring various books, merchandise, a live [[Musical theatre|musical]] stage show, and a theatrical feature, ''[[Doug's 1st Movie]]'', released as the series' conclusion in 1999. The series has seen multiple home video releases during its run.
==Premise==
The series revolves around Douglas "Doug" Funnie, an 11 (later 12)-year-old boy who wants to be another face in the crowd, but by possessing a vivid imagination and a strong sense of right and wrong, he is more likely to stand out.<ref name="prescott"/> He keeps a journal, which he treats as an [[autobiography]], as he records numerous experiences over the series, which range from learning to dance to getting a bad haircut.<ref name="lat"/> Doug Funnie and his family (which consists of his parents Theda and Phil, sister Judy, and dog Porkchop) move from the town of Bloatsburg to Bluffington after his dad receives a job promotion. Bluffington is in the United States but not in any specific [[U.S. state]]. However, Bluffington is loosely based on the city of [[Richmond, Virginia]], where creator [[Jim Jinkins]] was born and raised.<ref>{{cite news | first=Tom | last=Roberts | title=NEW TV 'TOON' HAS ROOTS HERE JIM JINKINS' 'DOUG' PREMIERES SUNDAY | work=[[Richmond Times]] | date=September 9, 1991}}</ref>
==
{{Main|List of Doug episodes}}
{{:List of Doug episodes}}
==Characters==
{{Main|List of Doug characters}}
Beyond the title character, ''Doug'' features a large [[ensemble cast]] of characters. Many of the series' ancillary characters, among them Ms. Wingo and Mr. Spitz, are based on authority figures from Jinkins' childhood.<ref name="split"/>
*Doug Funnie (voiced by [[Billy West]] from seasons 1–4, Tom McHugh seasons 5–7): Doug is depicted as a shy, insecure, self-conscious, and gullible 11 (later 12)-year-old boy who more often than not tries to deal with his fear of failure. He has talents for writing, drawing, making music (he plays a [[banjo]]), and caring for animals (he owns a dog named Porkchop). While Doug just wants to fit in with his peers, he has a vivid imagination and an unparalleled sense of [[morality]] that both make him stand out amongst them. Doug narrates every episode and writes his experiences in his [[Diary|journal]]. He has an [[alter ego]], Quailman, who was inspired by Jinkins's and Roberts's childhood [[home movies]] in which they posed as [[superhero]]es.<ref name="split"/> Billy West, the original voice behind Doug, was assigned by executive [[Vanessa Coffey]], to Jinkins's initial reluctance, but Jinkins would eventually come to view it as the best possible voice for the character. West, in recording lines for Doug, noted that "There's a lot of me in there, because I'm going through my own experiences in there, because I have a conscience."<ref name="huffpost">{{cite news|title=How 'Doug' Pioneered A New Era Of Kids' TV (And Taught Us A Few Lessons Along The Way)|url= https://www.huffpost.com/entry/doug-new-era_n_5508304| first= Lauren | last= Duca|date=June 25, 2014|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref>
*Porkchop (voiced by [[Fred Newman (actor)|Fred Newman]]): Doug's [[anthropomorphic]] pet [[Bull Terrier]] who is one of Doug's sidekicks and accompanies him nearly everywhere he goes. He sometimes assists Doug in making decisions and acts as his conscience. Porkchop is very talented in many things such as acting. He lives in an [[igloo]]-shaped [[doghouse]] in the Nickelodeon series, and a [[tipi]] in the Disney series. During a Christmas special, it is shown that Doug got Porkchop as a Christmas gift and that Porkchop once saved Beebe Bluff's life when she was about to fall through some thin ice. Porkchop, along with Doug, originally first appeared in ID spots for the [[USA Network]] children's block, ''[[USA Cartoon Express]]''.
*Mosquito "Skeeter" Valentine (voiced by Fred Newman): Skeeter is Doug's blue-skinned best friend. He is a normal boy who is more sociable than Doug, though he occasionally makes honking noises. Skeeter and his family have lived in Bluffington for some time, so he helps Doug acclimate to Bluffington. For example, Skeeter helps Doug order food at the popular Bluffington restaurant Honker Burger in the series premiere (resulting in their friendship). The character was based on Jinkins' high school best friend, Tommy Roberts.<ref name="split"/><ref name="iwn"/>
*{{anchor|Patti Mayonaise}}Patti Mayonnaise (voiced by [[Constance Shulman]]): Patti is an intelligent, lovely, talented, and athletic girl who is Doug's female best friend and [[love interest]]. She is kind and helpful, but she does have weaknesses, such as a tendency to be competitive, being gullible, and to anger easily if pushed too far. Jinkins based the character on his adolescent [[puppy love|crush]] from junior high and high school,<ref name="split" /> and culled her name from two girls from his childhood, Pam Mayo and a girl named Patty.<ref name="lantern">{{cite web| url= http://thelantern.com/2010/04/jim-jinkins-sheds-light-on-alter-ego-doug-funny/|title=Jim Jinkins sheds light on alter ego Doug Funny| first1=Ashley | last1= Dingus| first2=Ally | last2= Marotti| date=April 8, 2010| work=[[The Lantern (newspaper)|The Lantern]]| access-date= October 23, 2014| first3= Stephanie | last3= King}}</ref>
*Roger M. Klotz (voiced by Billy West in the Nickelodeon series, [[Chris Phillips (voice actor)|Chris Phillips]] in the Disney series): Roger is Doug's green-skinned nemesis, and a [[school bully]]. However, he is not prominently shown as an actual bully, instead having [[Mischief|mischievous]] tendencies, playing [[practical joke]]s on characters. He is older than others in his class, as it took him [[Grade retention|three years to graduate]] from sixth grade. Roger has a crush on Doug's sister Judy and in certain episodes tries to woo her. Roger and his divorced mother lived in a [[trailer park]] in the Nickelodeon series; in the Disney series, Roger's family becomes wealthy from a real-estate deal struck between the owner of the trailer park and the Bluff family. Roger was inspired from a bully who lived in the same neighborhood as Jinkins. He adopted the bully's neighbors' last name, Klotz, for the character.<ref name="split"/>
*Beebe Bluff (voiced by [[Alice Playten]]): The heiress to the Bluff family fortune. Beebe is the daughter of Bill Bluff, the richest man in the town and a friend of Mayor White. The Bluff family is the namesake of the town of Bluffington, and in the second series, the school is even named after Beebe. Despite a certain air of superiority over her peers, Beebe maintains friendships with Patti Mayonnaise and most of her other contemporaries. Doug had his first kiss with her in the episode "Doug's Secret Admirer", although it was out of gratitude rather than love, since she already has a crush on Skeeter. Beebe was Alice Playten's final animated role before her death in 2011.
