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{{Short description|Capital city of British Columbia, Canada}}
{{for multi|the metropolitan area|Greater Victoria|electoral districts|List of electoral districts in Greater Victoria}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Victoria
| official_name = The Corporation of the City of Victoria<ref name=BCmunis>{{cite web|url=http://www.cscd.gov.bc.ca/lgd/infra/library/Name%20Incorp%202011.xls|title=British Columbia Regional Districts, Municipalities, Corporate Name, Date of Incorporation and Postal Address|publisher=British Columbia Ministry of Communities, Sport and Cultural Development|type=[[Microsoft Excel|XLS]]|access-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713004716/http://www.cscd.gov.bc.ca/lgd/infra/library/Name%20Incorp%202011.xls|archive-date=13 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
| nickname = "The Garden City"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vicnews.com/news/b-c-transit-drivers-return-to-calling-out-stops-on-victoria-buses/|title=B.C. Transit drivers return to calling out stops on Victoria buses|newspaper=Victoria News|publisher=Black Press|date=6 May 2012|access-date=2012-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828185457/http://www.vicnews.com/news/b-c-transit-drivers-return-to-calling-out-stops-on-victoria-buses/|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J|title=Society: The Basics|year=2002|publisher=Prentice Hall|___location=Upper Saddle River, N.J|isbn=9780131111646|page=[https://archive.org/details/societybasics00maci_0/page/69 69]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/societybasics00maci_0/page/69}}</ref>
| named_for = [[Queen Victoria]]
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in British Columbia|City]]
| motto = ''Semper Liber'' <small>([[Latin]])</small><br />"Forever free"
| image_skyline = Victoria Montage 2020.jpg <!--please, do not change the image or replace with a template without arguing on the talk page -->
| image_caption = '''From the top, left to right''': the [[British Columbia Parliament Buildings]]; [[Downtown Victoria]]; [[Craigdarroch Castle]]; [[Christ Church Cathedral (Victoria, British Columbia)|Christ Church Cathedral]]; the [[The Empress (hotel)|Empress Hotel]]; and the Float Home Village at Fisherman's Wharf
| image_flag = Flag of Victoria, British Columbia.png
| image_map = {{Location map+ |CAN BC Capital
|caption =
|float = center
|places =
{{Location map~ |CAN BC Capital
|label = Victoria
|mark = Western Canada Map Assets Town.svg
|marksize = 6
|position = top
|lat_deg = 48.427150
|lon_deg = -123.356261}}
}}
| map_caption = Location of Victoria within the [[Capital Regional District]]
| image_blank_emblem = City of Victoria BC logo.svg
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| pushpin_map = Vancouver Island#Canada British Columbia#Canada#North America
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within British Columbia##Location within Canada##Location within North America
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Canada
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[British Columbia]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Regional district]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Capital Regional District]]
| subdivision_type4 = Historic colonies
| subdivision_name4 = [[Colony of Vancouver Island|C. of Vancouver Island (1848–66)]]<br />[[Colony of British Columbia (1866-1871)|C. of British Columbia (1866–71)]]
| government_type = Elected city council
| leader_title = [[List of mayors of Victoria, British Columbia|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Marianne Alto]]
| leader_title2 = [[Current members of the Canadian House of Commons|MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Will Greaves]] ([[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]])
| leader_title3 = [[Legislative Assembly of British Columbia|MLAs]]
| leader_name3 = [[Grace Lore]] ([[British Columbia New Democratic Party|BC NDP]]), [[Nina Krieger]] (BC NDP), [[Diana Gibson (politician)|Diana Gibson]] (BC NDP)
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date = 2 August 1862<ref>{{cite web|title=History Snapshot of Victoria, BC|url=http://www.victoria.ca/EN/main/departments/parks-rec-culture/culture/art-culture/victoria-150/history-snapshot.html|website=City Of Victoria|access-date=22 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325152436/http://www.victoria.ca/EN/main/departments/parks-rec-culture/culture/art-culture/victoria-150/history-snapshot.html|archive-date=25 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census2021City"/>
| area_total_km2 = 19.47
| area_urban_km2 = 215.88
| area_metro_km2 = 696.15
| population_as_of = [[2021 Canadian census|2021]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2021City"/>
| population_total = <!--CENSUS 2021 DATA ONLY, DO NOT USE ESTIMATES -->91867
| population_density_km2 = 4722.3
| population_urban = 397,237
| population_density_urban_km2 = 1555.0
| population_metro = <!--CENSUS 2021 DATA ONLY, DO NOT USE ESTIMATES -->397237 ([[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|16th]] in Canada)
| population_density_metro_km2 = 571.3
| population_demonym = Victorian
| utc_offset = −08:00
| timezone_DST = [[Pacific Time Zone|PDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −07:00
| coordinates = {{coord|48|25|42|N|123|21|53|W|region:CA-BC_source:http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/JBOBQ|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use tags-->
| elevation_m = 23
| postal_code_type = [[Canadian postal code#Forward sortation areas|Forward sortation area]]
| postal_code = [[List of V postal codes of Canada|V8N – V9E]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[GDP]] (Victoria {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}})
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Canadian dollar|CA$]]22.5 billion (2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 |title=Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000) |date=27 January 2017 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184338/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = GDP per capita (Victoria {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}})
| blank1_info_sec2 = $53,446 (2016)
| website = {{Official URL}}
| governing_body = [[Victoria City Council]]
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=POPC&Code1=0984&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&SearchText=Victoria&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=0984&TABID=1&type=0 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census – Victoria [Population centre], British Columbia and British Columbia [Province] |publisher=2.statcan.gc.ca |date= 8 February 2017|access-date=2022-02-16}}</ref>
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="Census2021CMA"/>
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Victoria, Canada.png
| population_rank = [[List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population|66th]] in Canada
| blank_info_sec1 = {{Canada NTS Map Sheet|92|B|6}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[National Topographic System|NTS]] Map
| blank1_info_sec1 = JBOBQ<ref>{{Cite cgndb |id = JBOBQ |name = Victoria}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Geographical Names Board of Canada|GNBC]] Code
| area_code = [[Area code 250|250]], [[Area codes 778, 236, and 672|778, 236, 672]]
| area_code_type = [[Area code]]s
| timezone1 = [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]]
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="Census2021CMA"/>
| population_density_rank = 7th in Canada
| seat = [[Victoria City Hall]]
}}
'''Victoria''' is the [[capital city]] of the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[British Columbia]], located on the southern tip of [[Vancouver Island]] off Canada's [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast. The city has a population of 91,867, and the [[Greater Victoria]] area has a population of 397,237. The city of Victoria is the seventh most densely populated city in Canada with {{convert|4,406|PD/sqkm}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=2017-02-08 |title=The 10 highest population densities among municipalities (census subdivisions) with 5,000 residents or more, Canada, 2016 |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/170208/t001a-eng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420143706/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/170208/t001a-eng.htm |archive-date=20 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-19 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |language=en}}</ref>
Victoria is the southernmost major city in [[Western Canada]] and is about {{cvt|100|km}} southwest from British Columbia's largest city of [[Vancouver]] on the mainland. The city is about {{cvt|100|km}} from [[Seattle]] by airplane, [[Harbour Air Seaplanes|seaplane]], [[ferry]], or the [[Clipper Navigation|Victoria Clipper]] passenger-only ferry, and {{cvt|40|km}} from [[Port Angeles, Washington|Port Angeles]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], by ferry {{MV|Coho||2}} across the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]].
Named for [[Queen Victoria]], the city is one of the oldest in the [[Pacific Northwest]], with British settlement beginning in 1843. The city has retained a large number of its historic buildings, in particular its two most famous landmarks, the Parliament Buildings (finished in 1897 and home of the [[Legislative Assembly of British Columbia]]) and the [[The Empress (hotel)|Empress Hotel]] (opened in 1908). The [[Chinatown, Victoria|city's Chinatown]] is the second oldest in North America, after [[Chinatown, San Francisco|San Francisco]]. The region's [[Coast Salish]] [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] peoples established communities in the area long before European settlement, which had large populations at the time of European exploration.
Known as "the Garden City", Victoria is an attractive city and a popular tourism destination and has a regional technology sector that has risen to be its largest revenue-generating private industry.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gemme |first=Brigitte |date=November 2009 |title=Economic Impact of the Greater Victoria Technology Sector |url=http://www.viatec.ca/sites/default/files/documents/VictoriaTechSector_EconImpact_Report_Final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042811/http://www.viatec.ca/sites/default/files/documents/VictoriaTechSector_EconImpact_Report_Final.pdf |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=2011-09-15 |publisher=[[University of British Columbia]] |quote=This report was commissioned by the Victoria Advanced Technology Council (VIATeC) and prepared by Brigitte Gemme, Ph.D. candidate at the University of British Columbia. The study was supported by the ACCELERATE BC (MITACS) internship programme. The Centre for Sustainability and Social Innovation and its director, professor James Tansey, generously hosted the author of the report during the internship. The author and VIATeC would also like to thank the Victoria technology sector organizations who took the time to participate in this study.}}</ref> In 2019, Victoria was in the top 20 world cities for quality of life, according to [[Numbeo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings.jsp|title=Quality of Life Index by City 2019|work=numbeo.com|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612070505/https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings.jsp|archive-date=12 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
==History==
[[File:Wawadit'la(Mungo Martin House) a Kwakwaka'wakw big house.jpg|thumb|''Wawadit'la'', a [[Kwakwakaʼwakw]] "big house", with a totem pole in [[Thunderbird Park (Victoria, British Columbia)|Thunderbird Park]]|306x306px]]
Prior to the arrival of European navigators in the late 1700s, the Greater Victoria area was home to several communities of [[Coast Salish peoples]], including the [[Lekwungen|Lək̓ʷəŋən (Lekwungen)]] and [[Saanich people|W̱SÁNEĆ (Saanich)]] peoples.
===Early European exploration (1770–1871)===
The Spanish and British took up the exploration of the northwest coast, beginning with the visits of [[Juan José Pérez Hernández|Juan Pérez]] in 1774, and of [[James Cook]] in 1778. Although the Victoria area of the Strait of Juan de Fuca was not explored until 1790, Spanish sailors visited [[Esquimalt Harbour]] (just west of Victoria proper) in 1790, 1791, and 1792.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
In 1841, [[James Douglas (governor)|James Douglas]] was charged with the duty of setting up a trading post on the southern tip of Vancouver Island. Upon the recommendation by [[George Simpson (administrator)|George Simpson]] a new more northerly post should be built in case [[Fort Vancouver]] fell into American hands (see [[Oregon boundary dispute]]). Douglas founded [[Fort Victoria (British Columbia)|Fort Victoria]] on the site of present-day Victoria in anticipation of the outcome of the [[Oregon Treaty]] in 1846, extending the [[British North America]]/United States border along the 49th parallel from the [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] to the [[Strait of Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1830–1860 - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/oregon-territory |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref>
[[File:(1862) VICTORIA FROM JAMES' BAY LOOKING UP GOVERNMENT STREET.jpg|thumb|left|View of Victoria from [[James Bay, Greater Victoria|James Bay]] in 1862. The city was incorporated that year as a result of the [[Fraser Canyon Gold Rush]].]]
In 1843, a [[Hudson's Bay Company]] trading post was erected on a site originally called [[wikt:Camosun|Camosack]] meaning "rush of water".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahead of #AllIn2019: A history of the area around Victoria |url=https://communityfoundations.ca/ahead-of-allin2019-understanding-the-area |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Community Foundations of Canada |language=en-US}}</ref> Known briefly as "Fort Albert", the settlement was renamed Fort Victoria in November 1843, in honour of [[Queen Victoria]].<ref>W. Kaye Lamb, "The Founding of Fort Victoria," B.C Historical Quarterly, Vol. VII (April 1943), p. 88</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city.victoria.bc.ca/visitors/about_hist.shtml|title=City of Victoria – History|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060225041959/http://www.city.victoria.bc.ca/visitors/about_hist.shtml|archive-date=25 February 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Songhees established a village across the harbour from the fort. The Songhees' village was later moved north of [[Esquimalt]] in 1911.The crown colony was established in 1849. Between 1850–1854, a series of treaty agreements known as the Douglas Treaties were made with indigenous communities to purchase certain plots of land in exchange for goods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/pubdocs/bcdocs/406899/history_douglas.pdf|title=Douglas Treaties: 1850–1854|date=2006-11-28|website=Government of British Columbia – Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation|access-date=2018-08-18}}</ref> These agreements contributed to a town being laid out on the site and made the capital of the colony, though controversy has followed about the ethical negotiation and upholding of rights by the colonial government.<ref>Watts, R., 'Tsawout file claim to James Island; Assertion based on 1852 treaty signed by James Douglas', ''[[Times-Colonist]]'' (Victoria, B.C), 26 Jan 2018</ref> The superintendent of the fort, [[Chief Factor]] [[James Douglas (governor)|James Douglas]], was made the second governor of the Vancouver Island Colony ([[Richard Blanshard]] was first governor, [[Arthur Edward Kennedy]] was third and last governor), and would be the leading figure in the early development of the city until his retirement in 1864.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
When news of [[Fraser Canyon Gold Rush|the discovery of gold]] on the British Columbia mainland reached [[San Francisco]] in 1858, Victoria became the port, supply base, and outfitting centre for miners on their way to the [[Fraser Canyon]] gold fields, mushrooming from a population of 300 to over 5,000 within a few days. Victoria was incorporated as a city in 1862.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bernard von Schulmann |url=http://victoriavision.blogspot.com/p/act-incorporating-city-of-victoria.html |title=A copy of the act incorporating the City |publisher=Victoriavision.blogspot.com |date=30 September 2013 |access-date=2013-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529052419/http://victoriavision.blogspot.com/p/act-incorporating-city-of-victoria.html |archive-date=29 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1862 Victoria was the epicentre of the [[1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic]] which devastated [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]], killing about two-thirds of all natives in British Columbia. In 1865, the North Pacific home of the [[Royal Navy]] was established in [[Esquimalt, British Columbia|Esquimalt]] and today is Canada's [[CFB Esquimalt|Pacific coast naval base]]. In 1866 when the island was politically united with the mainland, Victoria was designated the capital of [[Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)|the new united colony]] instead of [[New Westminster]] – an unpopular move on the Mainland – and became the provincial capital when British Columbia joined the [[Canadian Confederation]] in 1871.
===Modern history (1871–present)===
[[File:Personnel of the Royal Naval Canadian Volunteer Reserve outside the British Columbia Legislature.jpg|thumb|left|[[Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve]] members stand outside the [[British Columbia Parliament Buildings]] in 1914.]]
[[File:Bird’s-eye view of Victoria, British Columbia, 1889 - Vue à vol d’oiseau de Victoria (Colombie-Britannique), 1889 (38868364955).jpg|thumb|left|Bird's-eye view of Victoria in 1889. After the completion of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] in 1886, Victoria lost its position as the commercial centre of the province to [[Vancouver]].]]
