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{{Short description|Indian space scientist (1940–2025)}}
{{for|other people named ''Krishnaswami''|Krishnaswami}}
{{Indian name|Kasturirangan|Krishnaswamy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan
| image = K. Kasturirangan (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| title = 5th [[Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| term_start = {{Start date|1994||}}
| term_end = {{End date|2003|08|27|df=yes}}
| predecessor = [[Udupi Ramachandra Rao]]
| successor = [[G. Madhavan Nair]]
}}
{{Infobox scientist
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|10|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]], [[British Raj|India]]<br>(present day [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|4|25|1940|10|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| residence =
| nationality = Indian
| field = [[Space research]]
| work_institution = {{Unbulleted_list|[[National Institute of Advanced Studies]]|[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]}}
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[University of Mumbai]]<br>(Bachelor of Science)<br>(Master of Science)|[[Physical Research Laboratory]]<br>(Doctor of Philosophy)}}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan''' (24 October 1940 – 25 April 2025) was an Indian space scientist who headed the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) from 1994 to 2003.<ref name="Dr. Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan (1994-2003)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/dr-krishnaswamy-kasturirangan-1994-2003 |title=Dr. Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan (1994–2003) |date=2016 |publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]] |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925204231/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/dr-krishnaswamy-kasturirangan-1994-2003 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Until his death, he was Chancellor of [[Central University of Rajasthan]]<ref>{{ cite web| url=http://www.curaj.ac.in/Default.aspx?PageId=214|title = Home | Central University of Rajasthan}}</ref> and [[NIIT University]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Former ISRO chief Kasturirangan to take over as NIIT University chairperson|date=23 November 2019|newspaper=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/former-isro-chief-kasturirangan-to-take-over-as-niit-university-chairperson-1621990-2019-11-23}}</ref> He was also chancellor of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/main.asp?sendval=Chancellor |title=Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University |access-date=2 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507153954/http://www.jnu.ac.in/main.asp?sendval=Chancellor |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}</ref> and the chairman of Karnataka Knowledge Commission.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/orgn.html |title=Planning Commission Organisation |work=Shivap |access-date=3 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304030932/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/orgn.html |archive-date=4 March 2010 }}</ref> He was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] (2003–09) and a former member of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission of India]] which was renamed as [[NITI Aayog]] in 2015. He was also the director of the [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]], Bangalore, from April 2004 to 2009. He was a recipient of the three major civilian awards from the [[Government of India]]: the [[Padma Shri]], the [[Padma Bhushan]] and the [[Padma Vibhushan]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India]] |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
== Early life and education ==
=== Early life ===
Kasturirangan was born on 24 October 1940, at [[Ernakulam]] in the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Cochin]], to C. M. Krishnaswamy Iyer and Visalakshi. Kasturirangan's forefathers hailed from [[Tamil Nadu]] and later settled down in different parts of [[Kerala]]; his maternal forefathers settled in Nallepalli Agraharam, in [[Chittur taluk]], [[Palakkad district]] and his paternal forefathers settled in the town of [[Chalakudy]], near [[Thrissur]]. Kasturirangan's maternal grandfather Sri Ananthanarayana Iyer completed his school and college education and became a sanitary inspector in [[Ernakulam]]. He was well-respected in the community for his discipline and integrity. He and his wife Narayani had four daughters and a son, the eldest of whom was Visalakshi.{{cn|date=April 2025}}
Kasturirangan's paternal grandfather, Chalakudy Manikam Iyer, being mindful of the importance of education, ensured that all his sons received a sound education up to graduation. Kasturirangan's father was a graduate in chemistry from [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]]. He worked in a variety of administrative capacities at [[Tata Airlines]] and retired as a senior accountant officer at the [[Indian Airlines Corporation]]. Kasturirangan and his brother Ravi spent their early childhood in Ernakulam in the care of their maternal grandparents after the death of their mother. At the age of ten, after the sudden death of his grandfather, he joined his father in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) along with his brother.{{cn|date=April 2025}}
Shortly after completing his PhD in 1969, Kasturirangan married Lakshmi. They have two sons, Rajesh and Sanjay. His wife died in 1991.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2021|editor-last=Suresh|editor-first=B. N.|title=Space and Beyond|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-33-6510-0|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-981-33-6510-0|isbn=978-981-33-6509-4 |s2cid=128034694 }}</ref>