*Judith "Judy" Anastasia Funnie (voiced by Becca Lish): Judy Funnie is Doug's older sister. Judy is very intelligent and especially dramatic. Unsurprisingly, she attends the Moody School, a school for artistically talented teenagers. Judy often gives or directs performances at Bluffington Elementary, which Doug initially dreads out of fear that Judy will embarrass him (as she has done in the past). Judy is usually seen wearing only purple and black, and rarely takes off her [[beret]] or her sunglasses. She has a very strong [[beatnik]] personality. Her actress, Becca Lish, also voices Doug's mother, Theda Funnie, his friend Connie Benge, bass player Wendy Nespah of Doug's favorite band The Beets, the hairdresser Fluke and many other characters.
*Chalky Studebaker (voiced by [[Doug Preis]]): Chalky is considerably the most athletic of Doug's main circle of friends, and he is an excellent student. He wants to follow the footsteps of his older brother, Cliff.
*Connie Benge (voiced by Becca Lish): A naive schoolgirl who is best friends with Patti and Beebe, and also one of Doug's friends. She had a small crush on Doug in the Nickelodeon series. Although she was rather heavy-set in the first series, she lost weight between the two series and received a new wardrobe and hairstyle after going to a beauty camp for the summer, making her look quite different in either show. In certain episodes of the first series, the color schemes for Connie's hair and skin are switched, giving her lime green hair and violet skin instead of indigo hair and pale green skin.
*Al and Moo Sleech (voiced by [[Eddie Korbich]]): Nerdy twin brothers and two of Doug's best friends. Doug looks to them for technical help whenever he needs it. They tend to speak to each other using their own "twin language" using numbers for various words and phrases. In the Disney series, they skip all of the middle school grades and enter high school, but they maintain their relationships with Doug and others. They are each shown to have a crush on Judy. The two try to hide the fact that their father is not as intelligent as they are and is a hardworking doughnut baker.
*Mr. Bud Dink (voiced by Fred Newman): A slightly odd, purple-skinned, dimwitted, retiree who lives next door to the Funnies with his wife and foil, Tippy (voiced by [[Doris Belack]]). Doug frequently approaches Mr. Dink for advice, but sometimes it is useless. He and his wife's last name comes from an acronym: [[DINK (acronym)|Dual Income, No Kids]], which supports Mr. Dink's spending on various things he claims as "very expensive". In later Nickelodeon episodes, Mrs. Dink becomes mayor of Bluffington, a role she continues in the Disney version.
==Production==
===Development===
[[File:Richmond (Virginia).jpg|thumb|right|Creator [[Jim Jinkins]] based the series on his hometown of [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[Virginia]].]]