In the latter half of the 19th century, the Port of Victoria became one of North America's largest importers of [[opium]], serving the opium trade from Hong Kong and distribution into North America. Opium trade was legal and unregulated until 1865, when the legislature issued licences and levied duties on its import and sale. The opium trade was banned in 1908.<ref>{{cite news |title=House Passes Anti-opium Bill |url=https://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist19080714uvic/19080714 |access-date=19 May 2019 |publisher=Daily Colonist |date=14 July 1908}}</ref>
In 1886, with the completion of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] terminus on [[Burrard Inlet]], Victoria's position as the commercial centre of British Columbia was irrevocably lost to the city of [[Vancouver]]. The city subsequently began cultivating an image of genteel civility within its natural setting, aided by the impressions of visitors such as [[Rudyard Kipling]], the opening of the popular [[Butchart Gardens]] in 1904 and the construction of the [[The Empress (hotel)|Empress Hotel]] by the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1908. [[Robert Dunsmuir]], a leading industrialist whose interests included coal mines and a railway on Vancouver Island, constructed [[Craigdarroch Castle]] in the [[Rockland, Greater Victoria|Rockland]] area, near the [[Government House (British Columbia)|official residence]] of the [[Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia|province's Lieutenant Governor]]. His son, [[James Dunsmuir]], became [[Premier of British Columbia|Premier]] and subsequently Lieutenant Governor of the province and built his own grand residence at [[Hatley Park]] (used for several decades as [[Royal Roads Military College]], now civilian [[Royal Roads University]]) in the present City of [[Colwood, British Columbia|Colwood]].{{fact|date=October 2024}}
A real-estate and development boom ended just before [[World War I]], leaving Victoria with a large stock of [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian]] public, commercial and residential buildings that have greatly contributed to the city's character. With the economic crash and an abundance of unmarried men, Victoria became an excellent ___location for military recruiting. Two militia infantry battalions, the [[88th Victoria Fusiliers]] and the 50th Gordon Highlanders, formed in the immediate pre-war period. Victoria was the home of [[Sir Arthur Currie]]. He had been a high-school teacher and real-estate agent prior to the war and was the Commanding Officer of the Gordon Highlanders in the summer of 1914. Before the end of the war he commanded the Canadian Corps.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.acitygoestowar.ca|title= Home|work= acitygoestowar.ca|access-date= 20 August 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181220162929/http://acitygoestowar.ca/|archive-date= 20 December 2018|url-status= dead}}</ref> A number of municipalities surrounding Victoria were incorporated during this period, including the Township of Esquimalt, the District of Oak Bay, and several municipalities on the [[Saanich Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher = University of Victoria|url = http://www.acitygoestowar.ca|title = Home|access-date = 20 August 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181220162929/http://acitygoestowar.ca/|archive-date = 20 December 2018|url-status = dead}}</ref>
Water in Greater Victoria had a reputation for excellent purity, and for several decades in the 20th century there was effective resistance to [[water chlorination|chlorination]]. However, drinking water has been chlorinated since March 1944.<ref>https://www.newspapers.com/image/506169130/?terms=chlorination&match=1 Victoria Daily Times, 5 May 1944, page 1</ref>
Since [[World War II]] the Victoria area has seen relatively steady growth, becoming home to two major universities. Since the 1980s the western suburbs have been incorporated as new municipalities, such as Colwood and [[Langford, British Columbia|Langford]], which are known collectively as the [[Western Communities]].
[[Greater Victoria]] periodically experiences calls for the [[amalgamation (politics)|amalgamation]] of the thirteen [[municipal government]]s within the [[Capital Regional District]].<ref name="Hansard">{{cite web |title=Hansard – Tuesday, February 19, 1974 – Afternoon Sitting. |url=http://www.leg.bc.ca/hansard/30th4th/30p_04s_740219p.htm#00305 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513182634/http://www.leg.bc.ca/hansard/30th4th/30p_04s_740219p.htm#00305 |archive-date=13 May 2007 |access-date=2008-01-11 |publisher=Queen's Printer |___location=Victoria, B.C., Canada}}</ref> The opponents of amalgamation state that separate governance affords residents a greater deal of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cleverley |first=Bill |date=30 March 2016 |title=Amalgamation costs 'a lot more' than most expect: Think-tank |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/amalgamation-costs-a-lot-more-than-most-expect-think-tank-1.2219825 |website=[[Times Colonist]]}}</ref> The proponents of amalgamation argue it would reduce duplication of services,<ref>{{cite web |last=Knox |first=Jack |date=16 November 2014 |title=So Greater Victoria is in favour of amalgamation – kinda |url=http://www.amalgamationyes.ca/so-greater-victoria-is-in-favour-of-amalgamation---kinda.html |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103025651/http://www.amalgamationyes.ca/so-greater-victoria-is-in-favour-of-amalgamation---kinda.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> while allowing for more efficient use of resources and the ability to better handle broad, regional issues and long-term planning.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kushner |first1=Joseph |last2=Siegel |first2=David |title=Effect of Municipal Amalgamations in Ontario on Political Representation and Accessibility. |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science |date=December 2003 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1035–1051 |doi=10.1017/S0008423903778950 |s2cid=154273644 }}</ref>
==Geography==
===Topography===
{{more|Geology of Vancouver Island}}
The landscape of Victoria was formed by [[volcanism]] followed by water in various forms. [[Pleistocene glaciation]] put the area under a thick ice cover, the weight of which depressed the land below present sea level. These glaciers also deposited stony [[sandy loam]] [[glacial till|till]]. As they retreated, their melt water left thick deposits of sand and [[gravel]]. Marine [[clay]] settled on what would later become dry land. Post-glacial rebound exposed the present-day terrain to air, raising beach and mud deposits well above sea level. The resulting soils are highly variable in texture, and abrupt textural changes are common. In general, clays are most likely to be encountered in the northern part of town and in depressions. The southern part has coarse-textured subsoils and loamy topsoils. Sandy loams and loamy sands are common in the eastern part adjoining Oak Bay. Victoria's soils are relatively unleached and less acidic than soils elsewhere on the [[British Columbia Coast]]. Their thick dark topsoils denote a high level of fertility which made them valuable for farming prior to urbanization.{{fact|date=October 2024}}
===Climate===
[[File:Victoria in Gray - Victoria, BC - Canada - 06 (8469127107).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Victoria in February, shortly after rainfall. The city has distinct dry and rainy seasons, with two-thirds of its annual rainfall coming from November to February.]]Depending on the classification used, Victoria either has a [[Warm-summer mediterranean climate|warm-summer Mediterranean]] or [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csb,'' [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]]: ''Do'');<ref>{{Cite web| title=World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification | url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017125921/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif | archive-date=17 October 2011 | access-date=8 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Global Ecological Zoning for the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad652e/ad652e07.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721040959/http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad652e/ad652e07.htm |archive-date=21 July 2010 |access-date=2013-10-06 |publisher=Fao.org}}</ref> with fresh, dry, sunny summers, and cool, cloudy, rainy winters.<ref>{{cite journal
|last = Kottek
|first = M.
|author2 = J. Grieser
|author3 = C. Beck
|author4 = B. Rudolf
|author5 = F. Rubel
|title = World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated
|journal = Meteorol. Z.
|volume = 15
|pages = 259–263
|url = https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/40083/metz_Vol_15_No_3_p259-263_World_Map_of_the_Koppen_Geiger_climate_classification_updated_55034.pdf
|doi = 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130
|access-date = 2007-02-15
|year = 2006
|issue = 3
|bibcode = 2006MetZe..15..259K
|archive-url =
|archive-date =
|url-status =
}}</ref>
Victoria is farther north than many "cold-winter" cities, such as [[Ottawa]], [[Quebec City]], and [[Minneapolis]]. However, [[Westerlies|westerly winds]] and [[Pacific Ocean#Climate|Pacific Ocean currents]] keep Victoria's winter temperatures substantially higher, with an average January temperature of {{cvt|5.0|C}}<ref name="Victoria Gonzales Hts"/> (Gonzales) and {{cvt|5.8|C}}<ref name="ccnuvic"/> ([[University of Victoria]]){{efn|name=a}} compared to Ottawa, the nation's capital, with {{cvt|-10.0|C}}.
At the Victoria Gonzales weather station, daily temperatures rise above {{cvt|30|C}} on average less than one day per year and fall below {{cvt|0|C}} on average only ten nights per year. Victoria has recorded completely freeze-free winter seasons four times (in 1925–26, 1939–40, 1999–2000, and 2002–03). 1999 is the only calendar year on record without a single occurrence of frost. During this time the city went 718 days without freezing, starting on 23 December 1998 and ending 10 December 2000. The second longest frost-free period was a 686-day stretch covering 1925 and 1926, marking the first and last time the city has gone the entire season without dropping below {{cvt|1|C}}.<ref name="Victoria Gonzales Hts"/>
During the winter, the average daily high and low temperatures are {{cvt|8|and|4|C}}, respectively. The summer months are also relatively mild, with an average high temperature of {{cvt|20|C}} and low of {{cvt|11|C}}, although inland areas often experience warmer daytime highs. The highest temperature ever recorded at Victoria Gonzales was {{cvt|39.8|C}} on 28 June 2021;<ref name="Daily Data Report for June 2021"/> The coldest temperature on record is {{cvt|-15.6|C}}, first set on 2 December 1941.<ref name="Victoria Gonzales Hts"/> The average annual temperature varies from a high of {{cvt|11.4|C}} set in 2004 to a low of {{cvt|8.6|C}} set in 1916.<ref name="Victoria Gonzales Hts"/>
[[File:Temperature time series Victoria BC Canada 1978 to 2019.jpg|thumb|left|385x385px|Time series of average temperatures during summer (June, July, and August) and winter (December, January, and February) in Victoria, BC from 1978 to 2019 (weather station data from ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/noaa/). For comparison, the [[Global temperature record|Global surface temperature anomaly]] rose by just under one degree over the same period.]]
Due to the [[rain shadow]] effect of the nearby Olympic Mountains, Victoria is the driest ___location on the British Columbia coast and one of the driest in the region. Average precipitation amounts in the Greater Victoria area range from {{cvt|608|mm}}{{efn|name=a}} at the Gonzales observatory<ref name="Victoria Gonzales Hts"/> in the City of Victoria to {{cvt|661|mm}} at the [[University of Victoria]].<ref name="ccnuvic"/> The Victoria Airport, {{cvt|25|km}} north of the city, receives about 45% more precipitation than the city proper. Regional average precipitation amounts range from as low as {{cvt|406|mm}} on the north shore of the Olympic Peninsula<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?wa7544|title=SEQUIM 2 E, WASHINGTON – Climate Summary|access-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404031139/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?wa7544|archive-date=4 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{cvt|3,505|mm}} in [[Port Renfrew]] just {{cvt|80|km}} away on the more exposed southwest coast of Vancouver Island. Vancouver measures {{cvt|1589|mm}} annually and Seattle is at {{cvt|952|mm}}.
One feature of Victoria's climate is its distinct dry and rainy seasons. Over 60% of the annual precipitation falls during the four wettest months, November to February at Gonzales Heights.{{efn|name=a}}<ref name="Victoria Gonzales Hts"/> However, at the University of Victoria, approximately {{cvt|5|km}} north, over 60% of the annual precipitation falls between the four wettest months, October to January.<ref name="ccnuvic"/> Precipitation in December, the wettest month ({{cvt|109|mm|disp=sqbr}}) is nearly eight times as high as in July, the driest month ({{cvt|14|mm|disp=sqbr}}).{{efn|name=a}}<ref name="Victoria Gonzales Hts"/> At the University of Victoria the wettest month is November with {{cvt|123|mm}}.<ref name="ccnuvic"/> Victoria experiences the driest summers in Canada (outside of the extreme northern reaches of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut).<ref>[http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html Climate Normals & Averages | Canada's National Climate Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627223111/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html |date=27 June 2013 }}. Climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca (4 February 2013). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref>
Victoria averages just {{cvt|26|cm}} of snow annually, about half that of [[Vancouver]]. Roughly one third of winters see virtually no snow, with less than {{cvt|5|cm}} falling during the entire season. When snow does fall, it rarely lasts long on the ground. Victoria averages just two or three days per year with at least {{cvt|5|cm}} of snow on the ground. Every few decades Victoria receives very large snowfalls including the record breaking {{cvt|100|cm}} of snow that fell in December 1996. That amount places Victoria 3rd for biggest snowfall among major cities in Canada.
With 2,193 hours of bright sunshine annually during the last available measurement period, Victoria is effectively tied with [[Cranbrook, British Columbia|Cranbrook]] as the sunniest city in British Columbia. In July 2013, Victoria received 432.8 hours of bright sunshine, which is the most sunshine ever recorded in any month in British Columbia history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada's Top Ten Weather Stories for 2013: Runner up Stories |url=https://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=5BA5EAFC-1&offset=12&toc=show#ru1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151204023113/http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=5BA5EAFC-1&offset=12&toc=show#ru1 |archive-date=4 December 2015 |access-date=27 August 2015 |publisher=[[Environment and Climate Change Canada]]}}</ref>
Victoria's equable climate has also added to its reputation as the "City of Gardens". The city takes pride in the many flowers that bloom during the winter and early spring, including crocuses, daffodils, early-blooming rhododendrons, cherry and plum trees. Every March, the annual Greater Victoria Flower Count kicks off while the rest of the country and most of the province is still in the dead of winter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Overall |first=John |title=Home |url=https://flowercount.com/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Greater Victoria Flower Count |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Aerial View of Victoria.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of Victoria's inner harbour facing to the east, taken in 2018]]
Due to its mild climate, Victoria and its surrounding area (southeastern Vancouver Island, [[Gulf Islands]], and parts of the [[Lower Mainland]] and [[Sunshine Coast (British Columbia)|Sunshine Coast]]) are also home to many rare, native plants found nowhere else in Canada, including ''[[Quercus garryana]]'' (Garry oak), ''[[Arctostaphylos columbiana]]'' (hairy manzanita), and Canada's only broad-leaf evergreen tree, ''[[Arbutus menziesii]]'' (Pacific madrone). Many of these species exist here, at the northern end of their range, and are found as far south as southern California and parts of Mexico.