===Education===
Kasturirangan did his schooling at [[Sree Rama Varma High School]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=At 175, SRV School holds its head high|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/dec/22/at-175-srv-school-holds-its-head-high-1914814.html|access-date=18 July 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 December 2018 }}</ref> Kasturirangan graduated in science with honours from [[Ramnarain Ruia College]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College|url=http://www.ruiacollegealumni.com/jewel-of-ruia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409121457/http://www.ruiacollegealumni.com/jewel-of-ruia/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 April 2016|access-date=18 July 2021|website=ruiacollege.edu}}</ref> Mumbai, and obtained his Master of Science degree in physics from the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Kasturirangan, the mind behind the New Education Policy, used to head India's space agency|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/who-is-dr-kasturirangan-and-what-is-his-role-new-education-policy/slidelist/77412899.cms|access-date=12 November 2020|website=Business Insider}}</ref> He received his Doctorate Degree in experimental [[high-energy astronomy]] in 1971, working at the [[Physical Research Laboratory]], [[Ahmedabad]].{{cn|date=April 2025}} He published more than 240 papers in the areas of astronomy, space science and applications.{{cn|date=April 2025}}
==Key contributions==
Kasturirangan served as Chairman of the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) for 9 years, Chairman of Space Commission and [[Secretary to the Government of India]] in the [[Department of Space]], before laying down his office on 27 August 2003.{{cn|date=April 2025}} In ISRO he served as the director of [[ISRO Satellite centre|ISRO Satellite Centre]], overseeing the development of new generation spacecraft, the [[Indian National Satellite System]] (INSAT-2), the [[Indian Remote Sensing satellite|Indian remote sensing]] satellites ([[IRS-1A]] and [[IRS-1B|-1B]]) as well as [[scientific satellite]]s.{{cn|date=April 2025}} He was also the project director for India's first two experimental earth observation satellites, [[Bhaskara (satellite)|Bhaskara-I and II]].{{cn|date=April 2025}}
Under his leadership, the programme witnessed several major milestones including the successful launching and operationalisation of the India's prestigious launch vehicles, the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] and the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (GSLV).{{cn|date=April 2025}} Studies on the advanced version of the GSLV, GSLVMk-III, were also completed, including defining its full configuration. Further, he also oversaw the development and launching of THE remote sensing satellites, [[IRS-1C]] and [[IRS-1D]], realisation of new generation INSAT communication satellites, besides ocean observation satellites [[IRS-P3]] and [[Oceansat-1|-P4]].{{cn|date=April 2025}} He also led the initiative for India to enter the [[planetary exploration]] era by extensive studies leading to the definition of [[Chandrayaan-1]]. These efforts have put India as a pre-eminent space-faring nation among the handful of six countries that have major space programmes.{{cn|date=April 2025}} As an astrophysicist, Kasturirangan's interests included research in [[high-energy X-rays]] and [[gamma-ray astronomy]], as well as [[optical astronomy]]. Defining India's most ambitious space based [[high-energy astronomy]] observatory and initiating related activities was also an important milestone under his leadership.{{cn|date=April 2025}} He made extensive and significant contributions to studies of [[Cosmic X-ray source|cosmic X-ray]] and [[gamma-ray source]]s and effect of cosmic X-rays in the lower atmosphere.{{cn|date=April 2025}}
Kasturirangan led a high-level Working Group on the Western Ghats in 2012 to revisit the recommendations of the Gadgil Committee on zoning.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of the High Level Working Group on Western Ghats (Kasturirangan Report)|url=https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2021/08/1-HLWG-Report-Part-1_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India |date=15 April 2013|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> Kasturirangan was head of a committee tasked with creating the [[National Education Policy 2020]] for India.<ref>{{ISSN|1476-4687}}</ref> Later in September 2021, he was appointed as the head of a 12-member steering committee which would be responsible for developing a new National Curriculum Framework. This committee, having been given a tenure of three years, will be the guiding document for the development of textbooks, syllabi and teaching practices of schools across the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=K. Kasturirangan to head panel to develop new curriculum framework |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/k-kasturirangan-to-head-panel-to-develop-new-curriculum-framework/article36597735.ece |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=21 September 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=K Kasturirangan to head education ministry's panel to develop school curriculum |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/k-kasturirangan-to-head-education-ministry-s-panel-to-develop-school-curriculum-101632286538801.html |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