''Doug'' was created by animator [[Jim Jinkins]].<ref>{{cite news | first=Douglas | last=Durden | title='DOUG' CREATOR DOODLED WAY TO SUCCESS | work=[[Richmond Times]] | date=September 6, 1996 }}</ref> He was born in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[Virginia]] in 1953, and grew up fascinated by drawing. He went on to animation and filmmaking at [[Ohio State University]], and upon graduation, got a job working at [[PBS]] in [[PBS Kids|their children's programming unit]]. Jinkins first sketched the character of Doug while doodling without thought, not aiming to create a character based on himself.<ref name="iwn"/> In the 1980s, he began working on an autobiographical character named [[Brian]], which he later changed to [[Doug]], as it was a very common name. He began to view the character as his "alter-ego", drawing him in various silly and occasionally cynical scenarios in his sketchbook.<ref name="split"/>
In 1984, Jinkins's career took a turn for the worse, as well as his personal life: he had a rough breakup and suffered injuries in a biking accident.<ref name="lat99"/> During this time, he gained a new outlook on life.<ref name="lantern"/> Desiring to "create a place where there was no overdue rent and no delinquent phone bills," he began doodling and formed the basis for Bluffington, the central ___location in ''Doug''. The character's early designs were solidified alongside friend [[David Ray Campbell|David Campbell]] at a small Mexican restaurant in New York. He later credited the character's odd coloring choices from being in a "margarita stupor".<ref name="lantern"/> Campbell suggested he make Doug into a children's book, titled ''Doug Got a New Pair of Shoes'', which was rejected by all of the city's publishing houses.<ref name="lat99"/> [[Simon & Schuster]] was interested, but management changed before it purchased the pitch.<ref name="huffpost"/> The character made its first animated appearance in a 1988 Florida Grapefruit Growers commercial,<ref name="iwn"/> and it was also used for a 1989 promotional bumper for the [[USA Network]].<ref name="split"/><!-- Do not link directly to commercial, is copyrighted material -->
Meanwhile, cable network [[Nickelodeon]], aiming to expand its content and find creative auteurs, began a search for animators to develop their first original animated series. This was very unusual for the time period, which often consisted of pre-licensed characters, such as ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' and ''[[Where's Wally?: The Animated Series|Where's Waldo?]]''. Jinkins had actually worked at the network before it was renamed Nickelodeon; he was employed in the late 1970s, on their first show ''[[Pinwheel (TV series)|Pinwheel]].''<ref name="iwn" /> Jinkins set up a meeting with executive Vanessa Coffey to show her the book prototype.<ref name="lat99" /> Coffey ran out of the room ("which is, you know, disturbing," Jinkins would recall), but only to inform her boss that "This [Jinkins] guy is the real deal, and we're taking him to pilot."<ref name="huffpost" /> Employing voice artists and writers from New York, Jinkins created a pilot for ''Doug'', titled ''Doug Can't Dance''.<ref name="huffpost"/> It was one of three six-minute pilots chosen out of eight to premiere as Nickelodeon's debut animated series, or [[Nicktoons]].<ref name="lat"/> It also tested the highest out of eight that were shown to test audiences, scoring the highest of eight points.<ref>Simensky, Linda (2004). ''Nickelodeon Nation: The History, Politics, and Economics of America's Only TV Channel for Kids''.</ref> The long contract development took nearly a year to complete. Jinkins made sure that his contract allowed him to take the series to another network if Nickelodeon did not complete the show's order.<ref name="split1"/>
In another unusual move, Nickelodeon allowed their purchased pilots to be animated at independent studios. Jinkins and Campbell founded Jumbo Pictures in July 1990 to produce ''Doug''. He would later recall the oddity of the deal, remarking, "that was a moment in time where we were able to be an independent production company and deliver those shows."<ref name="iwn"/> Coffey was the main executive in charge of the series' production, and Jinkins would later give her credit in bringing the show to air.<ref name="iwn"/> The pilot was a success, as Nickelodeon happily decided to greenlight production for the first season, scheduling it for early August 1991. The plan was to make 26 segments, but pair up 2 each to make up the 30-minute runtime of programming.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Doug: Series Production Guide (1991) |date=1991 |url=https://archive.org/details/doug-guide/page/2/mode/1up |page=1 |magazine=Welcome to Doug |publisher=[[Jumbo Pictures|Jumbo Pictures, Inc.]] |via=the Internet Archive}}</ref>
===Writing and design===
Jinkins characterized the series as not entirely autobiographical, but emotionally accurate to his childhood experiences.<ref name="lat99"/> The show was designed and based on his experiences growing up in Virginia, designing it as such to give the viewers "a roller coaster of emotions."<ref name="prescott">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=D-lSAAAAIBAJ&pg=5889,1489783&dq=nickelodeon&hl=en|title=Nickelodeon into animated work|date=August 9, 1991|publisher=The Prescott Courier|access-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref> Each character in the series was based on people from Jinkins' life, with some exaggerations. Prior to the show's premiere, Jinkins sent messages to each subject of inspiration, notifying them of their inclusion.<ref name="iwn"/> Jinkins' religious upbringing also made its way into the series, albeit without direct reference.<ref name="split1"/> For example, if an episode is set on Sunday, Doug's family is dressed in their church clothes. Jinkins felt it was important to not insert overly religious themes into the series, but he viewed it essential that each episode contain a moral.