Non-native plants grown in Victoria include the cold-hardy palm [[Trachycarpus fortunei]], which can be found in gardens and public areas of Victoria. One of these Trachycarpus palms stands in front of City Hall.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/scazon/3616999233/?q=city |title=City hall Victoria palm |publisher=Flickr.com |date=10 June 2009 |access-date=2013-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403065545/https://www.flickr.com/photos/scazon/3616999233/?q=city |archive-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Victoria (Gonzales Heights) weatherbox}}
{{University of Victoria weatherbox}}
{{Victoria International weatherbox}}
==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical populations
|type = Canada
|align = right
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|percentages =
|footnote = <ref name = "bcstats">[http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Census/MunicipalPopulations.aspx Historical Municipal Census Data – BC Stats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231000705/http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Census/MunicipalPopulations.aspx|date=31 December 2012}}. Bcstats.gov.bc.ca (15 January 2009). Retrieved on 12 April 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census96/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=35782&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1996&THEME=34&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |title=1996 Census of Canada: Electronic Area Profiles |publisher=2.statcan.gc.ca |access-date=2013-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923090414/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census96/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=35782&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1996&THEME=34&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1871|3270
|1881|5925
|1891|16841
|1901|20816
|[[Canada 1911 Census|1911]]|31660
|1921|38727
|1931|39082
|1941|42907
|1951|51331
|1961|54941
|1971|61761
|1981|64379
|1991|71228
|[[Canada 1996 Census|1996]]|73504
|[[Canada 2001 Census|2001]]|74125
|[[Canada 2006 Census|2006]]|78057
|[[Canada 2011 Census|2011]]|80017
|[[Canada 2016 Census|2016]]|85792
|[[Canada 2021 Census|2021]]|91867
}}
In the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 Census]] of Population conducted by [[Statistics Canada]], Victoria had a population of 91,867 living in 49,222 of its 53,070 total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:91867-85792}}|85792|1}} from its 2016 population of 85,792. With a land area of {{cvt|19.45|km2}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|91867|19.45|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name="Census2021City">{{cite web |date=9 February 2022 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Victoria, City (CY) [Census subdivision], British Columbia |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=victoria&DGUIDlist=2021A00055917034&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=10 February 2022 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref> Victoria is one of the most gender diverse cities in Canada, with approximately 0.75% of residents identifying as transgender or non-binary in the 2021 Statistics Canada Census of Population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-27 |title=Victoria most gender-diverse city in Canada, census says |url=https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/victoria-most-gender-diverse-city-in-canada-census-says-1.5878947 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=[[CTV News]] |language=en |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829195431/https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/victoria-most-gender-diverse-city-in-canada-census-says-1.5878947 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
At the [[census metropolitan area]] (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Victoria CMA had a population of {{val|397237|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|176676|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|186674|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:397237-367770}}|367770|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|367770|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{convert|695.29|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|397237|695.29|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name="Census2021CMA">{{cite web |date=9 February 2022 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Victoria [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=victoria&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021S0503935 |access-date=10 February 2022 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref>
[[File:Victoria, B.C. Population Pyramid.png|thumb|312x312px|Population Pyramid from the 2021 Census]]
Victoria is known for its disproportionately large [[retiree]] population. Some 23.4 percent of the population of Victoria and its surrounding area are over 65 years of age, which is higher than the overall Canadian distribution of over 65 year-olds in the population (19%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-02-09 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
===Ethnic origins===
[[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]] peoples made up 5 percent of Victoria's population in 2021.<ref name="2021censusB"/>
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ [[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] groups in the City of Victoria (2001−2021)
! rowspan="2" |[[Panethnicity|Panethnic]]<br />group
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="2021censusB"/>
! colspan="2" |2016<ref name="2016census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27 |title= Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5917034&Geo2=CD&Code2=5917&SearchText=victoria&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="2011census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27 |title= NHS Profile |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5917034&Data=Count&SearchText=victoria&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2006<ref name="2006census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-08-20 |title= 2006 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5917034&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=victoria&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref name="2001census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=2019-07-02 |title= 2001 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5917034&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=victoria&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Statistics Canada }}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[European Canadians|European]]{{efn|Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.|name="euro"|group="nb"}}
| 68,665
| {{Percentage | 68665 | 87890 | 2 }}
| 65,500
| {{Percentage | 65500 | 81650 | 2 }}
| 63,665
| {{Percentage | 63665 | 76025 | 2 }}
| 63,425
| {{Percentage | 63425 | 75390 | 2 }}
| 62,425
| {{Percentage | 62425 | 71590 | 2 }}
|-
| [[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.|name="EastAsian"|group="nb"}}
| 4,645
| {{Percentage | 4645 | 87890 | 2 }}
| 4,715
| {{Percentage | 4715 | 81650 | 2 }}
| 3,720
| {{Percentage | 3720 | 76025 | 2 }}
| 4,360
| {{Percentage | 4360 | 75390 | 2 }}
| 3,465
| {{Percentage | 3465 | 71590 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]]
| 4,365
| {{Percentage | 4365 | 87890 | 2 }}
| 3,780
| {{Percentage | 3780 | 81650 | 2 }}
| 3,375
| {{Percentage | 3375 | 76025 | 2 }}
| 2,835
| {{Percentage | 2835 | 75390 | 2 }}
| 2,180
| {{Percentage | 2180 | 71590 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.|name="SoutheastAsian"|group="nb"}}
| 3,120
| {{Percentage | 3120 | 87890 | 2 }}
| 2,420
| {{Percentage | 2420 | 81650 | 2 }}
| 1,615
| {{Percentage | 1615 | 76025 | 2 }}
| 1,505
| {{Percentage | 1505 | 75390 | 2 }}
| 930
| {{Percentage | 930 | 71590 | 2 }}
|-
| [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]]
| 2,540
| {{Percentage | 2540 | 87890 | 2 }}
| 1,750
| {{Percentage | 1750 | 81650 | 2 }}
| 1,160
| {{Percentage | 1160 | 76025 | 2 }}
| 1,015
| {{Percentage | 1015 | 75390 | 2 }}
| 975
| {{Percentage | 975 | 71590 | 2 }}
|-
| [[African-Canadian|African]]
| 1,510
| {{Percentage | 1510 | 87890 | 2 }}
| 1,130
| {{Percentage | 1130 | 81650 | 2 }}
| 850
| {{Percentage | 850 | 76025 | 2 }}
| 1,070
| {{Percentage | 1070 | 75390 | 2 }}
| 830
| {{Percentage | 830 | 71590 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Middle Eastern Canadians|Middle Eastern]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.|name="MiddleEastern"|group="nb"}}
| 1,125
| {{Percentage | 1125 | 87890 | 2 }}
| 1,020
| {{Percentage | 1020 | 81650 | 2 }}
| 630
| {{Percentage | 630 | 76025 | 2 }}
| 325
| {{Percentage | 325 | 75390 | 2 }}
| 245
| {{Percentage | 245 | 71590 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]]
| 1,120
| {{Percentage | 1120 | 87890 | 2 }}
| 765
| {{Percentage | 765 | 81650 | 2 }}
| 505
| {{Percentage | 505 | 76025 | 2 }}
| 495
| {{Percentage | 495 | 75390 | 2 }}
| 405
| {{Percentage | 405 | 71590 | 2 }}
|-
| Other{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.|name="Other"|group="nb"}}
| 800
| {{Percentage | 800 | 87890 | 2 }}
| 580
| {{Percentage | 580 | 81650 | 2 }}
| 505
| {{Percentage | 505 | 76025 | 2 }}
| 360
| {{Percentage | 360 | 75390 | 2 }}
| 125
| {{Percentage | 125 | 71590 | 2 }}
|-
! Total responses
! 87,890
! {{Percentage | 87890 | 91867 | 2 }}
! 81,650
! {{Percentage | 81650 | 85792 | 2 }}
! 76,025
! {{Percentage | 76025 | 80017 | 2 }}
! 75,390
! {{Percentage | 75390 | 78057 | 2 }}
! 71,590
! {{Percentage | 71590 | 74125 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 91,867
! {{Percentage | 91867 | 91867 | 2 }}
! 85,792
! {{Percentage | 85792 | 85792 | 2 }}
! 80,017
! {{Percentage | 80017 | 80017 | 2 }}
! 78,057
! {{Percentage | 78057 | 78057 | 2 }}
! 74,125
! {{Percentage | 74125 | 74125 | 2 }}
|}
*Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ethnic Origin<ref name="2021censusB" />
!Population (2021){{Efn|Included multiple responses}}
!Proportion{{Efn|does not total 100% because all figures are multiple responses}}
|-
|[[English people|English]]
|26,790
|30.5%
|-
|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]
|21,660
|24.6%
|-
|[[Irish people|Irish]]
|18,205
|20.7%
|-
|[[German people|German]]
|11,540
|13.1%
|-
|[[French people|French]] n.o.s
|8,300
|9.4%
|-
|[[Canadian ethnicity|Canadian]]
|7,335
|8.3%
|-
|[[British Canadians|British Isles]], n.o.s.{{Efn|"n.o.s." means "not otherwise specified". Most respondents of British Isles origins respond "English", "Scottish", "Irish", or "Welsh" instead of "British".}}
|5,785
|6.6%
|-
|[[Ukrainian people|Ukrainian]]
|4,455
|5.1%
|-
|[[Dutch people|Dutch (Netherlands)]]
|4,030
|4.6%
|-
|[[Chinese people|Chinese]]
|3,285
|3.7%
|-
|[[Polish people|Polish]]
|3,240
|3.7%
|-
|[[Welsh people|Welsh]]
|3,210
|3.7%
|-
|[[Norwegians|Norwegian]]
|3,030
|3.4%
|-
|[[Italian people|Italian]]
|3,205
|3.6%
|-
|European n.o.s
|2,410
|2.7%
|-
|[[Filipino people|Filipino]]
|2,255
|2.6%
|-
|[[Russian people|Russian]]
|2,195
|2.5%
|-
|[[Swedish people|Swedish]]
|2,070
|2.4%
|-
|[[American people|American]]
|2,025
|2.3%
|-
|Caucasian (White) n.o.s
|1,940
|2.2%
|-
|[[Indian people|East Indian]]
|1,790
|2.0%
|-
|[[Métis people|Métis]]
|1,525
|1.7%
|-
|First Nations n.o.s
|1,460
|1.7%
|-
|[[Jews|Jewish]]
|1,405
|1.6%
|-
|[[Danish people|Danish]]
|1,385
|1.6%
|-
|[[Magyars|Hungarian (Magyar)]]
|1,250
|1.4%
|-
|[[Austrian people|Austrian]]
|1,090
|1.2%
|-
|[[Spanish people|Spanish]]
|1,015
|1.2%
|-
|[[Japanese people|Japanese]]
|1,015
|1.2%
|-
|[[French Canadians|French Canadian]]
|1,085
|1.2%
|}
* Note: These categories are those used by Statistics Canada.
=== Religion and spirituality ===
According to the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]], the majority of the population of Victoria described themselves as [[Irreligion|irreligious]] (63.4%).<ref name="2021censusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=victoria&DGUIDlist=2021A00055917034&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> Over 25% of Victoria residents are [[Christianity in Canada|Christian]], with the second largest religious group being [[Islam in Canada|Muslim]] (1.9%). A similar proportion of residents are [[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhist]] (1.4%) or [[Judaism in Canada|Jewish]] (1.1%). [[Hinduism in Canada|Hinduism]], [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhism]] and [[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous Spirituality]] make up under 1% of other groups.
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ [[Religion in Canada|Religious]] groups in Victoria (1944−2021)
! rowspan="2" |Religious group
! colspan="2" |[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]<ref name="2021censusB" />
! colspan="2" |[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]<ref name="2011census" />
! colspan="2" |[[2001 Canadian census|2001]]<ref name="2001census" />
! colspan="2" |[[1991 Canadian census|1991]]<ref name="1991census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-03-29 |title= 1991 Census Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions - Part B |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census91/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=51679&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=30&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1991&THEME=113&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0|access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan = "2"|1944<ref name="1944SikhCanadianSurvey">{{Cite web |last=Jagpal |first=Sarjeet Singh |date=1994 |title=Becoming Canadians: Pioneer Sikhs In Their Own Words |url=https://digital.lib.sfu.ca/km-7014/becoming-canadians-pioneer-sikhs-their-own-words-page-1 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=www.digital.lib.sfu.ca |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819220028/https://digital.lib.sfu.ca/km-7014/becoming-canadians-pioneer-sikhs-their-own-words-page-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|131–132}}<ref name = "bcstats"/>
! colspan="2" |[[1911 Canadian census|1911]]<ref name="1911censusB">{{Cite web|title= viHistory Census Search|url=https://hcmc.uvic.ca/~taprhist/search/searchcensusreligion.php?start=0&orderby=name&order=ASC&show=n&year=|access-date=2024-01-21|website=viHistory.ca}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Christianity in Canada|Christian]]
| 24,930
| {{Percentage | 24,930| 87,890| 2 }}
| 28,270
| {{Percentage | 28,270 | 76,025 | 2 }}
| 37,195
| {{Percentage | 37,195| 71,590 | 2 }}
| 43,425
| {{Percentage | 43,425| 68,740 | 2 }}
|
|
| 23,894
| {{Percentage | 23894| 27691| 2 }}
|-
| [[Islam in Canada|Muslim]]
| 1,690
| {{Percentage | 1,690| 87,890| 2 }}
| 860
| {{Percentage | 860| 76,025 | 2 }}
| 565
| {{Percentage | 565| 71,590 | 2 }}
| 145
| {{Percentage | 145| 68,740 | 2 }}
|
|
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0| 27691| 2 }}
|-
| [[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhist]]
| 1,220
| {{Percentage | 1,220| 87,890| 2 }}
| 1,235
| {{Percentage | 1,235 | 76,025 | 2 }}
| 1,335
| {{Percentage | 1,335 | 71,590 | 2 }}
| 655
| {{Percentage | 655| 68,740 | 2 }}
|
|
| 141
| {{Percentage | 141| 27691| 2 }}
|-
| [[Judaism in Canada|Jewish]]
| 960
| {{Percentage | 960| 87,890| 2 }}
| 550
| {{Percentage | 550| 76,025 | 2 }}
| 595
| {{Percentage | 595| 71,590 | 2 }}
| 325
| {{Percentage | 325| 68,740 | 2 }}
|
|
| 118
| {{Percentage | 118| 27691| 2 }}
|-
| [[Hinduism in Canada|Hindu]]
| 670
| {{Percentage | 670| 87,890| 2 }}
| 310
| {{Percentage | 310| 76,025 | 2 }}
| 150
| {{Percentage | 150| 71,590 | 2 }}
| 115
| {{Percentage | 115| 68,740 | 2 }}
|
|
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0| 27691| 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikh]]
| 420
| {{Percentage | 420| 87,890| 2 }}
| 315
| {{Percentage | 315 | 76,025 | 2 }}
| 300
| {{Percentage | 300| 71,590 | 2 }}
| 350
| {{Percentage | 350| 68,740 | 2 }}
| 338
| {{Percentage | 338 | 44068 | 2 }}
| 85
| {{Percentage | 85| 27691| 2 }}
|-
| [[Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas#Northwest|Indigenous spirituality]]
| 255
| {{Percentage | 255| 87,890| 2 }}
| 90
| {{Percentage | 90 | 76,025 | 2 }}
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
|
|
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6| 27691| 2 }}
|-
| Other religion
| 1,990
| {{Percentage | 1,990| 87,890| 2 }}
| 1,660
| {{Percentage | 1,660 | 76,025 | 2 }}
| 1,025
| {{Percentage | 1,025| 71,590 | 2 }}
| 700
| {{Percentage | 700| 68,740 | 2 }}
|
|
| 3,246
| {{Percentage | 3246| 27691| 2 }}
|-
| [[Irreligion in Canada|Irreligious]]
| 55,750
| {{Percentage | 55,750| 87,890| 2 }}
| 42,735
| {{Percentage | 42,735 | 76,025 | 2 }}
| 30,425
| {{Percentage | 30,425 | 71,590 | 2 }}
| 23,025
| {{Percentage | 23,025 | 68,740 | 2 }}
|
|
| 201
| {{Percentage | 201| 27691| 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total responses
! 87,890
! {{Percentage | 87,890| 91,867| 2 }}
! 76,025
! {{Percentage | 76,025 | 80017 | 2 }}
! 71,590
! {{Percentage | 71,590 | 74,125 | 2 }}
! 68,740
! {{Percentage | 68,740 | 71,228 | 2 }}
! 44,068
!
! 27,691
! {{Percentage | 27691| 31,660| 2 }}
|-
|}
== Neighbourhoods ==
[[File:Craigdarroch7.jpg|thumb|[[Craigdarroch Castle]] in the neighbourhood of [[Rockland, Greater Victoria|Rockland]]. Rockland is a historic neighbourhood just southeast of [[Downtown Victoria]].]]
The following is a list of neighbourhoods in the City of Victoria, as defined by the city planning department.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2025 |title=Neighbourhoods |url=https://www.victoria.ca/community-culture/neighbourhoods |publisher=City of Victoria |df=dmy-all}}</ref> For a list of neighbourhoods in other area municipalities, see [[Greater Victoria]], or the individual entries for those municipalities.