Kasturirangan also served as a member of the board of trustees of the Raman Research Institute Trust, Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rri.res.in/rri_trust.html|title=Raman Research Institute|website=rri.res.in|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref>
==Death==
Kasturirangan died on 25 April 2025, at the age of 84.<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/former-isro-chairman-k-kasturirangan-passes-away-in-bengaluru-3510361 Former ISRO chairman K Kasturirangan passes away in Bengaluru]</ref>
==Honours and Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year of award of honour
!Name of award of honour
!Awarding organization
|-
|2009
|Vikram Sarabhai Memorial Gold Medal
|Indian Science Congress<ref>{{Cite web |title=K Kasturirangan |url=https://cms.nias.res.in/people/people/k-kasturirangan}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
|-
|2007
|Theodore von Karman Award
|International Academy of Astronautics<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr K Kasturirangan Chairperson |url=https://niituniversity.in/about-us/university-administration/dr-k-kasturirangan}}</ref>
|-
|2003
|Aryabhata Award
|Astronautical Society of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chancellor |url=https://www.curaj.ac.in/chancellors/chancellor}}</ref>
|-
|2000
|Padma Vibhushan
|Government of India<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prof.Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan |url=https://www.pas.va/en/academicians/ordinary/kasturirangan.html}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=K. Kasturirangan (Padma Vibhushan) |url=https://futureearth.org/contacts/k-kasturirangan-padma-vibhushan/#:~:text=He%20was%20also%20the%20Director,and%20Padma%20Vibhushan%20(2000).}}</ref>
|-
|1999
|H.K. Firodia Award for Excellence in Science & Technology
|H K Firodia Memorial Foundation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating 25 Years of H. K. Firodia Awards for Excellence in Science & Technology |url=https://www.hkfirodiaawards.org/awards-by-subject.php}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|1997
|M.P. Birla Memorial Award in Astronomy
|M. P. Birla Institute of Fundamental Research<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=M P BIRLA PLANETARIUM M. P. Birla Memorial Award |url=https://mpbirlaplanetarium.org/m-p-birla-memorial-award/}}</ref>
|-
|1992
|Padma Bhushan
|Government of India<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Dr.Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan(1994-2003) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/kasthurirangan.html}}</ref>
|-
|1982
|Padma Shri
|Government of India<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|-
|1981
|Intercosmos Council Award
|Soviet Academy of Sciences<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Prof.Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan |url=https://www.pas.va/en/academicians/ordinary/kasturirangan.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan |url=https://www.vssc.gov.in/kasthurirangan.html}}</ref>
|}
Kasturirangan was the recipient of honorary doctorates from 27 universities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. K. Kasturirangan Former Chairman ISRO |date=26 March 2023 |url=https://chanakyauniversity.edu.in/iac/dr-k-kasturirangan/}}</ref>
==Controversies==
Kasturirangan was the superior officer of ISRO when [[Nambi Narayanan]] was accused of selling secrets to Pakistan. Kasturirangan's lack of help to the latter was noted in the movie ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''.{{cn|date=April 2025}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
{{div col begin}}
*{{cite journal|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JA074i021p05139|title=Balloon observations on cosmic x-rays in 20-200 keV range|author1=K. Kasturirangan|author2=P.D. Bhavsar|author3=N.W. Nerukar|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics|volume=74|issue=21|pages=5139–5144|date=1969|doi=10.1029/JA074i021p05139|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JA076i016p03527|title=Secondary background properties of x-ray astronomical telescopes at balloon attitudes|author=K. Kasturirangan|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics|volume=76|issue=16|pages=3527–3533|date=1971|doi=10.1029/JA076i016p03527|bibcode=1971JGR....76.3527K |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0032063372901298|url-status=live|archive-date=2 February 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202001620/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V6T-46YC5WX-J&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=25a1ac1e1436d3519d3acb5911bfd938|title=Low energy atmospheric gamma rays near geomagnetic equator|author1=K. Kasturirangan|author2=U.R. Rao|author3=P.D. Bhavsar|journal=Planetary and Space Science|volume=20|pages=1961–1977|date=1972|issue=11 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(72)90129-8|bibcode=1972P&SS...20.1961K |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/physci246107a0|title=Hard x-ray emission from HER X-1|author1=D.P. Sharma|author2=A.K. Jain|author3=K. Kasturirangan|author4=U.B. Jayanthi|author5=U.R. Rao|journal=Nature Physical Science|volume=246|issue=155|pages=107–108|date=1973|doi=10.1038/physci246107a0|bibcode=1973NPhS..246..107S |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/260226a0|title=X-ray observations of GX 17 + 2 and GX 9 + 9 from Aryabhata|author1=K. Kasturirangan|author2=U.R. Rao|author3=D.P. Sharma|author4=M.S. Radha|journal=Nature|volume=260|pages=226–227|date=1976|doi=10.1038/260226a0|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite book|title=The Aryabhata Project|editor1=U R Rao|editor2=K Kasturirangan|date=1979|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|___location=Bangalore|oclc=10876118|lccn=83904925}}