<ref name="split1"/> The series was also inspired by ''[[Peanuts]]''.<ref name="iwn">{{cite web|author=Ryan Kohls|url=http://www.whatiwannaknow.com/2013/02/jim-jinkins/|title=Jim Jinkins – I Wanna Know What I Wanna Know|publisher=I Wanna Know What I Wanna Know|date=February 1, 2013|access-date=October 23, 2014|archive-date=October 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024075035/http://www.whatiwannaknow.com/2013/02/jim-jinkins/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The show's design was labor-intensive, intended to convey a certain logic to the show's universe. In the show's pitch bible, which Jinkins described as "huge", contain floor plans for each main character's homes, as well as maps of each street.<ref name="split1"/> In addition, Jinkins and the series' developers paid particular attention to more hidden elements within the series, such as the founding fathers of the show's central town.<ref name="split1"/> In writing the series, the production schedule was built around spending several weeks writing the series' scripts. Jinkins asked each writer to place a central theme at the top of each script — what issue Doug is dealing with, and what he learns.<ref name="iwn"/> Jinkins often told staff that he wanted the show to remain relevant "in 30 years," aiming for a timeless effect. While developing the series, Jinkins wanted to change its name from ''Doug'' to ''The Funnies'', but the network encouraged him to stick with the original name.<ref name="iwn"/> There was a "cross-pollination" among the network's writing staff. This involved story editors being assigned to the show, among them [[Mitchell Kriegman]] of ''[[Clarissa Explains It All]]'' and [[Will McRobb]] of ''[[The Adventures of Pete & Pete]]''. "There was definitely camaraderie and a quirkiness about who they were hiring," Jinkins later said. "Sometimes it didn't work quite so well, but working with McRobb was awesome!" McRobb, who worked with [[Spümcø]] on ''[[The Ren & Stimpy Show]]'' at the same time, called working on both shows "schizophrenic" due to the contrast between the two studios' working environment; Jumbo Pictures was relatively peaceful and conformed to what little resistance Nickelodeon executives had while Spümcø had frequent feuds, if not necessarily aggressive conflicts with them. McRobb convinced a team at Spümcø, including [[John Kricfalusi]] and [[Vincent Waller]] to work on layouts for a single episode of ''Doug''; they considered the experience to be "joyless", but Kricfalusi did not mind as it brought more funding to the studio. The episode, "Doug Is Quailman/Doug Out in Left Field", was apparently vandalized by the staff with hidden [[Ren and Stimpy (characters)|Ren and Stimpy]] cameos, which were not visible in the final cut.<ref name="split1"/>{{Sfn|Komorowski|2013|p=50}}
In translating the show into animation, the characters' designs were solidified. "Jim Jinkins is an illustrator and not an animator, so his initial drawings were a little bit more of a wiggly line," said [[Yvette Kaplan]].<ref name="slimed"/> The designs were inspired by Jinkins' period working for [[R. O. Blechman]] at the Ink Tank, incorporating Blechman's nervous line quality.<ref name="slimed"/>
===Music===
Jinkins was also very involved in the show's music. One of the show's most notable elements is its unique [[a cappella]] soundtrack by voice actor Fred Newman. "Fred showed me how you could take out a guitar and use a tuna can filled with water that you'd thump with your finger," said Jinkins.<ref name="split"/> The concept of making music out of anything, or making something good out of nothing, is explored in "Doug's Garage Band" (episode 38, part 2), which ends in Doug performing the song "Bangin’ on a Trashcan".
In the series, Doug's favorite rock group is The Beets, a play on [[the Beatles]]—the band's members also visually resemble caricatures of [[Ringo Starr]] (of the Beatles) and [[Robert Plant]] (of [[Led Zeppelin]]), and their penchant for endless reunion tours owes to [[the Who]]. Jinkins viewed the series' music as part of the storytelling.<ref name="split">{{cite web|title=You Don't Know Doug|date=February 6, 2012|url=https://www.vulture.com/2012/02/you-dont-know-doug.html|author=Mathew Klickstein|work=Vulture|access-date=June 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015000105/http://splitsider.com/2012/02/you-dont-know-doug/|archive-date=October 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
Newman deliberately attempted to deviate from the standard for animated cartoons, which traditionally followed the style of [[Carl W. Stalling|Carl Stalling]]'s work, with the frantic pacing being ill-suited for the show.<ref name="slimed" /> The most complicated piece of music created for the series was for the opening sequence, which was recorded preceding animation, rather than the typical method of composing it afterward. The series' theme song is largely composed of simple sounds, mostly "doo-doo" and "na-na", performed in a [[scat singing]] style with increasing intensity, and culminating in a crescendo of several harmonies. Newman's scat singing also plays over transitions in the series. The show also incorporated many homemade sound effects.<ref name="slimed" />
In the closing credits for the first season of Nickelodeon's ''Doug'', two different pieces of music would play: the first piece would be taken from the second segment in the episode, and during the last third, Porkchop would don headphones and listen to music from the first segment, drowning out the original background music and annoying Doug, ending with Doug chasing Porkchop. Subsequent seasons, however, use a single piece of music for their closing credits (despite using the same animation). Starting with the Disney series, the credits have used Doug chasing Porkchop to the left and right only for Porkchop to chase Doug to the left while the credits play.
===Disney acquisition===
[[File:Disney's Doug.jpg|thumb|right|The official title card of Disney's ''Doug''.]]
