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{{Short description|2000 shooting of a child in the Gaza Strip}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Killing of Muhammad al-Durrah
| image = AlDurrah1.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Muhammad (left) and Jamal al-Durrah (right) filmed by Talal Abu Rahma for France 2
| date = {{Start date and age|2000|09|30|df=yes}}
| time = {{circa|15:00}} [[Israel Summer Time]] (12:00 [[UTC]])
| place = [[Netzarim Junction]], [[Gaza Strip]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|31|27|53|N|34|25|38|E|type:event_region:PS-GZA|display=inline,title}}
| first reporter = [[Charles Enderlin]] for [[France 2]]
| filmed by = Talal Abu Rahma
| casualties1 = Reported deaths: Muhammad al-Durrah; Bassam al-Bilbeisi, ambulance driver
| casualties2 = Multiple gunshot wounds: Jamal al-Durrah
| awards = [[Rory Peck Award]] (2001), for Talal Abu Rahma<ref name=Peck2001/>
| url = Charles Enderlin, [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xbl5r2_le-reportage-de-charles-enderlin-ob_news "La mort de Mohammed al Dura"], France 2, 30 September 2000 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131005154359/http://youtube.com/watch?v=arRgkXDLwlM raw footage]; [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75hiDGp89Xk disputed section])
}}
On 30 September 2000, the second day of the [[Second Intifada]], 12-year-old '''Muhammad al-Durrah''' ({{Langx|ar|محمد الدرة|Muḥammad ad-Durra}}) was killed at the [[Netzarim Junction]] in the [[Gaza Strip]] during widespread protests and riots across the [[Palestinian territories]] against [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli military occupation]]. Jamal al-Durrah and his son Muhammad were filmed by Talal Abu Rahma, a Palestinian television cameraman freelancing for [[France 2]], as they were caught in crossfire between the Israeli military and Palestinian security forces. Footage shows them crouching behind a concrete cylinder, the boy crying and the father waving, then a burst of gunfire and dust. Muhammad is shown slumping as he is mortally wounded by gunfire, dying soon after.<ref name=Haaretz16May2007>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/french-court-examines-footage-of-mohammad-al-dura-s-death-1.233240 |title=French court examines footage of Mohammad al-Dura's death |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821170047/http://www.haaretz.com/news/french-court-examines-footage-of-mohammad-al-dura-s-death-1.233240 |archive-date=21 August 2017 |work=Haaretz |date=15 November 2007 |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref>
Fifty-nine seconds of the footage were broadcast on television in France with a voiceover from [[Charles Enderlin]], the station's bureau chief in Israel. Based on information from the cameraman, Enderlin told viewers that the al-Durrahs had been the target of fire from the Israeli positions and that the boy had died.<ref name=EnderlinJan2005/><ref name=Moutet2008>{{cite web |first=Anne-Elisabeth |last=Moutet |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/015/284xawsb.asp?pg=1 |title=L'Affaire Enderlin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916153950/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/015/284xawsb.asp?pg=1 |archive-date=16 September 2015 |work=The Weekly Standard |date=7 July 2008}}</ref> After an emotional public funeral, Muhammad was hailed throughout the Muslim world as a [[shahid|martyr]].<ref name=Cook2007pp155-156>{{cite book |first=David |last=Cook |title=Martyrdom in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2007 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KgVlKiXzodcC&pg=PA155 155–156]}}</ref>
Initially, the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) accepted responsibility for the shooting, but claimed that Palestinians used children as [[human shield]]s;<ref name="Shoker">{{Cite book |last=Shoker |first=Sarah |title=Military-age males in counterinsurgency and drone warfare |date=2021 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-52474-6 |___location=Cham, Switzerland |page=40}}</ref> the IDF retracted its admission of responsibility in 2005.<ref name="Seaman2008" /> In 2000, the IDF commissioned [[Nahum Shahaf]] to investigate, producing a report which provoked widespread criticism.<ref name="Goldenberg28Nov2000" /> One of the Israeli investigators even claimed the incident had been staged by Palestinian gunmen, cameraman and Muhammad's own father.<ref name="Cygielman7Nov2000" /> The report eventually concluded that Muhammad was possibly killed by Palestinian fire. However, a Palestinian investigation that same year concluded Muhammad was killed by bullets that came from the Israeli post.<ref name=":1" />
In 2012, Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] commissioned another investigation. In 2013, that report concluded that not only was Muhammad not hit by IDF fire, Muhammad was perhaps never shot nor killed.<ref name="Mackey20May2013" /> Jamal al-Durrah rejected the idea that his son was somehow not dead and offered to exhume Muhammad's grave.