*{{cite book|title=Space — In Pursuit of New Horizons (A Festschrift for Prof U R Rao)|author1=R K Varma|author2=K Kasturirangan|author3=U S Srivastava|author4=B H Subbaraya|date=1992}}
*{{cite journal|title=Role of Developing Countries in Ground Based Experiments in Support of Space Observations for Global and Regional Studies|editor1=K Kasturirangan|editor2=R R Daniel|journal=COSPAR Journal Advances in Space Research|date=1996}}{{volume needed|date=April 2025}}
*{{cite book|title=The Geocentric Planets|author1=K Kasturirangan|author2=R K Kochhar}}
<!--* ''Human connectivity Through Space'' (Science and Technology for Achieving Food Economic and Health)-->
*{{cite journal|title=Problems of Space Science Research: Education and the Role of Teachers|editor1=K Kasturirangan|editor2=J L Fellous|editor3=S C Chakravarthy|editor4=R S Young|editor5=M J Rycroft|journal=COSPAR Journal Advances in Space Research|date=1997}}{{volume needed|date=April 2025}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02997429|title=Remote Sensing in India – Present Scenario and Future Thrusts|author1=K. Kasturirangan|___location=Photonirvachak|journal=Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing|volume=23|issue=1|date=1995|pages=1–6 |doi=10.1007/BF02997429|bibcode=1995JISRS..23....1K |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/feb102000/contents.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040430204339/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/feb102000/OCEANRESEARCH1.pdf|archive-date=30 April 2004|title=Ocean Research in India: Perspective from Space|author1=P.S. Desai|author2=H. Honnegowda|author3=K Kasturirangan|journal=Current Science|volume=78|issue=3|date=10 February 2000}}
*''India's Space Efforts – Achieving Great Heights'' by K. Kasturirangan. ('Vision 21st Century' published by Vidya Publishing House, Mangalore, 2000)
*''Developments in Indian Space Programme'' by K. Kasturirangan. (Journal of Institution of Engineers (India) 'TECHNORAMA', August 2000 Summer Issue)
*[http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102004/contents.htm ''Science and Technology of Imaging from Space'' by K. Kasturirangan. (Current Science, Vol.87, No.5, pp 584-601,2004)]
*''Space Science in India – Two Recent Initiatives'' by K. Kasturirangan. Sir J.C. Bose Memorial Lecture at Royal Society, London, 2004 (published and printed by ISRO Publication Unit, ISRO HQ, Bangalore)
*''A New Space-based Observatory to Explore the Universe'' by K. Kasturirangan. (Annals of the INAE, Vol. II, Dec 2005)
*[http://rspas.anu.edu.au/papers/narayanan/2006oration.pdf ''India's Space Enterprise – A Case Study in Strategic Thinking and Planning'' by K Kasturirangan. Dr. K.R. Narayanan Oration, Australia South Asia Research Centre, at the Australian National University at Canberra, Austrail, 20 July 2006 and reprinted by Pub. and Public Relations Unit, ISRO, Bangalore]
*''On Coalition Governments'' by K Kasturirangan. (Journal of Constitutional and Parliamentary studies, vol. 41, Nos. 3-4, July-Dec. 2007, pp. 208–210)
*[http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252007/contents.htm ''Special Section: Indian Space Programme – A Multidimensional Perspective'' edited by K Kasturirangan and M B Rajani. (Current Science, Vol. 93, No. 12, 25 December 2007)]
*[https://archive.today/20130201220003/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V52-4PCXXRM-1&_user=512776&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000025298&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=512776&md5=e0ea43da7b48b50e194a94558044a797 ''Space technology for humanity: A profile for the coming 50 years'' by K. Kasturirangan. (ScienceDirect-Space Policy Vol. 23, pp. 159-166, 2007)]
*[http://www.academicfoundation.com/n_detail/space.asp ''The Emerging World Space Order: An Indian Perspective'' by K Kasturirangan. In: Space Security and Global Cooperation (editors : Ajey Lele and Gunjan Singh) Published by Academic Foundation in association with Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, pp. 29-41, 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516041151/http://www.academicfoundation.com/n_detail/space.asp |date=16 May 2011 }}
*''Space Odyssey: A Down to Earth Perspective'' by K Kasturirangan. First Sir Arthur C Clarke Memorial Oration, talk delivered at Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, Arthur C Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies (ACCIMT), Colombo, 19 March 2009, Published by Publications and Public Relations Unit, ISRO HQ, 2009
{{div col end}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015034621/http://www.isro.org/krangan/biodata_krangan.htm Dr. Kasturirangan's biodata at ISRO]
* [http://rspas.anu.edu.au/papers/narayanan/2006oration.pdf India's Space Enterprise : A Case Study in Strategic Thinking and Planning]
{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box|title=[[Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO Chairman]]|before=[[Udipi Ramachandra Rao|U. R. Rao]]|after=[[G. Madhavan Nair]]|years=1994–2003}}
{{end}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:
[[Category:
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Indian institute directors]]
[[Category:Members of the Planning Commission of India]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kochi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2014]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
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