The original deal required Jumbo to produce 65 episodes of ''Doug'', which Nickelodeon would air in blocks of 13 per season.<ref name="lat99"/> After four seasons and 52 episodes of ''Doug'', Nickelodeon declined to order the additional 13, citing the show's expensive budget during a budget freeze. The network had a two-year window in which it could reverse the decision. The show received strong interest from several networks, among them [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]. Each time they received interest, they would notify Nickelodeon in order to speed up ordering the series' fifth season.<ref name="lat99"/> In February 1996, [[The Walt Disney Company]], having closed on its purchase of ABC earlier in the year, purchased ''Doug'' in a multimillion-dollar deal with Jinkins and Campbell. The deal involved buying Jumbo Pictures and "signing them to five-year contracts, with stock options, to be Disney executives." The company also purchased the ''Doug'' [[trademark]] and its rights to all future merchandising. Nickelodeon and Ellipse were allowed to retain the rights to the episodes produced from 1991 to 1994.<ref name="lat99"/>
Due to the length of time between the series' run on Nickelodeon and its beginning on ABC, there were several creative changes. Production of the series relocated from New York City to Los Angeles. This meant the voice actors recorded their lines remotely instead of together in the studio. Billy West was replaced by Tom McHugh as the voice of Doug, while the role of Roger was taken over by [[Chris Phillips (voice actor)|Chris Phillips]]. Disney could not afford West, as his fame had grown from voicing characters in ''[[The Ren & Stimpy Show|Ren & Stimpy]]'' and other animated properties.<ref name="split1">{{cite web|title=You Don't Know Doug, Part Two: Moral Underpinnings, From Nick to Disney, and New Voice Actors|url=https://www.vulture.com/2012/02/you-dont-know-doug-part-two.html|date=February 13, 2012|author= Mathew Klickstein|work=Vulture|access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref> Jinkins argues that he worked hard to keep West on the series, claiming that the deal the company offered him was breaking their budget.<ref name="huffpost"/> In 2013, despite not returning to the Disney version, West mentioned that he would be open to returning as the role/character.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theweek.com/articles/463045/interview-futurama-star-billy-west-thinks-series-isnt-really-ending |title=INTERVIEW: Futurama star Billy West thinks the series isn't really ending|date=19 June 2013 |publisher=The Week|access-date=2022-06-03}}</ref>
Several original staff members of ''Doug'' have openly regarded the Disney run as inferior to the Nickelodeon run. Jinkins was less hands-on regarding the production of the show's Disney episodes due to other responsibilities. "I mostly agree with ''Doug'' fans who think the original 104 eleven-minute ''Doug'' stories made for Nick were the best", Jinkins later said. David Campbell felt the Nickelodeon episodes were "quirkier" and better, while Constance Shulman, Patti Mayonnaise's voice actress, felt voice recording sessions were not the same in the show's newer incarnation: "I missed all the gang crammed in the studio, waiting for their turn for the big group scene. Someone just dimmed the magic a bit."<ref name=slimed>Klickstein, Matthew (2013). ''Slimed!: An Oral History of Nickelodeon's Golden Age''. New York: Plume, 320 pp. First edition, 2013.</ref>
Another factor in ''Doug'' going to Disney might have been Nickelodeon's high expectations for the series not being met, something that has been acknowledged by Jinkins as well as ''Ren & Stimpy'' creator [[John Kricfalusi]].<ref name="lat99"/> Among Nickelodeon's three original Nicktoons, executives were banking on ''Doug'' to be the network's breakout hit. While ''Doug'' proved to be popular, it was by far Nickelodeon's least popular original Nicktoon, as ''Ren & Stimpy'' would (alongside ''[[The Simpsons]]'' and ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head]]'') help revive interest in the [[adult animation]] genre that had been largely dormant since ''[[The Flintstones]]'' ended in 1966. Meanwhile, Nickelodeon's other original Nicktoon, ''[[Rugrats]]'', would instead be the network's breakout hit and would remain in production until 2004, long after the other two series ended production.<ref name="lat99"/>
Since the acquisition, Disney has owned the rights to produce any future material in the ''Doug'' franchise. In 2016, Jinkins stated that Disney had "no interest" in revamping the show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/why-doug-reboot-nickelodeon-wont-happen-theres-still-hope-rugrats-2398892|title = Why A 'Doug' Reboot on Nickelodeon Won't Happen, but There's Still Hope for 'Rugrats'|website = [[International Business Times]]|date = 8 August 2016}}</ref>
Doug and Porkchop appear on a billboard in the ''[[Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (film)|Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers]]'' movie, released on Disney+ in May 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Betti |first1=Tony |title=The Easter Eggs (That We Found) In "Chip 'N' Dale: Rescue Rangers" on Disney+ |url=https://www.laughingplace.com/w/articles/2022/05/20/chip-and-dale-easter-eggs/ |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=Laughing Place |date=20 May 2022}}</ref>
In 2023, Jinkins revealed concept art he had drawn for a potential revival titled ''Doug Kids'' that would focus on the children of Doug and his friends. However, the idea was passed over by Disney executives.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.instagram.com/p/CyY2QzNRBh3/|title= Instagram}}</ref>
==Themes==
The series covers aspects of desiring to be different while [[coming of age]].<ref name="huffpost"/> According to Jinkins, honesty is the series' main theme:
{{blockquote|We put ourselves through enormous pain to avoid pain and I had this notion of: 'What if we didn't do that? What if we just told the truth?" he said. "But that's complicated. In the adult world, the notion of truth and not-truth is complicated, but I didn't want to debate it. I didn't want to show all of the ambiguity of the adult world to kids. I wanted to show kids a world where everyone took honesty seriously."<ref name="huffpost"/>}}
For example, the episode "Doug's in the Money" finds the titular character coming across an envelope of cash and returning it to its elderly owner. It created a heated debate among the series' writers regarding honesty. In the episode, Doug is rewarded with a stick of gum. "It comes down to how we think about who is involved in a story. In that case, I wanted Doug to do something that hurt where there was no tangible reward," said Jinkins.<ref name="huffpost"/>
The series also made frequent use of [[Cutaway (filmmaking)|cutaways]], frequently showing Doug [[daydreaming]] certain scenarios. The use of cutaways declined during the Disney run, but was never eliminated. The technique would become much more frequently used on ''[[Family Guy]]'', which debuted five months before the series concluded.<ref>"Reviews: Doug's 1st Movie - IMDb" https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0187819/reviews</ref>
After the series' completion, much of the online debate ensued over the race of Doug's best friend, Skeeter, who some viewers felt exhibited traits stereotypical of African Americans, and who subsequently drew conclusions that the character was intended to be African American. Jinkins did not envision this discourse on the series' colors.{{clarify|date=November 2014}} When creating the show, he came across his 200 design markers and employed an array of bright, wild colors for the characters.<ref name="split1"/> Jinkins later told ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' in 2014 that the series' colors "came to symbolize the irrelevance of race."<ref name="huffpost"/>
==Home media==
[[Sony Wonder]] released a series of ''Doug'' videos between 1993 and 1996. [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment|Walt Disney Home Video]] released four videos of the Disney episodes in 1997; each collection featured two episodes.