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*
* [[Downtown Victoria|Downtown]]
* [[Fairfield (Greater Victoria)|Fairfield]]
* [[Fernwood (Greater Victoria)|Fernwood]]
*
* Hillside-Quadra
* [[James Bay (Greater Victoria)|James Bay]]
* Jubilee (North/South)
* North Park
* Oaklands
* [[Rockland, Greater Victoria|Rockland]]
* [[Victoria West, Greater Victoria|Victoria West]]
{{div col end}}
Informal neighbourhoods include:
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Chinatown, Victoria, British Columbia|Chinatown]]
* Harris Green
* [[Rock Bay (Greater Victoria)|Rock Bay]]
* Songhees (part of Victoria West)
* Selkirk
{{div col end}}
== Government ==
Victoria city council is composed of a mayor (elected by [[first-past-the-post voting]]), eight city councillors (elected in city-wide district using [[plurality block voting]]), and three Capital Regional District directors (elected in city-wide district using [[plurality block voting]]).<ref>{{Cite web| title=2022 General Election - Declaration of Official Election Results | url=https://www.victoria.ca/media/file/declaration-official-results-2022pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213215417/https://www.victoria.ca/media/file/declaration-official-results-2022pdf | archive-date=2023-12-13}}</ref>
==
The city's chief industries are technology, tourism, education, shipyards, federal and provincial government administration and services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greater Victoria Chamber of Commerce {{!}} Victoria, BC |url=https://www.victoriachamber.ca/about-victoria.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=GREATER VICTORIA CHAMBER |language=en |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807214904/https://www.victoriachamber.ca/about-victoria.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other nearby employers include the [[Canadian Forces]] (the Township of [[Esquimalt]] is the home of the [[CFB Esquimalt|Pacific headquarters]] of the [[Royal Canadian Navy]]), and the [[University of Victoria]] (in the municipalities of [[Oak Bay, British Columbia|Oak Bay]] and [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]]) and [[Camosun College]] in [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]] (which have over 33,000 faculty, staff and students combined). Other sectors of the Greater Victoria area economy include: investment and banking, online book publishing, various public and private schools, food products manufacturing, light aircraft manufacturing (in [[North Saanich]]), technology products, various high tech firms in [[pharmaceuticals]] and [[computers]], [[engineering]], [[architecture]] and [[telecommunications]].{{cn|date=September 2024}}
===Employment by industry===
The city's employment has 164,000 (87%) of workers in the service sector.<ref>https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1410042001. Table: 14-10-0420-01. Retrieved 15 January 2024.</ref> Top segments include health care and social assistance (28,900; 15.3%), public administration (27,800; 14.7 %), wholesale and retail trade (24,100; 12.7%), professional, scientific and technical services (19,800; 10.4%), educational services (15,000; 7.9%) and accommodation and food services (10,100; 5.3%). The goods-producing sector is dominated by construction (16,000; 8.4%) and manufacturing (6,900; 3.6%).
===Retail===
[[File:The Bay Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada 004.jpg|thumb|The [[Bay Centre]] is one of three [[shopping mall]]s in Victoria.]]
There are three major shopping malls in the City of Victoria, including the [[Bay Centre]], [[Hillside Shopping Centre]], and Mayfair Shopping Centre. Mayfair, one of the first major shopping centres in Victoria, first opened as an outdoor strip mall on 16 October 1963 with 27 stores.<ref name="1963 opening">{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=6ae41066-94c2-4953-9764-9323ab2072c1|title=Oct. 16, 1963: $6,000,000 Mayfair mall open to public|access-date=2014-06-11|date=16 October 2008|publisher=Victoria Times Colonist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930180440/http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=6ae41066-94c2-4953-9764-9323ab2072c1|archive-date=30 September 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Mayfair">{{cite web|url=http://www.timescolonist.com/business/brickyard-to-boutiques-mayfair-mall-marks-50th-birthday-this-month-1.657809|title=Brickyard to boutiques: Mayfair mall marks 50th birthday this month|access-date=2014-06-11|date=11 October 2013|publisher=Victoria Times Colonist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810150855/http://www.timescolonist.com/business/brickyard-to-boutiques-mayfair-mall-marks-50th-birthday-this-month-1.657809|archive-date=10 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It was built on the site of a former brickyard in the Maywood district, a then-semi-rural area in the northern part of Victoria.<ref name="Mayfair"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6T5Pp9rh2O4C&q=%22Mayfair+Shopping+Centre&pg=PT8|title=Victoria|isbn=9781412243926|last1=Kersey|first1=Morris|date=2001|publisher=Trafford }}</ref> [[Woodward's]] was Mayfair's original department store anchor upon the mall's opening.<ref name="Mayfair"/><ref>{{cite AV media|url=http://images.glaciermedia.ca/polopoly_fs/1.657808.1381554885!/fileImage/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_563/b1-bw-1012-mayfair4-jpg.jpg|title=Woodward's store at Mayfair Shopping Centre, 16 October 1963|access-date=21 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723111829/http://images.glaciermedia.ca/polopoly_fs/1.657808.1381554885!/fileImage/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_563/b1-bw-1012-mayfair4-jpg.jpg|archive-date=23 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
Mayfair was enclosed and renovated into an indoor mall in 1974.<ref name="Mayfair 50th">{{cite web|url=http://www.vicnews.com/business/228268651.html|title=Victoria's Mayfair set to sparkle on its 50th birthday|access-date=2014-06-11|date=17 October 2013|publisher=Victoria News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408063419/http://www.vicnews.com/business/228268651.html|archive-date=8 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.shopinvictoria.com/Mayfair-Shopping-Centre---Shopping-Centres-Victoria/433583.htm Mayfair Shopping Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722181302/http://www.shopinvictoria.com/Mayfair-Shopping-Centre---Shopping-Centres-Victoria/433583.htm |date=22 July 2014 }} at Shop in Victoria.com</ref> The mall underwent three later expansions in 1984 (with the addition of [[Consumers Distributing]]), 1985 (expansion of the mall food court) and a major expansion in 1990 that saw the addition of more retail space.<ref name="Mayfair 50th"/> The Bay (later [[Hudson's Bay (retailer)|Hudson's Bay]]) replaced Woodward's as Mayfair's department store anchor in 1993 following [[Hudson's Bay Company]]'s acquisition of the Woodward's chain.<ref>[http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/retail/woodwards.asp Woodward's Stores Limited] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012213934/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/retail/woodwards.asp |date=12 October 2014 }} at HBC Heritage</ref> The mall was more recently renovated in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-28 |title=New Mayfair mall owner unveils redevelopment plan that includes housing |url=https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/new-mayfair-mall-owner-unveils-redevelopment-plan-that-includes-housing-1.5643281 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Vancouver Island |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212021107/https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/new-mayfair-mall-owner-unveils-redevelopment-plan-that-includes-housing-1.5643281 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mayfair now offers over 100 stores and services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayfair Shopping Centre {{!}} Victoria's Leading Fashion Mall |url=https://www.mayfairshoppingcentre.com/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |language=en-CA}}</ref> It has {{cvt|454213|sqft|order=flip}} of retail space and it also provides customers with rooftop parking.<ref name="Mayfair Info">{{cite web |title=Mayfair Shopping Centre |url=http://www.ivanhoecambridge.com/en/shopping-centres/properties/mayfair-shopping-centre |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100340/http://www.ivanhoecambridge.com/en/shopping-centres/properties/mayfair-shopping-centre |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=2014-06-15 |publisher=Ivanhoe Cambridge}}</ref> In 2025, all Hudson's Bay Company stores across Canada closed, including at Mayfair.<ref name="G&M-2025-06-20">{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-hudsons-bay-former-landlords-oppose-ruby-liu-stores/ |title=Landlords for 23 former Hudson's Bay locations oppose plans for Ruby Liu department stores |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=2025-06-20 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
===Technology industry===
Advanced technology is Victoria's largest revenue-producing private industry with $3.15 billion in annual revenues generated by more than 880 tech companies that have over 15,000 direct employees.<ref name="viatec.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.viatec.ca/document/2014/12/economic-impact-greater-victoria-technology-sector|title=Economic Impact of the Greater Victoria Technology Sector|work=This report was commissioned by the Victoria Advanced Technology Council (VIATeC)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309225937/http://www.viatec.ca/document/2014/12/economic-impact-greater-victoria-technology-sector|archive-date=9 March 2015|df=dmy-all|access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> The annual economic impact of the sector is estimated at more than $4.03 billion per year.<ref name="viatec.ca"/> With three post-secondary institutions in [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]], eight federal research labs in the region, and Canada's [[CFB Esquimalt|Pacific Navy Base in Esquimalt]], Victoria relies heavily upon the neighbouring communities for economic activity and as employment hubs. The region has many of the elements required for a strong technology sector, including Canada's highest household internet usage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Table 22-10-0058-01 Internet use, by ___location of access by geography|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=2210005801|access-date=2020-12-21|website=[[Statistics Canada]]|date = 18 April 2017}}</ref> Over a hundred technology, software and engineering companies have an office in Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of companies in Victoria |url=https://www.movingtovictoria.com/list-of-companies-in-victoria |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Moving to Victoria |language=en-CA}}</ref>
===Tourism===
[[File:Victoria, British Columbia Skyline at Twilight.jpg|thumb|[[Downtown Victoria]] at twilight. Downtown is the [[central business district]] for [[Greater Victoria]] and a major tourist destination.]]
Victoria is a major tourism destination with over 3.5 million overnight visitors per year who add more than a billion dollars to the local economy.<ref name="TourismVictoria">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tourismvictoria.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828232905/http://www.tourismvictoria.com/Content/EN/1779.asp|title=Unlock the Beauty of Victoria, BC | Tourism Victoria|archivedate=28 August 2008|website=Tourism Victoria -}}</ref> As well, over 500,000 daytime visitors arrive via cruise ships which dock at [[Ogden Point]] near the city's [[Victoria Harbour (British Columbia)#Inner Harbour|Inner Harbour]]. Many whale watching tour companies operate from this harbour due to the whales often present near its coast. The city is also close to [[CFB Esquimalt|Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt]], the Canadian Navy's primary Pacific Ocean naval base.
[[Downtown Victoria]] also serves as [[Greater Victoria, British Columbia|Greater Victoria]]'s regional downtown, where many night clubs, theatres, restaurants and pubs are clustered, and where many regional public events occur. [[Canada Day]] fireworks displays, [[Symphony Splash]], and many other music festivals and cultural events draw tens of thousands of Greater Victorians and visitors to the downtown core. The Rifflandia and Electronic Music Festival are other music events that draw crowds to the downtown core. Victoria relies upon neighbouring communities for many recreational opportunities including ice rinks in Oak Bay and [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]]. Victoria has one small public pool (Crystal Pool) and many residents use larger and newer pool facilities in Oak Bay, and [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]] (Commonwealth Pool and Gordon Head Pool).
[[File:Ogden Point. MORE INFO IN PANORAMIO-DESCRIPTION - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Ogden Point]] is a deepwater port in the southwest corner of Victoria. The port sees 500,000 daytime visitors via cruise ships per year.]]
The city and metro region has hosted high-profile sports events including the [[1994 Commonwealth Games]] which hosted track events at the [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]]-Oak Bay based University of Victoria and the [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]] Commonwealth Pool, the 2009 [[Scotties Tournament of Hearts]], the [[2005 Ford World Men's Curling Championship]] tournament, and [[2006 Skate Canada]]. Victoria co-hosted the [[2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup]] at [[Royal Athletic Park]], and is the venue for the Bastion Square Grand Prix Criterium road cycling race. The city is also a destination for conventions, meetings, and conferences, including a 2007 [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] military chief of staff meeting held at the Hotel Grand Pacific. Every year, the [[Swiftsure International Yacht Race]] attracts boaters from around the world to participate in the boat race in the waters off of Vancouver Island, and the Victoria [[dragon boat|Dragon Boat]] Festival brings over 90 teams from around North America. The Tall Ships Festival brings sailing ships to the city harbour. Victoria also hosts the start of the [[Vic-Maui Yacht Race]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Laba |first1=Nick |title=Brainy North Shore crew sets sail in Victoria-Maui race |url=https://www.nsnews.com/local-sports/brainy-north-shore-crew-sets-sail-in-victoria-maui-race-5556528 |website=North Shore News |date=7 July 2022 |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref>
The Port of Victoria consists of three parts, the [[Ogden Point|Outer Harbour]], used by deep sea vessels, the Inner and [[Victoria Harbour (British Columbia)#Upper Harbour|Upper]] Harbours, used by coastal and industrial traffic. It is protected by a [[breakwater (structure)|breakwater]] with a deep and wide opening. The port is a working harbour, [[tourist attraction]] and [[cruising (maritime)|cruise]] destination. [[Esquimalt Harbour]] is also a well-protected harbour with a large [[graving dock]] and [[shipbuilding]] and repair facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Transport |title=Port of Victoria |url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/marine-transportation/ports-harbours-anchorages/port-victoria |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=TE 18794427 |language=en-CA}}</ref>
===Homelessness===
A point-in-time homeless count was conducted by volunteers between 11 March and 12 March 2020, that counted at least 1,523 homeless that night.<ref>{{cite web|title=Where are Victoria's homeless coming from?|url=https://www.capitaldaily.ca/news/victoria-homeless-count-movement |first1=Anna J. |last1=James |date=11 August 2020 |access-date=2022-01-13|website=Capital Daily}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=2020 Greater Victoria Point in Time Count Results Announced|url=https://www.crd.bc.ca/about/news/article/2020/07/31/2020-greater-victoria-point-in-time-count-results-announced|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Capital Regional District|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113015515/https://www.crd.bc.ca/about/news/article/2020/07/31/2020-greater-victoria-point-in-time-count-results-announced|url-status=dead}}</ref> The homeless count is considered an underestimate due to the hidden homeless that may be [[couch surfing]] or have found somewhere to stay that is not on the street or homeless shelters.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> The first homeless count was conducted in January 2005 by the [[Victoria Cool Aid Society]] and counted a homeless population of approximately 700 individuals.<ref name="Homeless Count – 2005 Victoria, BC">[http://intraspec.ca/Homeless_Survey.pdf Homeless Count – 2005 Victoria, BC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012032858/http://intraspec.ca/Homeless_Survey.pdf |date=12 October 2007 }} Cool Aid Society. Retrieved 2008-07-03.</ref>
Like many west coast cities in North America the homeless population is both concentrated in specific areas (parts of Pandora avenue in Victoria) and is often outside due to milder climates that make homelessness more visible year-round.
The 2020 point-in-time homeless count found 35% respondents identified as being [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]]. This is over representative in the homeless population as only 4.7% of the overall population of Victoria identify as Indigenous.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=2020 Greater Victoria Point-in-Time Homeless Count and Housing Needs Survey |url=https://www.crd.bc.ca/docs/default-source/housing-pdf/housing-planning-and-programs/crd-pit-count-2020-community-report-2020-07-31.pdf |page=15}}</ref>
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], many homeless people sheltered in camping tents within the city's parks and some roadside greenspaces, including in [[Beacon Hill Park]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-03-19|title=Victoria to end all-day camping in parks in May|url=https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/victoria-to-end-all-day-camping-in-parks-in-may-1.5354050|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Vancouver Island|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113015517/https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/victoria-to-end-all-day-camping-in-parks-in-may-1.5354050|url-status=dead}}</ref> In March 2021, city council reinstated a bylaw prohibiting daytime camping in parks, and with support from the provincial government, pledged to find indoor accommodation for all those camping in parks.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 Mar 2021|title=B.C. signs deal with City of Victoria to end homeless camps, bring people inside|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-signs-deal-with-city-of-victoria-to-end-homeless-camps-1.5960285|website=CBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bylaw banning daytime camping in Victoria parks back in force {{!}} Globalnews.ca|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7828022/victoria-homeless-camping-bylaw/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sheltering in Parks|url=https://www.victoria.ca/EN/main/city/bylaw-enforcement/sheltering-in-parks.html|website=City of Victoria|date=18 November 2024 }}</ref> Homeless campers from parks and other public spaces were housed temporarily in motels, the Save-on-Foods arena and a tiny home village on a portion of the Royal Athletic Park's parking lot.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-05-14|title=North Park Tiny Home Village opens at Royal Athletic Park lot to 30 unhoused|url=https://www.vicnews.com/news/north-park-tiny-home-village-opens-at-royal-athletic-park-lot-to-30-unhoused/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Victoria News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-01-27|title=Save-on-Foods arena to again serve as Victoria homeless shelter|url=https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/save-on-foods-arena-to-again-serve-as-victoria-homeless-shelter-1.5284983|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Vancouver Island|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113015515/https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/save-on-foods-arena-to-again-serve-as-victoria-homeless-shelter-1.5284983|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=A closer look inside one of Victoria's 'homeless hotels'|url=https://www.cheknews.ca/from-opportunities-to-challenges-a-closer-look-inside-one-of-victorias-homeless-hotels-735846/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=CHEK|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chan|first=Adam|date=2021-04-28|title=B.C. buys Victoria hotel for $25M to use as shelter|url=https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/b-c-buys-victoria-hotel-for-25m-to-use-as-shelter-1.5406290|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Vancouver Island|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113015515/https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/b-c-buys-victoria-hotel-for-25m-to-use-as-shelter-1.5406290|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Arts and culture==
[[File:Royal Theatre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Royal Theatre (Victoria, British Columbia)|Royal Theatre]] is an [[opera house]] and [[concert hall]] in Victoria. It is home to the [[Victoria Symphony]], the [[Victoria Philharmonic Choir]], as well as [[Pacific Opera Victoria]].]]