Nickelodeon and Amazon.com teamed up to release ''Doug'' and other Nick shows on manufacture-on-demand DVD-R discs available exclusively through Amazon.com's CreateSpace arm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Site-News-Nickelodeon-Amazon-CreateSpace/10375 |title=Amazon and Nickelodeon/Paramount Strike Deal for Burn-on-Demand Titles |access-date=2008-08-24 |work=Site News |date=August 21, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823224952/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Site-News-Nickelodeon-Amazon-CreateSpace/10375 |archive-date=August 23, 2008 }}</ref> Seasons 3 and 4 of ''Doug'' were released on DVD on December 8, 2009, and December 22, 2009, respectively.
Season 4 was supposed to be released as a complete season, but Nickelodeon was unable to secure two episodes from the season and opted to rename the DVD release ''Doug: The Best of Season 4''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/feature/more/dvd-calendar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331093838/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Doug-Season-4/13150|url-status=dead|title=DVD Calendar Feature Articles - Metacritic|archive-date=March 31, 2010|website=www.metacritic.com}}</ref> ''Doug: The Complete Nickelodeon Series'' was released on June 26, 2014.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!VHS and DVD name!! style="text-align:center;"| Release date!!Discs!!Episodes
|-
|''How Did I Get into This Mess?''||August 31, 1993||style="text-align:center;"|0||style="text-align:center;"|3 Segments and 2 music videos
|-
|''Patti, You're the Mayonnaise for Me''||August 31, 1993||style="text-align:center;"|0||style="text-align:center;"|3 Segments and 2 music videos
|-
|''Cool in School''||July 26, 1994||style="text-align:center;"|0||style="text-align:center;"|3 Segments and 2 music videos
|-
|''Doug's Christmas Story''||August 30, 1994||style="text-align:center;"|0||style="text-align:center;"|2 (Paramount version only, Sony contains 1 segment.)
|-
|''Doug's Birthday Blues''||July 15, 1997|| style="text-align:center;"|0||style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
|''Slam Dunk Doug''||July 15, 1997||style="text-align:center;"|0||style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
|''The Vampire Caper''||August 26, 1997||style="text-align:center;"|0||style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
|''Doug's Secret Christmas''||October 7, 1997||style="text-align:center;"|0||style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
|''Season 1 (1991)''||August 29, 2008 ([[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] exclusive)|| style="text-align:center;"|3|| style="text-align:center;"|13
|-
|''Season 2 (1992)''||August 29, 2008 ([[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] exclusive)|| style="text-align:center;"|3|| style="text-align:center;"|13
|-
|''Season 3 (1993)''||December 8, 2009 ([[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] exclusive)|| style="text-align:center;"|3|| style="text-align:center;"|13
|-
|''The Best of Season 4 (1993–94)''||December 22, 2009 ([[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] exclusive)|| style="text-align:center;"|3|| style="text-align:center;"|12
|-
|''Doug: The Complete Nickelodeon Series''||June 26, 2014 ([[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] exclusive)|| style="text-align:center;"|6|| style="text-align:center;"|52
|}
===Streaming===
Currently, all of the original run episodes, including the two that are missing from the season 4 DVD since its Paramount+ removal in December 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doug and Other Millennial Nickelodeon Favorites Reportedly Removed from Paramount+ |url=https://people.com/paramount-just-removed-several-millennial-favorites-including-nickelodeon-doug-8767042}}</ref> are available from [[video on demand]] services such as [[iTunes Store]], [[PlayStation Network]], and [[Amazon Prime Video]], while the Disney run episodes and ''Doug's First Movie'' are on [[Disney+]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-23|title=Why Disney+ Has A Nicktoons Show|url=https://screenrant.com/disney-plus-nicktoons-show-doug-explained/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=ScreenRant|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Broadcast===
Reruns of the Nickelodeon series aired on [[Noggin (brand)|Noggin]] until 2002, [[Nicktoons (American TV channel)|Nicktoons]] until 2007, and on [[TeenNick]]'s [[NickRewind]] block from 2011 to 2021. Reruns also air on [[Pluto TV]]'s "90s Kids" channel as of October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mercedes |first=Milligan |title=Pluto TV Launches Free '90s Nick Channel |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2023/10/pluto-tv-launches-free-90s-nick-channel/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Animation Magazine |date=17 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
The Disney series aired reruns on [[UPN]]’s [[Disney's One Too]] until 2000, Disney Channel until 2002, and on Toon Disney until 2004.
==Reception==
The series premiered alongside ''[[Rugrats]]'' and ''[[The Ren & Stimpy Show]]'' on August 11, 1991, being scheduled first among the three series.<ref name="prescott"/><ref name="lat">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-08-ca-450-story.html |title=Nickelodeon Betting on Cartoons|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=August 8, 1991 |access-date=October 22, 2012}}</ref> The show was not as immediately popular as its counterparts,<ref name="lat99"/> and Jinkins lamented to Coffey this fact. "''Ren and Stimpy'' is getting so much attention because of [the show's creator] [[John Kricfalusi]]. I feel like the squeaky wheel gets the grease". Nickelodeon was largely attempting to push the limits of children's programming, while ''Doug'' was a much gentler, quiet show.<ref name="slimed"/> While the original Nickelodeon series received mostly positive reviews, the Disney series received a more mixed reception, and became notable for negative reception from fans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hickson |first=Ally |title=Disney Ruined "Doug"—& I Hate Them For It |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2016/08/119240/doug-cartoon-disney-channel-review |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.refinery29.com |language=en}}</ref>
===Ratings===
The new Nicktoons block on Nickelodeon raised the network's ratings instantly. ''Doug'' constantly achieved over 2.0 in the network's most desirable demographics.<ref name="slimed"/>
When the show moved to ABC in 1997, ''Doug'' became the most popular program on ABC's Saturday morning lineup, attracting the highest ratings of any cartoon on the network. Its high-rated second season on the network contributed to its position as the number one network in Saturday morning ratings.<ref name="lat99">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-mar-09-fi-15344-story.html|date=March 9, 1999|title=The One That Got Away : With 'Doug,' Nickelodeon's Loss May Be Disney's Gain|author=Claudia Eller|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 23, 2014}}</ref>
The Disney episodes later reran in broadcast syndication and on the [[Disney's One Too]] block on [[UPN]].<ref name="lat99"/>
===Awards and nominations===
''Doug'' received numerous domestic and international awards and nominations. It won two [[Parents' Choice Awards]], two [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]], and was nominated for three [[CableACE Awards]] and four [[Daytime Emmy Awards]].<ref name="bw"/> It was also nominated for the Prix Jeunesse International Award.<ref name="bw"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Refs
|-
| 1991
|ASIFA-East Animation Festival
| Best Direction
| {{won}}
|<ref name="prescott"/>
|-
| 1992
|Young Artist Awards
|Outstanding New Animation Series
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="imbdawards1"/>
|-
|[[19th Daytime Emmy Awards|1992]]
|[[Daytime Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]]
|[[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Animated Program|Outstanding Animated Program]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="imbdawards1"/>
|-
|[[20th Daytime Emmy Awards|1993]]
|Emmy Award
|[[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Animated Program|Outstanding Animated Children's Program]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="imbdawards1"/>
|-
|1993
|Ollie Awards
|???
| {{won}}
|<ref name=lat1>{{cite news|title=The Arts: Television|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-11-16-ca-57250-story.html |access-date=October 23, 2014|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 16, 1993}}</ref>
|-
|1993
|[[CableACE Awards]]
|Animated Programming Special or Series
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=variety1>{{cite news| first= Jennifer |last= Pendleton |title=Rivals for CableAces not even close to HBO |url=https://variety.com/1992/tv/news/rivals-for-cableaces-not-even-close-to-hbo-100356/ |access-date=October 23, 2014|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=November 17, 1992}}</ref>
|-
|1993
| rowspan="2" |[[Parents' Choice Awards]]
|???
| {{won}}
|<ref name=bw>{{cite news|title=Disney and Jumbo Pictures Get Animated This March With the Theatrical Release of "Doug's first Movie".|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Disney+and+Jumbo+Pictures+Get+Animated+This+March+With+the+Theatrical...-a053570179|access-date=19 March 2013|newspaper=Business Wire|date=January 14, 1999|archive-date=21 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721173708/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Disney+and+Jumbo+Pictures+Get+Animated+This+March+With+the+Theatrical...-a053570179|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|1994
|???