The [[Victoria Symphony]], led by Christian Kluxen, performs at the [[Royal Theatre (Victoria, British Columbia)|Royal Theatre]] and the Farquhar Auditorium of the [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]]-Oak Bay sited [[University of Victoria]] from September to May. Every [[BC Day]] weekend, the Symphony mounts Symphony Splash, an outdoor event that includes a performance by the orchestra sitting on a barge in Victoria's Inner Harbour. Streets in the local area are closed, as each year approximately 40,000 people attend a variety of concerts and events throughout the day. The event culminates with the Symphony's evening concert, with Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture as the grand finale, complete with cannon fire from Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Gunners from HMCS QUADRA, a pealing carillon and a fireworks display to honour BC Day. [[Pacific Opera Victoria]], Victoria Operatic Society, [[Victoria Philharmonic Choir]], Canadian Pacific Ballet and Ballet Victoria stage two or three productions each year at the Macpherson or Royal Theatres.
=== Theatre ===
The Bastion Theatre, a professional dramatic company, functioned in Victoria through the 1970s and 1980s and performed high quality dramatic productions but ultimately declared bankruptcy in 1988.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.memorybc.ca/bastion-theatre-company-of-british-columbia | title=Bastion Theatre Company of British Columbia - MemoryBC }}</ref> Reborn as The New Bastion Theatre in 1990 the company operated for five more years before closing operations in 1996.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.memorybc.ca/new-bastion-theatre-company-fonds | title=New Bastion Theatre Company fonds }}</ref>
The [[Belfry Theatre]] started in 1974 as the Springridge Cultural Centre in 1974. The venue was renamed the Belfry Theatre in 1976 as the company began producing its own shows. The Belfry's mandate is to produce contemporary plays with an emphasis on new Canadian plays. Other regional theatre venues include: the University of Victoria Phoenix Theatre;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uvic.ca/finearts/theatre/mainstage/index.php | title=Phoenix Theatre - University of Victoria }}</ref> The Roxy Theatre, home of the Blue Bridge Repertory Theatre company;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bluebridgetheatre.ca/about-us/ | title=About Us | BB }}</ref> Kaleidoscope Theatre<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kaleidoscope.bc.ca/|title=HOME | Kaleidoscope Theatre|website=Kaleidoscope}}</ref> and Intrepid Theatre Company,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://intrepidtheatre.com/|title=INTREPID THEATRE|website=intrepidtheatre.com}}</ref> producers of the Victoria Fringe Theatre Festival and The Uno Festival of Solo Performance.
[[File:Belfrytheatre.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Belfry Theatre]] is a [[theatre company]] founded in 1974 and located in the neighbourhood of [[Fernwood, Greater Victoria|Fernwood]].]]
The only Canadian Forces Primary Reserve brass/reed band on Vancouver Island is in Victoria. The 5th (British Columbia) Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery Band traces its roots back to 1864, making it the oldest, continually operational military band west of [[Thunder Bay]], [[Ontario]]. Its mandate is to support the island's military community by performing at military dinners, parades and ceremonies, and other events. The band performs weekly in August at Fort Rodd Hill National Historic Site where the Regiment started manning the guns of the fort in 1896, and also performs every year at the Cameron Bandshell at [[Beacon Hill Park]].{{cn|date=September 2024}}
The annual multi-day [[Rifflandia Music Festival]] is one of Canada's largest modern rock and pop music festivals.
=== Films set in Victoria ===
Due to the proximity to Vancouver and a 6% distance ___location tax credit, [[List of films shot near Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria is used as a filming ___location for many films]], television series, and television movies. Some of these films include ''[[X2 (film)|X2]]'', ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]'', ''[[In the Land of Women]]'', ''[[White Chicks]]'', ''[[Scary Movie]]'', ''[[Final Destination]]'', ''[[Excess Baggage (1997 film)|Excess Baggage]]'' and ''[[Bird on a Wire (film)|Bird on a Wire]]''. Television series such as ''[[Smallville]]'', ''[[The Dead Zone (TV series)|The Dead Zone]]'' and ''[[Poltergeist: The Legacy]]'' were also filmed there.
=== Victoria-area artists and writers ===
Canadian director [[Atom Egoyan]] was raised in neighbouring [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]]. Actors [[Cameron Bright]] (''[[Ultraviolet (film)|Ultraviolet]]'', ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]'', ''[[Thank You for Smoking]]'', ''[[New Moon (2009 film)|New Moon]]'') and [[Ryan Robbins]] (''[[Stargate Atlantis]]'', ''[[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'', ''[[Sanctuary (Canadian TV series)|Sanctuary]]'') were born in Victoria. Actor [[Cory Monteith]] from the television series ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' was raised in Victoria. Actor, artist, and athlete [[Duncan Regehr]] of ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' was raised in the region. Artist, art magazine publisher and jazz saxophonist [[Noah Becker]] of ''[[Whitehot Magazine]]'' has been a long time Victoria resident.
Nobel laureate [[Alice Munro]] lived in Victoria during the years when she published her first story collections and co-founded [[Munro's Books]]. Victoria resident [[Stanley Evans (author)|Stanley Evans]] has written a series of mysteries featuring a [[Coast Salish peoples|Coast Salish]] character, Silas Seaweed, who works as an investigator with the [[Victoria Police Department]]. Other Victoria writers include [[Kit Pearson]], [[Esi Edugyan]], [[Robert Wiersema]], [[W. D. Valgardson]], [[Elizabeth Louisa Moresby]], [[Madeline Sonik]], [[Jack Hodgins]], [[Dave Duncan (writer)|Dave Duncan]], [[Bill Gaston]], [[David Gurr]], [[Ken Steacy]], [[Sheryl McFarlane]], [[Carol Shields]] and [[Patrick Lane (poet)|Patrick Lane]]. [[Gayleen Froese]]'s 2005 novel ''Touch'' is set in Victoria. The comedy troupe [[LoadingReadyRun]] is based in Victoria.
=== Victoria-area musicians ===
A number of well-known musicians and bands are from the Victoria area, including [[Nelly Furtado]], [[David Foster]], [[The Moffatts]], [[Frog Eyes]], Johnny Vallis, [[Jets Overhead]], [[Bryce Soderberg]], [[Armchair Cynics]], [[Nomeansno]], [[Wolf Parade]], [[The Racoons]], [[Tal Bachman]], Dayglo Abortions, [[Hot Hot Heat]], [[Aidan Knight]] and [[Noah Becker]].
===Attractions===
[[File:The Empress, Victoria, BC.jpg|thumb|[[The Empress (hotel)|The Empress]] is a hotel on [[Government Street (Victoria, British Columbia)|Government Street]], facing [[Victoria Harbour (British Columbia)|Victoria Harbour]].]]
[[File:Scene at Clover Point Park - Victoria - BC - Canada - 04 (8564421474).jpg|thumb|Spiral Beach with Finlayson Point (distant) on the Strait of Juan de Fuca (Salish Sea)/Dallas Road waterfront]]
[[File:Main entrance to Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, British Columbia 02.jpg|thumb|The [[Royal British Columbia Museum]] is the province's human and natural history museum.]]
In the heart of downtown are the [[British Columbia Parliament Buildings]], The [[The Empress (hotel)|Empress Hotel]], the gothic [[Christ Church Cathedral (Victoria, British Columbia)|Christ Church Cathedral]], and the [[Royal British Columbia Museum]]/IMAX National Geographic Theatre, with large exhibits on local [[Aboriginal peoples in British Columbia|Aboriginal peoples]], [[natural history]], and [[modern history]], along with travelling international exhibits. In addition, the heart of downtown also has the [[Maritime Museum of British Columbia]], [[Emily Carr]] House, [[Victoria Bug Zoo]], and [[Market Square, Victoria|Market Square]]. The oldest (and most intact) [[Chinatown]] in Canada is within downtown and includes the [[Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association and Chinese Public School|Chinese Public School]] built in 1909, and some cultural items and pictures displayed at the Pandora avenue entrances to Market Square.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Public School {{!}} Victoria's Chinatown |url=https://chinatown.library.uvic.ca/index.htmlq=chinese_public_school.html |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=chinatown.library.uvic.ca}}</ref> The [[Art Gallery of Greater Victoria]] is close to downtown in the Rockland neighbourhood several city blocks from [[Craigdarroch Castle]] built by industrialist [[Robert Dunsmuir]] and [[Government House (British Columbia)|Government House]], the official residence of the Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia.
Numerous other buildings of historic importance or interest are also in central Victoria, including: the 1845 St. Ann's Schoolhouse; the 1852 [[Helmcken House]] built for Victoria's first doctor; the 1863 [[Congregation Emanu-El (Victoria, British Columbia)|Congregation Emanu-El]], the oldest synagogue in continuous use in Canada; the 1865 Angela College built as Victoria's first Anglican Collegiate School for Girls, now housing retired nuns of the Sisters of St. Ann; the 1871 [[St. Ann's Academy (Victoria, British Columbia)|St. Ann's Academy]] built as a Catholic school; the 1874 [[Church of Our Lord (Victoria, British Columbia)|Church of Our Lord]], built to house a breakaway congregation from the Anglican Christ Church cathedral; the 1890 St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stainedglasscanada.ca/site.php?site=248 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719033620/http://stainedglasscanada.ca/site.php?site=248 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 July 2012 |title=Institute for Stained Glass in Canada |publisher=Stainedglasscanada.ca |access-date=2013-10-06 }}</ref> the 1890 Metropolitan Methodist Church (now the [[Victoria Conservatory of Music]]),
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stainedglasscanada.ca/site.php?site=222 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331195741/http://stainedglasscanada.ca/site.php?site=222 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-03-31 |title=Institute for Stained Glass in Canada |publisher=Stainedglasscanada.ca |access-date=2013-10-06 }}</ref> which is publicly open for faculty, student, and guest performances, also acts as [[Camosun College]] Music Department; the 1892 [[St. Andrew's Cathedral (Victoria, British Columbia)|St. Andrew's Cathedral]]; and the 1925 Crystal Gardens, originally a saltwater swimming pool, restored as a conservatory and most recently a tourist attraction called the B.C. Experience, which closed down in 2006.
Downtown Victoria is a very walkable area with many [[Pedestrian crossing|midblock crosswalks]], an expanding central pedestrian street,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=Victoria moving ahead with Government Street redesign plan |url=https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/victoria-moving-ahead-with-government-street-redesign-plan-1.5989316 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Vancouver Island |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115060102/https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/victoria-moving-ahead-with-government-street-redesign-plan-1.5989316 |url-status=dead }}</ref> public squares, and alleys that are predominantly spaces for pedestrians.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-05 |title=Alleys & Squares |url=https://www.tourismvictoria.com/plan/local-info/about-victoria/alleys-squares |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Tourism Victoria |language=en}}</ref> [[Fan Tan Alley|Fan Tan alley]] is the narrowest commercial street in North America and runs between Pandora avenue and Fisgard street in Victoria's Chinatown.<ref name=":1" /> Dragon alley is also located in Chinatown and is a mix of commercial and residential units, located between Fisgard and Herald streets.<ref name=":1"/> Theatre alley was rebuilt in a newer condo construction in Chinatown and is a narrow alley that winds between Pandora avenue and Fisgard street just west of Fan Tan alley, but it does not include direct access to any commercial businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria's Chinatown: A gateway to the past and present of Chinese Canadians |url=https://chinatown.library.uvic.ca/index.htmlq%3Dtheatre-alley.html |access-date=14 January 2023 |website=Library of the University of Victoria}}</ref> Waddington alley is uniquely paved with wooden blocks located between Yates and Johnson streets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Community |date=2022-08-08 |title=Best of the City: Waddington Alley's unique bricks a throwback to Victoria's yesteryear - Victoria News |url=https://www.vicnews.com/community/best-of-the-city-waddington-alleys-unique-bricks-a-throwback-to-victorias-yesteryear/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=www.vicnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Trounce alley is a small commercial alley located between Government and Broad streets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Take a Trip down Trounce Alley |url=https://downtownvictoria.ca/2021/02/26/take-a-trip-down-trounce-alley/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=DVBA |date=26 February 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Downtown Alleys |url=https://www.focusonvictoria.ca/victoria-mapping-project/history/downtown-alleys/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Focus on Victoria |language=en-CA}}</ref>
[[Beacon Hill Park]] is the central city's main [[urban green space]]. Its area of {{cvt|75|ha}} adjacent to Victoria's southern shore includes numerous playing fields, manicured gardens, exotic species of plants and animals such as wild peacocks, a petting zoo, and views of the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]] and the [[Olympic Mountains]] in Washington across it. The sport of [[cricket]] has been played in Beacon Hill Park since the mid-19th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cricket in Canada/Daily Colonist, March 16, 1863|url=http://web.uvic.ca/vv/student/cricket/empire/canada.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208040457/http://web.uvic.ca/vv/student/cricket/empire/canada.html|archive-date=8 February 2007|access-date=2013-10-06|publisher=Web.uvic.ca}}</ref> Each summer, the City of Victoria presents dozens of concerts at the Cameron Band Shell in Beacon Hill Park.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cameron Bandshell|url=http://www.victoria.ca/EN/main/departments/parks-rec-culture/recreation-culture/outdoor-venues/cameron-bandshell.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116131836/http://www.victoria.ca/EN/main/departments/parks-rec-culture/recreation-culture/outdoor-venues/cameron-bandshell.html|archive-date=16 January 2013|publisher=City of Victoria}}</ref>
The extensive system of parks in Victoria also includes a few areas of natural [[Garry oak]] meadow habitat, an increasingly scarce ecosystem that once dominated the region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Where Do They Exist?|url=https://goert.ca/about/where-do-they-exist/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=goert.ca}}</ref>
Private gardens that are open to the public with sometimes limited opening hours are located throughout the city and offer access at low or no cost to visitors, they include the rose garden next to the [[The Empress (hotel)|Empress Hotel]], the Government House Gardens on the grounds of the [[Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia]]'s house (also known as [[Government House (British Columbia)|Government House]]) on Rockland Road,<ref>{{cite web|title=Visit|url=https://ltgov.bc.ca/getting-here/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Government House|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Abkhazi Garden|Abkahazi Garden]] on Fairfield Road.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Teahouse at Abkhazi Garden – Abkhazi Garden{{!}} Victoria, BC Canada|url=https://www.abkhaziteahouse.com/abkhazi-garden|access-date=2022-01-13|website=abkhazi|language=en}}</ref>
Dallas Road is a waterfront trail and road with a {{Convert|6|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Dallas Road Waterfront Trail|url=https://www.alltrails.com/trail/canada/british-columbia/dallas-road-waterfront-trail|access-date=13 December 2021|website=[[AllTrails]]}}</ref> to walk, run, bike or drive. Clover Point is its main rest area with benches, lounge chairs, picnic tables and a public washroom.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Victoria council compromises with partial closure of Clover Point|url=https://www.vicnews.com/news/victoria-council-compromises-with-partial-closure-of-clover-point/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Victoria News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Victoria approves closing half of Clover Point to cars|url=https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/victoria-approves-closing-half-of-clover-point-to-cars-1.5324971|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Vancouver Island|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113170724/https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/victoria-approves-closing-half-of-clover-point-to-cars-1.5324971|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The David Foster Harbour Pathway is a predominantly a pedestrian pathway that meanders around the inner harbour between the southern start at Ogden point by the cruise ship terminal and Rock Bay at its northern terminus.<ref name="David Foster Harbour Pathway">{{Cite web |title=David Foster Harbour Pathway |url=https://www.victoria.ca/EN/main/residents/parks/david-foster-harbour-pathway.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=www.victoria.ca |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912194241/https://www.victoria.ca/EN/main/residents/parks/david-foster-harbour-pathway.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The pathway has some disconnected sections that are expected to be connected with redevelopments along the pathway near the Johnson street bridge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perkins |first=Joe |date=2019-03-20 |title=Eleven years later, Victoria still hasn't finished Inner Harbour pathway |url=https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/eleven-years-later-victoria-still-hasn-t-finished-inner-harbour-pathway-1.4344525 |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=Vancouver Island |language=en |archive-date=12 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912194241/https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/eleven-years-later-victoria-still-hasn-t-finished-inner-harbour-pathway-1.4344525 |url-status=dead }}</ref> When completed the David Foster Harbour Pathway is expected to extend over {{Convert|5|km|abbr=on}} in length.<ref name="David Foster Harbour Pathway"/>
====Outside the city====
[[File:Lieu historique national du Canada des Jardins-Butchart 2012-09-15 18-27-50.jpg|thumb|About {{Convert|17|km|abbr=on}} north of [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]] core is [[Butchart Gardens]], a [[botanical garden]] and [[National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Site]].]]
[[CFB Esquimalt]] navy base, in the adjacent municipality of [[Esquimalt, British Columbia|Esquimalt]], has a base museum dedicated to naval and military history, in the Naden part of the base.
North of the city on the Saanich Peninsula are the marine biology [[Shaw Ocean Discovery Centre]], [[Butchart Gardens]] in Brentwood Bay, one of the biggest tourist and local resident attractions on Vancouver Island, as well as the [[Dominion Astrophysical Observatory]], part of the [[National Research Council (Canada)|National Research Council]] of Canada, [[Victoria Butterfly Gardens]] and [[Dominion Astrophysical Observatory|Centre of the Universe]] planetarium.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 Feb 2009 |title=International Year of Astronomy kicks-off at the Centre of the Universe! |url=http://www.hia-iha.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cu/main_e.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210091329/http://www.hia-iha.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cu/main_e.html |archive-date=10 February 2009 |website=Centre of the Universe}}</ref>
==Sports and recreation==
Victoria's climate, ___location and variety of facilities make it ideal for many recreational activities including [[rock climbing]], [[hiking]], [[kayaking]], [[golf]], [[water sports]], informal [[team sport]]s and [[jogging]].
[[File:Tour de Victoria.jpg|thumb|left|Cyclists during the Bastion Square cycling race. Greater Victoria is home to a number of bicycle trails.]]
Victoria is also known as the Cycling Capital of Canada,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pedalmag.com/index.php?module=Section&action=viewdetail&item_id=1312 |title=Victoria, B.C. The Cycle Capital of Canada |first1=Paula |last1=Steele |publisher=Pedal |access-date=2009-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126114715/http://pedalmag.com/index.php?module=Section&action=viewdetail&item_id=1312 |archive-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> with hundreds of kilometres of bicycle paths, bike lanes and bike routes in the city, including the [[Galloping Goose Regional Trail]]. There are [[mountain biking]] trails at [[Mount Work Regional Park]] in the neghbour community The District of Highlands,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crd.bc.ca/parks/mountwork/index.htm |title=Mount Work Regional Park |publisher=Capital Regional District |access-date=2013-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329072946/http://www.crd.bc.ca/parks/mountwork/index.htm |archive-date=29 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Victoria is quickly becoming a bike tourism destination.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Mary Beth |date=Fall 2009 |title=An Interview with Todd Litman |url=http://www.gvcc.bc.ca/cycletherapy/ct200903.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227165438/http://www.gvcc.bc.ca/cycletherapy/ct200903.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2012 |website=Cycle Therapy}}</ref> [[Cycling advocacy]] groups including [[Greater Victoria Cycling Coalition]] (GVCC) and the Bike to Work Society have worked to improve Victoria's [[cycling infrastructure]] and facilities, and to make cycling a viable transportation alternative, attracting 5% of commuters in 2005.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://policy.rutgers.edu/faculty/pucher/TransportPolicyArticle.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.11.001 |title=Why Canadians cycle more than Americans: A comparative analysis of bicycling trends and policies |journal=Transport Policy |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=265 |access-date=2009-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229020724/http://policy.rutgers.edu/faculty/pucher/TransportPolicyArticle.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2009 |df=dmy-all |year=2006 |last1=Pucher |first1=John |last2=Buehler |first2=Ralph |citeseerx=10.1.1.177.9922 }}</ref>
Greater Victoria also has a rich [[motorsports]] history, and was home to a 4/10ths mile oval race track called [[Western Speedway]] in the nearby City of [[Langford, BC|Langford]]. Opened in 1954, Western Speedway was the oldest speedway in western Canada, and featured [[stock car racing]], [[drag racing]], [[demolition derby|demolition derbies]] and other events. Western Speedway was also home to the Victoria Auto Racing Hall of Fame and Museum.
The Greater Victoria area also serves as a headquarters for [[Rugby Canada]], based out of [[Starlight Stadium]] in [[Langford, BC|Langford]], as well as a headquarters for [[Rowing Canada]], based out of [[Victoria City Rowing Club]] at [[Elk Lake (British Columbia)|Elk Lake]] in [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]]. The Greater Victoria Sports Hall of Fame is at the [[Save-on-Foods Memorial Centre]], and features numerous displays and information on the sporting history of the city.
The major sporting and entertainment complex, for Victoria and Vancouver Island Region, is the [[Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre]] arena. It replaced the former [[Victoria Memorial Arena]], which was constructed by efforts of World War II veterans as a monument to fallen comrades. World War I, World War II, Korean War, and other conflict veterans are also commemorated. Fallen Canadian soldiers in past, present, and future wars and/or [[United Nations]], [[NATO]] missions are noted, or will be noted by the main lobby monument at the Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre. The arena was the home of the [[ECHL]] (formerly known as the East Coast Hockey League) team, [[Victoria Salmon Kings]], owned by RG Properties Limited, a real estate development firm that built the Victoria Save On Foods Memorial Centre, and [[Prospera Place]] Arena in [[Kelowna]]. The arena is the home of the [[Victoria Royals]] [[Western Hockey League]] (WHL) team that replaced the Victoria Salmon Kings ([[ECHL]]).
=== International events ===
Victoria has also been a destination for numerous high-profile international sporting events. It co-hosted the [[1994 Commonwealth Games]] with Saanich and Oak Bay and the [[2005 Ford World Men's Curling Championship]]. The [[2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup]] was co-hosted by Victoria along with five other Canadian cities; ([[Burnaby]], [[Toronto]], [[Edmonton]], [[Ottawa]], [[Montreal]]). Victoria was also the first city ___location of the cross Canada [[2010 Winter Olympics torch relay]] that occurred before the start of the [[2010 Winter Olympics]]. Victoria co-hosted the [[2019 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]] along with [[Vancouver, British Columbia]]. Victoria was one of four host cities for the [[2020 FIBA Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournaments - Victoria|2020 FIBA Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournaments]] in June 2020.
===Sports teams===
[[File:2023 08 09 HarbourCats Baseball 26.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Athletic Park]] is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] in the city. It is used as the home stadium for the [[West Coast League|WCL]]'s [[Victoria HarbourCats]].]]
[[File:SOFMCFront.jpg|thumb|[[Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre]] is an indoor [[ice hockey]] arena in Victoria. It is the home arena for the [[Western Hockey League|WHL]]'s [[Victoria Royals]].]]
The city has also been home to numerous high-profile sports teams in its history. The [[Victoria Cougars]] are perhaps the most famous sports franchise the city has known, existing as members of several professional leagues from 1911 to 1926, and again from 1949 to 1961. The Cougars won the [[Stanley Cup]] as members of the [[Western Canada Hockey League|WCHL]] in 1925 after defeating the [[Montreal Canadiens]] [[1925 Stanley Cup Finals|three games to one in a best-of-five final]]. The Cougars were reincarnated in 1971 as a [[Victoria Cougars (WHL)|major junior hockey team]] in the [[Western Hockey League]], before they moved to [[Prince George, BC|Prince George]] to become the [[Prince George Cougars]]. Today, the Cougars name and legacy continue in the form of the Junior 'B' team that plays in the [[Vancouver Island Junior Hockey League]]. Minor professional hockey returned to Victoria in the form of the [[Victoria Salmon Kings]], which played in the [[ECHL]] from 2004 to 2011, and were a minor league affiliate of the [[Vancouver Canucks]]. In baseball, Victoria was once home of the [[Victoria Athletics]] of the [[Western International League]], a [[Class A (baseball)|Class 'A']] minor league baseball affiliate of the [[New York Yankees]]. The Victoria region's newest sports team is [[Pacific FC]] of the [[Canadian Premier League]]. [[Pacific FC]] play their home matches at [[Starlight Stadium]] in [[Langford, BC|Langford]].
Victoria has been home to many accomplished athletes that have participated in [[professional sports]] or the [[Olympics]]. Notable professional athletes include [[basketball Hall of Fame]]r [[Steve Nash]], twice Most Valuable Player in the [[National Basketball Association]], who grew up in Victoria and played youth basketball at [[St. Michael's University School]] in Saanich and [[Mount Douglas Secondary School]] in [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]]. Furthermore, there are several current [[NHL]] hockey players from Greater Victoria, including brothers [[Jamie Benn]] and [[Jordie Benn]] of the [[Dallas Stars]] and [[Toronto Maple Leafs]], respectively who grew up in [[North Saanich]]; [[Tyson Barrie]] of the [[Edmonton Oilers]], and [[Matt Irwin]] of the [[Washington Capitals]]. Current [[San Diego Padres]] pitcher [[Nick Pivetta]] was born in Victoria and played summer collegiate baseball for the [[Victoria HarbourCats]]. Former professional racing cyclist and [[2012 Giro d'Italia]] winner, [[Ryder Hesjedal]] was born in Victoria and still calls the city home. Victoria has also been home to many [[Olympic Games]] athletes, including multi-time medalists such as [[Silken Laumann]], [[Ryan Cochrane (swimmer)|Ryan Cochrane]], and [[Simon Whitfield]].
Sports teams presently operating in Victoria include:
{|class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Venue
|-
|[[Pacific FC]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Canadian Premier League]]
|[[Starlight Stadium]], [[Langford, BC|Langford]]
|-
|[[Victoria Royals]]
|[[Ice hockey]]
|[[Western Hockey League]]
|[[Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre]]
|-
|[[Victoria HarbourCats]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[West Coast League]]
|[[Royal Athletic Park]]
|-
|[[Victoria Vikes|UVic Vikes]]
|Various
|[[U Sports]]
|Various, principally UVic ([[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]]-Oak Bay)
|-
|[[Camosun College#Sports and Students' Union Activities|Camosun Chargers]]
|Various
|[[Canadian Colleges Athletic Association]]
|Various, principally Camosun College ([[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]])
|-
|[[Victoria Shamrocks]]
|[[Box lacrosse]]
|[[Western Lacrosse Association]]
|[[The Q Centre]]
|-
|[[Victoria Grizzlies]]
|Ice hockey
|[[British Columbia Hockey League]]
|The Q Centre
|-
|[[Westshore Rebels]]
|[[Canadian football]]
|[[Canadian Junior Football League]]
|[[Starlight Stadium]], [[Langford, BC|Langford]]
|-
|[[Victoria Highlanders]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[USL League Two]]
|[[Centennial Stadium]]
|-
|[[Eves of Destruction]]
|[[Roller Derby]]
|[[Women's Flat Track Derby Association]]
|Various
|}
Notable defunct teams that operated in Victoria include:
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Victoria
* [[Victoria
* [[Victoria
* [[Victoria
* [[Victoria
* [[Victoria United (Canada)|Victoria United FC]] ([[Pacific Coast Soccer League]])
{{Div col end}}
==
The [[Jordan River Diversion Dam]] is Vancouver Island's main hydroelectric power station. It was built in 1911.<ref>Newcomb, John. A source of Victoria's power, 18 March 2001 (pdf 140K). geog.Uvic.ca [http://www.geog.uvic.ca/dept2/faculty/newcomb/JordanRiverPower.PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213134307/http://www.geog.uvic.ca/dept2/faculty/newcomb/JordanRiverPower.PDF|date=13 February 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Diversion Dam near Jordan River - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Outside the city limits, on the southeast corner of [[Vancouver Island]], is the [[Jordan River Dam]]. The dam is the main hydroelectric power station for the Island, including Victoria.]]
The city's water is supplied by the Capital Regional District's Water Services Department from its Sooke Lake Reservoir. The lake is connected to a treatment plant at Japan Gulch by the {{cvt|8.8|km}} [[Kapoor Tunnel]]. The lake water is very soft and requires no filtering. It is treated with chlorine, ammonia and ultraviolet light to control micro-organisms.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crd.bc.ca/water/|title=Water Services|publisher=CRD|access-date=2008-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616192938/http://www.crd.bc.ca/water/|archive-date=16 June 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>
Until the tunnel was completed in 1967, water flowed from the lake through the circuitous, leaky and much smaller {{cvt|44|km}} [[Sooke Flowline]].
The [[Hartland landfill]] in [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]] is the waste disposal site for Greater Victoria area. Since 1985, it has been run by the [[Capital Regional District]] environmental services. It is on top of a hill, between Victoria and [[Sidney, British Columbia|Sidney]], at the end of Hartland Avenue ({{Coord|48|32|17|N|123|27|48|W|region:CA-BC_type:landmark|name=Hartland landfill}}) There is a recycling centre, a sewer solid waste collection, hazardous waste collection, and an electricity generating station. This generating station now creates 1.6 megawatts of electricity, enough for 1,600 homes.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.crd.bc.ca/waste/hartland/index.htm |title=Hartland Overview |publisher=Capital Regional District |date=23 March 2009 |access-date=2009-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705092102/http://www.crd.bc.ca/waste/hartland/index.htm |archive-date=5 July 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The site has won international environmental awards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civicinfo.bc.ca/practices_innovations/capital_hartland_forest.pdf |title=Hartland Landfill Site Rehabilitation |website=CivicInfo BC |access-date=2013-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219155032/http://www.civicinfo.bc.ca/practices_innovations/capital_hartland_forest.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Capital Regional District|CRD]] conducts public tours of the facility. It is predicted to be full by 2045.