|{{won}}
|<ref name="bw"/>
|-
|1994
|CableACE Awards
|Animated Programming Special or Series
|{{nom}}
|<ref name=variety2>{{cite news|title='Angels' leads series ascent at CableAce| first= John |last= Dempsey |url=https://variety.com/1993/tv/news/angels-leads-series-ascent-at-cableace-115579/ |access-date=October 23, 2014|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=November 2, 1994}}</ref>
|-
|[[1994 Kids' Choice Awards|1994]]
| rowspan="3" |Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
|rowspan="3"| Favorite Cartoon
| {{won}}
|<ref name="imbdawards1">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0101084/awards|title=Doug – Awards |website=[[Internet Movie Database]]|access-date=October 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1995 Kids' Choice Awards|1995]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1995-06-08-9506080010-story.html|title=Popular Vote|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|last=Mangan|first=Jennifer|date=June 8, 1995|access-date=June 19, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[1996 Kids' Choice Awards|1996]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|1996
|Young Artists Awards
|Best Family Animation Production
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="imbdawards1"/>
|-
|[[26th Daytime Emmy Awards|1999]]
|rowspan="2"| Emmy Award
|rowspan="2"| [[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Animated Program|Outstanding Children's Animated Program]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="imbdawards">{{cite web|title=Disney's Doug (1996–1999) – Awards |url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0122815/awards?ref_=tt_awd|website=[[Internet Movie Database]]|access-date=October 23, 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[27th Daytime Emmy Awards|2000]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2000
|Annenberg Public Policy Center Awards
|Outstanding Educational Program on a Commercial Broadcast Station
|{{won}}
|
|}
==Other media==
===Stage show===
On March 15, 1999, Disney premiered a new musical stage show, ''Doug Live!'', at [[Disney's Hollywood Studios]] (at the time known as '''Disney-MGM Studios''') at the [[Walt Disney World Resort]].<ref>{{cite news|title= New Musical Comedy Brings Doug To 'Life'|work= Orlando Sentinel|url= http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1999-05-13/travel/9905130333_1_doug-musical-comedy-funnie|access-date= 2010-09-04|archive-date= July 10, 2012|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120710202028/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1999-05-13/travel/9905130333_1_doug-musical-comedy-funnie|url-status= dead}}</ref> The show ran until May 12, 2001.
===Film===
{{Main|Doug's 1st Movie}}
A theatrical feature-length film, ''[[Doug's 1st Movie]]'', was released on March 26, 1999, before production on the television show ceased.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doug's First Movie|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dougs-first-movie/|work=RottenTomatoes.com|access-date=10 October 2013}}</ref> During this time, meet-and-greet costumed versions of Doug and Patti were seen in [[Walt Disney World]].
===Video game===
A video game for [[Game Boy Color]] was released in 2000, titled ''Doug's Big Game''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52300928/the-akron-beacon-journal/|title=Disney's Doug: Doug's Big Game|work=[[Akron Beacon Journal]]|date=January 28, 2001|page=54|access-date=May 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techtudo.com.br/listas/noticia/2017/02/simpsons-superman-relembre-desenhos-que-viraram-jogos-e-decepcionaram.html|title=Simpsons, Superman: relembre desenhos que viraram jogos e decepcionaram|work=[[Techtudo]]|date=February 19, 2017|access-date=May 28, 2020|language=Portuguese}}</ref>
===Comics===
While Doug had never received his own self-titled print media outside of books that retold events of the TV series' episodes, comics that entailed original stories were published in the magazine [[Disney Adventures]], from Volume 7 #5 in February 1997,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inducks.org/issue.php?c=us%2FDA+7-05|title=United States: Disney Adventures # 7-05|date=February 1997|access-date=October 23, 2023}}</ref> to Volume 12 #1 in February 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inducks.org/issue.php?c=us%2FDA12-01|title=United States: Disney Adventures # 12-01|date=February 2002|access-date=October 23, 2023}}</ref> To date, the one-page comic "Neckerchief Grief" is the last official material that features Doug in any major capacity.
== See also ==
{{Portal|Disney|Television|United States|France|Cartoon|1990s}}
* [[List of Doug episodes|List of ''Doug'' episodes]]
* [[List of Doug characters|List of ''Doug'' characters]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
=== Works cited ===
* {{Cite book |first=Thad |last = Komorowski |title=Sick Little Monkeys: The Unauthorized Ren & Stimpy Story |publisher=Bear Manor Media |year=2013 |isbn=978-1593932343 }}
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970415180002/http://www2.disney.com/DisneyTelevision/NewDoug/_index.html ''Brand Spanking New Doug'' Website]
* {{
* {{IMDb title|0122815|Disney's Doug}}
* [http://
* [http://decider.com/2016/06/15/the-oral-history-of-nicktoons-part-ii-doug/ 2016 Decider's Oral History of "Nicktoons" interviews with cast and crew]
{{
{{
{{
{{Former Nickelodeon original series}}
{{Children's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1990s}}
{{Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Cartoon}}
{{Disney Television Animation}}
[[Category:
[[Category:1991 American animated television
[[Category:
[[Category:1996 American animated television series debuts]]
[[Category:1999 American television series endings]]
[[Category:1991 French television series debuts]]
[[Category:1999 French television series endings]]
[[Category:1990s American animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:1990s American children's comedy television series]]
[[Category:1990s American sitcoms]]
[[Category:1990s Nickelodeon original programming]]
[[Category:1990s French animated television series]]
[[Category:American animated sitcoms]]
[[Category:American children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:American children's television sitcoms]]
[[Category:Animated television series about children]]
[[Category:American television series revived after cancellation]]
[[Category:French children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:ABC Kids (TV programming block)]]
[[Category:Disney Media Networks franchises]]
[[Category:Disney's One Too]]
[[Category:Disney Channel original programming]]
[[Category:Nicktoons]]
[[Category:
[[Category:
[[Category:Television shows
[[Category:Television series by Disney Television Animation]]
[[Category:Television series created by Jim Jinkins]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Virginia]]
[[Category:American Broadcasting Company sitcoms]]
[[Category:American Broadcasting Company animated television series]]
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