As of 15 December 2020 the CRD announced that core municipalities within Greater Victoria no longer discharge screened wastewater into the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]].<ref name="Wastewater Treatment Project">{{cite web|date=2014-07-07|title=Wastewater Treatment Project|url=https://www.crd.bc.ca/project/wastewater-treatment-project|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Capital Regional District|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Meissner|first=Dirk|date=2021-01-09|title=Victoria no longer flushes raw sewage into ocean after area opens treatment plant|url=https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/victoria-no-longer-flushes-raw-sewage-into-ocean-after-area-opens-treatment-plant-1.5260435|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Vancouver Island|language=en|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130135532/https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/victoria-no-longer-flushes-raw-sewage-into-ocean-after-area-opens-treatment-plant-1.5260435|url-status=dead}}</ref> The wastewater treatment facility was required to comply with federal regulations that forbid untreated discharge into waterways.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Briar|date=6 May 2019|title=After decades of debate, Victoria is building a sewage treatment plant|publisher=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/victoria-sewage-treatment-plant-construction-regulations-1.5123974|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506103258/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/victoria-sewage-treatment-plant-construction-regulations-1.5123974|archive-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> The wastewater treatment project included pump stations at Clover Point and Macaulay Point in addition to the wastewater treatment plant at McLoughlin Point and the residuals treatment facility at Hartland landfill.<ref name="Wastewater Treatment Project"/><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=PHOTOS: Check out Greater Victoria's new wastewater treatment facilities|url=https://www.vicnews.com/news/photos-check-out-greater-victorias-new-wasterwater-treatment-facilities/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Victoria News|language=en-US}}</ref> The wastewater treatment plant serves Victoria, [[Esquimalt]], [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]], [[Oak Bay, British Columbia|Oak Bay]], [[View Royal]], [[Langford, British Columbia|Langford]], [[Colwood, British Columbia|Colwood]] and the [[Esquimalt First Nation|Esquimalt]] and [[Songhees First Nation|Songhees]] First Nations.<ref name="Wastewater Treatment Project"/>
The Saanich Peninsula wastewater treatment plant serves [[North Saanich]], [[Central Saanich]] and the Town of [[Sidney, British Columbia|Sidney]] as well as the [[Victoria International Airport]], the [[Institute of Ocean Sciences]] and the [[Tseycum First Nation|Tseycum]] and [[Pauquachin First Nation|Pauquachin]] First Nations.<ref name="crd.bc.ca">{{cite web|date=2013-10-29|title=Saanich Peninsula Wastewater Treatment|url=https://www.crd.bc.ca/service/stormwater-wastewater-septic/wastewater-treatment/saanich-peninsula|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Capital Regional District|language=en}}</ref> This is a secondary level treatment plant which produces Class A [[biosolids]].<ref name="crd.bc.ca"/>
==
===Air===
[[File:YYJ-Terminal.jpg|thumb|[[Victoria International Airport]] is an [[international airport]] that serves the [[Saanich Peninsula]].]]
[[Victoria International Airport]] in [[North Saanich]] has non-stop flights to and from [[Toronto]], [[Seattle]], [[Montreal]] (seasonal), select seasonal sun destinations, and many cities throughout [[Western Canada]]. Multiple scheduled helicopter and seaplane flights are available daily from [[Victoria Inner Harbour Airport]] to [[Vancouver International Airport]], Vancouver Harbour, and Seattle.
Victoria is also home to the world's largest all-[[seaplane]] airline, [[Harbour Air Seaplanes|Harbour Air]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harbourair.com/about/safety-first/|title=Safety – Harbour Air|website=www.harbourair.com|access-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502064123/http://www.harbourair.com/about/safety-first/|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Harbour air offers flights during daylight hours at least every 30 minutes between Victoria's inner harbour and Vancouver's downtown terminal or [[Vancouver International Airport|YVR]] south terminal. Harbour Air also operate scenic tour flights over the Victoria harbour and gulf islands area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harbourair.com/tours/victoria/|title=Victoria Seaplane Tours – Harbour Air|website=www.harbourair.com|access-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401202827/http://www.harbourair.com/tours/victoria/|archive-date=1 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
===
[[File:Victoria, BC - British Columbia Legislature and pedicab 01 (19798083893).jpg|thumb|People cycling and walking past the British Columbia Parliament Buildings]]
The Greater Victoria area has the highest rate of bicycle commuting to work of any [[Census geographic units of Canada|census metropolitan area]] in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-012-x/2011003/tbl/tbl1a-eng.cfm|title=Table 1.a Proportion of workers commuting to work by car, truck or van, by public transit, on foot, or by bicycle, census metropolitan areas, 2011|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|language=en|access-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504054835/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-012-x/2011003/tbl/tbl1a-eng.cfm|archive-date=4 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016029/98-200-x2016029-eng.cfm|title=Census in Brief: Commuters using sustainable transportation in census metropolitan areas|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-05-30|date=2017-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527222543/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016029/98-200-x2016029-eng.cfm|archive-date=27 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=More Victorians are cycling, walking to work: Latest census data |url=https://www.capitaldaily.ca/news/more-victorians-cycling-walking-to-work-census-data |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Capital Daily}}</ref> Greater Victoria also has an expanding system designed to facilitate cyclists, [[electric bicycle|electrically assisted bicycles]] and other micromobility users via protected bike lanes on many roads, as well as separated multi-use paths for bicycles and pedestrians including the [[Galloping Goose Regional Trail]], [[Lochside Regional Trail]] and the [[E&N Rail Trail|E&N rail trail]]. These multi-use trails are designed exclusively for foot traffic, cyclists, and micro-mobility users and pass through many communities in the Greater Victoria area, beginning at the downtown core and extending into areas such as Langford and Central and North Saanich.
[[File:Galloping Goose cycle trail at Switch Bridge. VIEW IN PANORAMIO FOR DESCRIPTION - panoramio.jpg|alt=Cyclists at the Switch Bridge intersection of the Galloping Goose Regional Trail and Lochside Regional Trail in Victoria, British Columbia|thumb|Cyclists at the Switch Bridge intersection of the [[Galloping Goose Regional Trail]] and [[Lochside Regional Trail]]]]
Victoria is currently finishing a {{Convert|32|km|abbr=on}} [[Cycle track|protected bike lane]] network intended for all ages and abilities (AAA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything you need to know about Greater Victoria's cycling network |url=https://www.capitaldaily.ca/news/greater-victoria-cycling-network |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Capital Daily}}</ref> The first lane opened in Spring 2017 on Pandora Avenue, between Store Street and Cook Street in the downtown core<ref>{{cite web |title=Pandora Ave. {{!}} Victoria |url=http://www.victoria.ca/EN/main/residents/transportation/cycling/biketoria-pandora-ave.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420050328/http://www.victoria.ca/EN/main/residents/transportation/cycling/biketoria-pandora-ave.html |archive-date=20 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-19 |website=www.victoria.ca |language=en}}</ref> and provides an easy cycling connection across the [[Johnson Street Bridge]] to the [[Galloping Goose Regional Trail|Galloping Goose Trail]] and [[E&N Rail Trail|E&N rail trail]]. The second protected bike lane in the network opened on Fort Street on 27 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-27 |title=Fort Street bike lanes officially open in Victoria – Victoria News |language=en-US |work=Victoria News |url=https://www.vicnews.com/news/fort-street-bike-lanes-officially-open-in-victoria/ |url-status=live |access-date=2018-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528003517/https://www.vicnews.com/news/fort-street-bike-lanes-officially-open-in-victoria/ |archive-date=28 May 2018}}</ref> The next two roads added to the downtown area bike network were Wharf and Humboldt streets, completed in 2019 and 2020 respectively,<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-07-31 |title=Wharf Street bike lane, pedestrian scramble set to open Thursday |url=https://www.vicnews.com/news/wharf-street-bike-lane-pedestrian-scramble-set-to-open-thursday/ |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=Victoria News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lloyd |first=Eric |date=2020-07-20 |title=New Humbolt St. bike lanes causing confusion for Victoria motorists |url=https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/new-humbolt-st-bike-lanes-causing-confusion-for-victoria-motorists-1.5032177 |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=Vancouver Island |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223180059/https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/new-humbolt-st-bike-lanes-causing-confusion-for-victoria-motorists-1.5032177 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with Vancouver Street and Graham/Jackson streets added to the AAA bike network in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-06-05 |title=Completed Vancouver Street corridor adds to Victoria cycle network |url=https://www.saanichnews.com/news/completed-vancouver-street-corridor-adds-to-victoria-cycle-network/ |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=Saanich News |language=en-US}}</ref> The next round of streets upgraded starting in 2021 as "complete streets" with AAA cycling infrastructure included Richardson Street, Haultain Street, Government Street north of Pandora Avenue to Gorge Road, and finally Kimta Road connecting the network to the [[E&N Rail Trail|E&N rail trail]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chan |first=Adam |date=2019-12-04 |title=Victoria seeks feedback on 4 new bike lane proposals |url=https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/victoria-seeks-feedback-on-4-new-bike-lane-proposals-1.4715399 |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=Vancouver Island |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223180057/https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/victoria-seeks-feedback-on-4-new-bike-lane-proposals-1.4715399 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Connector routes in the [[Fernwood, Greater Victoria|Fernwood]] and Oaklands neighbourhoods to the Vancouver Street lanes were also constructed starting in 2021, avoiding hills and adding safer pedestrian and cyclist crossings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Victoria council green lights new bike routes in Jubilee, Oaklands and Fernwood |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/local-news/victoria-council-green-lights-new-bike-routes-in-jubilee-oaklands-and-fernwood-4688151 |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=Victoria Times Colonist |date=19 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2022 the city constructed further AAA bicycle connections along Montreal Street, Superior Street, Government Street (south, between Humboldt Street and Dallas Road), Fort Street (between Cook Street and up to the municipal border with [[Oak Bay, British Columbia|Oak Bay]]), and Gorge Road (between Government Street and up to the municipal border with [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Victoria council approves new cycling routes in James Bay |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/local-news/victoria-council-approves-new-cycling-routes-in-james-bay-4691151 |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=Victoria Times Colonist |date=5 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=Fort Street is Victoria's preferred bike lane route from junction to Foul Bay |url=https://www.vicnews.com/news/fort-street-is-victorias-preferred-bike-lane-route-from-junction-to-foul-bay/ |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=Victoria News |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Overflow Parking (5794890825).jpg|alt=Cyclists park their bicycles on a rack during a "Go By Bike Week" barbecue event|left|thumb|Overflow bicycle parking at a Bike to Work Week (now called Go By Bike Week) barbecue]]
Go By Bike Week,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greater Victoria |url=https://gobybikebc.ca/greater-victoria/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Greater Victoria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Go By Bike Week |url=https://capitalbike.ca/gobybikeweek/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Capital Bike {{!}} Advocate. Educate. Celebrate. |language=en-CA}}</ref> previously called Bike to Work Week,<ref>Smith, Ray, ''Pedalling Bike-To-Work-Week'', Times Colonist. 26 April 2006</ref><ref>''Bike to Work Next Week'', Black Press, 26 May 2006</ref><ref>''New Cycling Commuter Sings Praises of Bike to Work Week'', Victoria News, 31 May 2006</ref> is a bi-annual event held in communities throughout greater Victoria, British Columbia. It is organized by Capital Bike,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capital Bike {{!}} Advocate. Educate. Celebrate. |url=https://capitalbike.ca/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Capital Bike {{!}} Advocate. Educate. Celebrate. |language=en-CA}}</ref> a group created in 2021 by the merging of the [[Greater Victoria Cycling Coalition]] and Greater Victoria Bike to Work Society, and typically lasts one or two weeks. There is a large Spring event scheduled in late May every year, and again later during Fall typically in October. The original "Bike to Work Week" began in 1995 in Victoria and expanded to include other communities in BC through their local bicycle advocacy groups, all supported by the Bike to Work BC Society. The Bike to Work BC Society was formed in 2009 as a legal entity to run the event in other communities around BC, and was renamed the GoByBike BC Society<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://gobybikebc.ca/about/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=GoByBike BC |date=7 April 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> to encourage cycling beyond the scope of [[Bicycle commuting|commuting]]. The [[behavior change (public health)|behaviour change (public health)]] model, relying on research conducted by both the provincial and federal governments that identified barriers to cycling and reasons for choosing cycling, was applied in the original Bike to Work Week event as a way to accomplish the goal of recruiting employees to bicycle to work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bike to Work Week: A Case Study in Successful Behavior Change |url=http://www.bicyclinginfo.org/library/details.cfm?id=4278 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706063147/http://www.bicyclinginfo.org/library/details.cfm?id=4278 |archive-date=6 July 2010 |publisher=Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (PBIC) |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since its inception, ridership in Go By Bike Week has steadily increased, and in 2017 over 7,000 people participated in Greater Victoria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biketowork.ca/victoria/btww-2018/results|title=Results {{!}} GoByBike BC|website=www.biketowork.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925141954/https://www.biketowork.ca/victoria/btww-2018/results|archive-date=25 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The event aims to attract new riders, promote cycling for commuting, recreation, and general transportation, and advocate for expanding safe cycling networks with prizes, activities and free cycling skills workshops. Pop-up "Celebration Stations" are set up throughout Greater Victoria, which typically feature free snacks and local coffee for cyclists, bicycle repair stands, and local cycling-related vendors and advocacy groups. The events were cancelled during the height of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], though individualized events were still promoted where participants could win prizes,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cycling group hopes scavenger hunts can keep people pedalling during pandemic |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/victoria-bike-week-cancelled-scavenger-hunts-1.5565009 |website=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> and in-person events resumed in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-30 |title=Go By Bike Week back in high gear after three-year break |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/local-news/go-by-bike-week-back-in-high-gear-after-two-year-break-5423939 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Times Colonist |language=en}}</ref>
Other cycling advocacy initiatives in the Greater Victoria area include the Victoria chapter of [[Cycling Without Age]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria, B.C. |url=https://cyclingwithoutage.ca/victoria/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Cycling Without Age |language=en-ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Everyone benefits from a ride": Six years in, Cycling Without Age is increasing its impact throughout Greater Victoria |url=https://www.capitaldaily.ca/news/cycling-without-age-is-increasing-its-impact-throughout-greater-victoria |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Capital Daily}}</ref> the Bike2Farm program<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-23 |title=People Power |url=https://www.crd.bc.ca/project/past-capital-projects-and-initiatives/people-power |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=www.crd.bc.ca |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and several recreational cycling clubs.
===Ferries===
The CRD is served by several ferries with the [[Lower Mainland]], [[Gulf Islands]] and the United States. [[BC Ferries]] provides service between Swartz Bay, located on the northern tip of the [[Saanich Peninsula]], to [[Tsawwassen, British Columbia|Tsawwassen]] on the Lower Mainland for cars, bus, trucks, pedestrians and cyclists. The Coho ferry<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cohoferry.com/| title = Coho ferry}}</ref> operates as a car and pedestrian/cyclist ferry between the inner harbour of Victoria and Port Angeles, Washington. The [[Clipper Navigation|Victoria Clipper]] is a pedestrian and cyclist-only (no vehicles) [[ferry]] which operates daily, year-round between downtown Seattle and the inner harbour of Victoria. The [[Washington State Ferries]] ran a ferry until 2020 for cars, pedestrians and cyclists between [[Friday Harbor, Washington|Friday Harbor]], [[Orcas Island]] and [[Anacortes, Washington|Anacortes]] in Washington State from the port at [[Sidney, British Columbia|Sidney]], north of Victoria on the Saanich Peninsula.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/ferries/vesselwatch/terminaldetail.aspx?terminalid=19|title=WSDOT – Ferries – Sidney B.C. Ferry Terminal|website=www.wsdot.wa.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420050840/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/ferries/vesselwatch/terminaldetail.aspx?terminalid=19|archive-date=20 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the service was shut down during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and did not resume.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=No Sidney-Anacortes ferry for at least seven years |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/business/no-sidney-anacortes-ferry-for-at-least-seven-years-6628055 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Times Colonist |language=en}}</ref> Washington State Ferries, citing crew and vessel shortages, estimates that it will not resume until at least 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-14 |title=Sidney-Anacortes ferry may return earlier than 2030: Mayor |url=https://www.cheknews.ca/sidney-anacortes-ferry-may-return-earlier-than-2030-mayor-1173131/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=CHEK |language=en-CA}}</ref>
===Public transit===
[[File:Victoria V9505 clip.jpg|thumb|Operating a fleet of buses, [[Victoria Regional Transit System]] provides public transit to the Greater Victoria region.]]
Local public transportation is run by the [[Victoria Regional Transit System]], which is part of [[BC Transit]]. Since 2000, [[double-decker bus]]es have been introduced to the fleet, and have become an icon for the city. Rider fare payments can be made in exact cash, using the reloadable Umo app or card, and 30-day bus passes can be purchased from one of many vendors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fares |url=https://www.bctransit.com/victoria/fares/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Victoria |language=en-CA}}</ref>
In 2024, BC transit rolled out its electronic payment system, Umo, where riders can board using the Umo app or the Umo card.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fagan |first=Emily |date=23 Aug 2023 |title=B.C. Transit launches electronic fare payment in Victoria, provincewide rollout to follow |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bc-transit-umo-launch-1.6945644}}</ref> Users can purchase bus passes and load money onto their accounts on the app, online, or toll-free through Umo’s customer service phone line. To board the bus, scan the Umo apps' QR code or the Umo cards' barcode on the validator.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umo |url=https://www.bctransit.com/umo/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=BC Transit |language=en-CA}}</ref>
As of 1 April 2016 bus drivers do not provide transfers as proof of payment. Transfers were a source of disagreement and delay on the bus, due to improper transfer use, and disagreements over expired transfers or transfers used for return trips. Instead, a day-pass was added that can be purchased from the bus driver for $5.<ref name="watts1">{{Cite news |last=Watts |first=Richard |title=B.C. Transit to drop transfers, will offer $5 all-day pass |url=http://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/b-c-transit-to-drop-transfers-will-offer-5-all-day-pass-1.2128944 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420045945/http://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/b-c-transit-to-drop-transfers-will-offer-5-all-day-pass-1.2128944 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-19 |work=Times Colonist}}</ref> When using the Umo app or card, the Umo will halt your payments so you never pay more than the value of the day-pass.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQ - UMO |url=https://www.bctransit.com/umo/faq/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=BC Transit |language=en-CA}}</ref>
To improve bus reliability and reduce delays, a bike and bus priority lane was opened in 2014 during peak traffic periods with fines for motorists operating in the bus/bike lane who are not turning in the same block.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bctransit.com/victoria/news/article?nid=1403647375278|title=BC Transit – Tender issued for new southbound Victoria bus and bike priority|website=bctransit.com|access-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420145126/https://bctransit.com/victoria/news/article?nid=1403647375278|archive-date=20 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The dedicated bike and bus lane on Douglas street is being expanded from Downtown to near Uptown and may be changed to be restricted to only buses and bikes 24/7 rather than just during peak traffic periods depending on direction of travel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/douglas-street-bus-lanes-should-be-enforced-in-effect-24-7-helps-1.2343057|title=Douglas Street bus lanes should be enforced, in effect 24/7: Helps|last=Cleverley|first=Bill|work=Times Colonist|access-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420045821/http://www.timescolonist.com/news/local/douglas-street-bus-lanes-should-be-enforced-in-effect-24-7-helps-1.2343057|archive-date=20 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Most buses operating in the Greater Victoria area have a bike rack installed at the front of the bus that can accommodate two bicycles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bctransit.com/victoria/riderinfo/bike-racks-and-lockers|title=BC Transit – Bike Racks {{!}} Rider Info {{!}} BC Transit|website=bctransit.com|access-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420145129/https://bctransit.com/victoria/riderinfo/bike-racks-and-lockers|archive-date=20 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Rail===
Passenger rail service previously operated by [[Via Rail]] provided a single daily return trip along between [[Victoria – Courtenay train|Victoria – Courtenay]], along the eastern coast of Vancouver Island, to the cities of [[Nanaimo]], [[Courtenay, British Columbia|Courtenay]], and points between. The service was discontinued along this line indefinitely on 19 March 2011, due to needed track replacement work.<ref name="timescolonist">{{cite news|url=http://www.timescolonist.com/news/todays-paper/Island+Dayliner+train+parked+indefinitely+track+problems/4573834/story.html |title=Island's Dayliner train parked indefinitely due to track problems |work=Times Colonist |date=7 April 2011 |access-date=7 April 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Viccity">{{cite news|url=http://www.viccity.ca/v2/news/7231/E&N+rail+service+doomed+without+huge+injection+of+government+cash+says+operators/|title=E&N rail service doomed without huge injection of government cash says operators|work=Viccity.ca|date=26 April 2011|access-date=4 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327182143/http://www.viccity.ca/v2/news/7231/E%26N+rail+service+doomed+without+huge+injection+of+government+cash+says+operators/|archive-date=27 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prior to further inspection of the track, service along the segment between Nanaimo and Victoria was originally planned to resume on 8 April, but lack of funding has prevented any of the work from taking place and it is unclear when or if the service will resume.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
===Roads===
Local roadways are not based on a grid system as they are in [[Vancouver]] or [[Edmonton]], and many streets do not follow a straight line from beginning to end as they wind around hills, parks, coastlines, and historic neighbourhoods, often changing names two or three times.<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-07-17|title=Welcome to Victoria, where a street can have four names|url=https://www.vicnews.com/news/welcome-to-victoria-where-a-street-can-have-four-names/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Victoria News|language=en-US}}</ref> There is no directional indication in street names that may be used in other cities with [[Numbered street|numbered roads]] where a street may run north–south or avenue may run east–west.<ref>{{cite web|date=2017-10-06|title=What's the Difference Between a Street, a Road, and an Avenue?|url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/504368/whats-difference-between-street-road-and-avenue|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.mentalfloss.com|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Mile 0 Victoria B.C..jpg|thumb|The Mile Zero sign for Canada's [[Trans-Canada Highway]]. Victoria is the western terminus for the highway.]]
The compact size of the city with few steep hills lends itself readily to smaller, fuel efficient alternatives to full size passenger cars, such as [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooters]], [[Smart Fortwo|Smart Cars]], [[motorcycle]]s and [[electric bicycle]]s. Victoria incentivizes the use of smaller modes of transport by offering smaller metered parking spaces in the downtown core specifically designated for small vehicles and motorcycles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Motorcycle Parking|url=https://www.victoria.ca/EN/main/residents/parking/motorcycle-parking.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.victoria.ca|language=en}}</ref> [[Rush hour]] traffic delays along the [[Trans-Canada Highway]] to western suburban municipalities (including [[Langford, British Columbia|Langford]], [[Colwood, British Columbia|Colwood]], [[Sooke]] and [[Metchosin]]) is commonly referred to as the "Colwood Crawl".<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Does the 'Colwood Crawl' need a new name? Premier thinks so|url=https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/does-the-colwood-crawl-need-a-new-name-premier-thinks-so-1.4313848|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Vancouver Island|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093053/https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/does-the-colwood-crawl-need-a-new-name-premier-thinks-so-1.4313848|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Victoria serves as the western terminus (Mile Zero) for Canada's [[Trans-Canada Highway]], the longest national highway in the world. The Mile Zero marker is at the southernmost point of [[Douglas Street (Victoria, British Columbia)|Douglas Street]] where it meets Dallas Road along the waterfront. The Mile Zero ___location includes a statue to honour [[Terry Fox]].
=== Other transportation ===
Coach bus service between downtown Victoria and downtown Vancouver or the [[Vancouver International Airport]], which includes the ferry fare is called the BC Ferries Connector run by Wilson's Transportation Limited. The coach bus travels on the ferry to Vancouver with separate trips for the bus to downtown and a bus to the Vancouver International Airport. Average travel time between the two cities is under 4 hours with an hour and half of that time spent on the ferry crossing.
Bus service from Victoria to points up island is run by Island Link Bus or Tofino Bus. Both bus services depart from the Victoria bus terminal at 700 Douglas Street, behind the [[Fairmont Hotels and Resorts|Fairmont]] [[The Empress (hotel)|Empress Hotel]] and offer trips to destinations further up island and the west coast of the island.
==Education==
[[File:Hatley Castle BC.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Roads University]] is one of three universities in Greater Victoria.]]
The city of Victoria lies entirely within the [[Greater Victoria School District]]. [[Victoria High School (British Columbia)|Victoria High School]] is the only public high school located within the municipal boundaries of the city of Victoria. Opened 7 August 1876, Victoria High School is the oldest High School in North America north of [[San Francisco]] and west of [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History - Victoria High |url=https://vichigh.sd61.bc.ca/our-school/history/#:~:text=Victoria%20High%20School%20is%20the,grounds%20of%20Central%20Junior%20Secondary. |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=vichigh.sd61.bc.ca}}</ref> Many of the elementary schools in Victoria offer both [[French immersion]] and English programs of instruction. [[École Victor-Brodeur]] in [[Esquimalt, British Columbia|Esquimalt]] serves as a dedicated school for Francophones.
In addition, there are several independent schools serving the Greater Victoria community, including the Chinese School in Chinatown, the Christ Church Cathedral School Christ Church Cathedral School | primary and middle school, [[Glenlyon Norfolk School]], [[Lester B. Pearson United World College of the Pacific]], St. Margaret's School St. Margaret's School, [[St. Michaels University School]], [[St. Patrick's Elementary School]].
Greater Victoria is served by three public post secondary educational institutions, listed by student population size below:
# [[University of Victoria]] (UVic), with 22,020 undergraduate and graduate students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the university - University of Victoria - University of Victoria |url=https://www.uvic.ca/about-uvic/about-the-university/index.php |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=UVic.ca |language=en}}</ref> The University of Victoria is located within the boundaries of the [[Saanich, British Columbia|District of Saanich]] and the [[Oak Bay, British Columbia|District of Oak Bay]].
# [[Camosun College]], with 20,400 learners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts |url=http://camosun.ca/about/about-camosun-college/fast-facts |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=Camosun College |language=en}}</ref> Camosun College has two campuses (Lansdowne and Interurban), both of which are located within the [[Saanich, British Columbia|District of Saanich]].
# [[Royal Roads University]] (RRU) with 4,748 full-time undergraduate and graduate students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Roads |url=https://www.macleans.ca/schools/royal-roads-university/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |website=MacLean's 2022 University Guide |archive-date=29 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829195753/https://www.macleans.ca/schools/royal-roads-university/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Royal Roads University campus is located in [[Colwood, British Columbia|Colwood]].
A number of private career colleges are located in Victoria including the [[Justice Institute of British Columbia]], Pacific Rim College, [[Sprott Shaw College]] and the [[Victoria College of Art]].
==Media==
{{Main|Media in Victoria, British Columbia}}
Victoria is served by a number of media outlets including the [[Times Colonist]], an English-language daily; a variety of local print outlets; 12 radio stations, and 3 television stations: [[CHEK-DT]] (an independent station), [[CIVI-DT]] (a [[CTV 2]] owned-and-operated station) and [[Shaw Spotlight]].
Victoria is the only Canadian provincial capital without a local [[CBC Television]] station, owned-and-operated or affiliate, although it does host a small [[CBC Radio One]] ([[CBCV-FM]]) station at 780 Kings Road. The region is considered to be a part of the [[Media in Vancouver#Television|Vancouver television market]], receiving most stations that broadcast from across the [[Strait of Georgia]], including [[CBUT-DT|CBC Television]], [[CBUFT-DT|Ici Radio-Canada Télé]], [[CIVT-DT|CTV]], [[CHAN-DT|Global]], [[CKVU-DT|Citytv]] and [[CHNM-DT|Omni]] owned-and-operated stations.
==Notable people==
*[[Alice Munro]], short story writer (1931-2024)
*[[Atom Egoyan]], filmmaker
*[[Bill Reid]], artist and carver (1920-1998)
*[[Billy Foster]], racing driver (1937-1967)
*[[Calum Worthy]], actor
*[[Carol Shields]], writer
*[[Chelsea Green]], professional wrestler
*[[Cory Monteith]], actor and musician (1982-2013)
*[[David Foster]], music composer
*[[David Holmes Black]], media proprietor, founder of [[Black Press]]
*[[Don Drummond (economist)]], economist
*[[Ed Kostenuk]], racing driver (1925-1997)
*[[Edward Cridge]], social reformer and Anglican clergyman (1817-1913)
*[[Emily Carr]], artist (1871-1945)
*[[Erin Fitzgerald]], voice actress
*[[Esi Edugyan]], writer
*[[Gary Kershaw]], racing driver
*[[Hannah Maynard]], photographer
*[[Ian Tyson]], singer-songwriter (1933-2022)
*[[J. Fenwick Lansdowne]], wildlife artist
*[[Jack Shadbolt]], artist (1909-1998)
*[[Jamie Benn]], hockey player, NHL Dallas Stars
*[[Jimbo (drag queen)]], drag artist and designer
*[[Jordie Benn]], hockey player
*[[Larry Pollard]], racing driver
*[[Matt Irwin]], hockey player, AHL Abbotsford Canucks
*[[Nelly Furtado]], singer-songwriter
*[[Nikki Chooi]], classical violinist
*[[Peter Pollen]], politician and businessman
*[[Rhonda Ganz]], poet and illustrator
*[[Rick O'Dell]], racing driver
*[[Ross Surgenor]], racing driver
*[[Roy Smith (racing driver)|Roy Smith]], NASCAR racing driver (1944-2004)
*[[Ryder Hesjedal]], road cyclist and winner of the [[2012 Giro d'Italia]]
*[[Silken Laumann]], Olympic rower
*[[Sir Arthur Currie]], general (1875-1933)
*[[Spiritbox]], heavy metal band
*[[Steve Nash]], basketball player and 2x NBA MVP
*[[Tudi Wiggins]], actress
*[[Tyson Barrie]], hockey player, NHL Calgary Flames
*[[William Vickrey]], economist and Nobel Laureate (1914-1996)
*[[Xana (musician)|Xana]], musician
==Sister cities==
[[File:Sign of sister cities in Victoria, Canada.JPG|thumb|Street sign of sister cities in Victoria, Canada]]
Victoria has three [[sister cities]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victoria.ca/EN/main/residents/about/twin-cities.html|title=Twin Cities|work=victoria.ca|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100631/http://www.victoria.ca/EN/main/residents/about/twin-cities.html|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]], New Zealand
* [[Morioka, Iwate|Morioka]], Japan
* [[Suzhou, Jiangsu|Suzhou]], People's Republic of China
As of 4 March 2022, [[Victoria City Council]] voted to suspend the city's relationship with [[Khabarovsk]], Russia as a result of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/victoria-pauses-relationship-with-russian-twin-city-urges-mayor-to-push-back-on-invasion-1.5805822 |title=Victoria pauses relationship with Russian 'twin city,' urges mayor to push back on invasion |website=CTV News Vancouver Island |date=4 March 2022 |publisher=[[CTV News]] |access-date=4 March 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925040124/https://vancouverisland.ctvnews.ca/victoria-pauses-relationship-with-russian-twin-city-urges-mayor-to-push-back-on-invasion-1.5805822 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Victoria also has Friendship City agreements with:
*[[Nanning]], People's Republic of China
*[[Changsha]], People's Republic of China
{{-}}
==See also==
{{portal|border=no|Canada}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Dallasite]], unofficial gemstone of Victoria, British Columbia
* [[Leaky condo crisis]]
* [[List of historic places in Victoria, British Columbia]]
* [[Monarchy in British Columbia]]
* [[Old Victoria Custom House]]
* [[Royal eponyms in Canada]]
* [[Victoria (disambiguation)#Places]]
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{notelist|
{{efn|name=a|Gonzales Heights means are from 1971-2000<ref name="Victoria Gonzales Hts"/>}}
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=y}}
*{{Official website}}
{{Adjacent communities <!-- for directly adjacent jurisdictions -->
|N = [[Saanich, British Columbia|Saanich]]
|W =[[Esquimalt]]
|Centre =Victoria
|E =[[Oak Bay, British Columbia|Oak Bay]]
|S =''[[Strait of Juan de Fuca]]''
}}
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{{Subdivisions of British Columbia|city=yes}}
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{{VancouverIslandCommunities}}
{{CapitalRegionalDistrictBC}}
{{VictoriaNeighbourhoods}}
{{Commonwealth Games Host Cities}}}}
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