<ref name="notdead" /> The report was criticized by Charles Enderlin and France 2,<ref name="Koury29May2013">{{cite web |first=Jack |last=Koury |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/mohammed-al-dura-s-father-calls-for-international-probe-into-whether-idf-killed-his-son.premium-1.524939 |title=Mohammed al-Dura's Father Calls for International Probe Into Whether IDF Killed His Son |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329071335/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/mohammed-al-dura-s-father-calls-for-international-probe-into-whether-idf-killed-his-son.premium-1.524939|archive-date=29 March 2017 |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=20 May 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Sherwood20May2013" /> [[Reporters Without Borders]] and [[Barak Ravid]]. In France, [[Philippe Karsenty]], a media commentator, also alleged that the scene had been staged by France 2; France 2 sued him for libel in 2006 leading to Karsenty's eventual conviction in 2013 for the allegation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/leading-critic-of-french-al-dura-coverage-convicted |title=Leading critic of French al-Dura coverage convicted: Philippe Karsenty found guilty of defamation for accusing France 2 of staging Palestinian boy's death |work=Times of Israel |date=26 June 2013 |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=AP26June2013>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/26/france-2-palestinian-boy-footage |title=Media analyst convicted over France-2 Palestinian boy footage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416105936/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/26/france-2-palestinian-boy-footage |archive-date=16 April 2019 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=26 June 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]] |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref>
The footage of the father and son acquired what one writer called the power of a battle flag.<ref name="Carvajal7Feb2005">{{cite web |first=Doreen |last=Carvajal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/07/business/worldbusiness/photo-of-palestinian-boy-kindles-debate-in-france.html |title=Photo of Palestinian Boy Kindles Debate in France |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207133108/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/07/business/worldbusiness/07iht-video07_ed3_.html|archive-date=7 December 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 February 2005 |access-date=28 August 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Postage stamps in the Middle East carried the images. Abu Rahma's coverage of the al-Durrah shooting brought him several journalism awards, including the [[Rory Peck Award]] in 2001.<ref name=Peck2001/>
==
{{further|Second Intifada}}
[[File:Temple Mount view 1.jpg|left|thumb|[[Temple Mount]]]]
On 28 September 2000, two days before the shooting, the Israeli opposition leader [[Ariel Sharon]] visited the [[Temple Mount]] in the [[Old City of Jerusalem]], a holy site in both Judaism and Islam with contested rules of access. The violence that followed had its roots in several events, but the visit was provocative and triggered protests that escalated into rioting across the [[West Bank]] and Gaza Strip.<ref name=Beckerman3Oct2007>{{cite web |first=Gal |last=Beckerman |url=https://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/the_unpeaceful_rest_of_mohamme.php |title=The Unpeaceful Rest of Mohammed Al-Dura |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204625/http://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/the_unpeaceful_rest_of_mohamme.php?page=all |archive-date=23 September 2015 |work=Columbia Journalism Review |date=3 October 2007 |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=28 September 2000|title=Palestinians And Israelis In a Clash At Holy Site|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/28/world/palestinians-and-israelis-in-a-clash-at-holy-site.html|access-date=30 September 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012063059/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/28/world/palestinians-and-israelis-in-a-clash-at-holy-site.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/949760.stm |title=Violence engulfs West Bank and Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715003152/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/949760.stm |archive-date=15 July 2014 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=30 September 2000 |url-status=live |access-date= 28 August 2024}}</ref>{{refn|group=n|The May 2001 [[Mitchell Report (Arab–Israeli conflict)|Mitchell Report]] into what caused the violence concluded: "[W]e have no basis on which to conclude that there was a deliberate plan by the PA [Palestinian Authority] to initiate a campaign of violence at the first opportunity; or to conclude that there was a deliberate plan by the GOI [Government of Israel] to respond with lethal force ... The Sharon visit did not cause the 'Al-Aqsa Intifada'. But it was poorly timed and the provocative effect should have been foreseen ..."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nodo50.org/csca/english/informe_mitchel_5-01-eng.html |title=Report on the start of the Second Intifada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130011328/http://www.nodo50.org/csca/english/informe_mitchel_5-01-eng.html |archive-date=30 November 2009 |work=[[Mitchell Report (Arab–Israeli conflict)|Mitchell Report]] |date=2001 |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref>}} The uprising became known as the Second Intifada; it lasted over four years and cost around 4,000 lives, over 3,000 of them Palestinian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3694350.stm |title=Intifada toll 2000-2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828154736/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3694350.stm |archive-date=28 August 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=8 February 2005 |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref>
The [[Netzarim]] junction, where the shooting took place, is known locally as the ''al-Shohada'' (martyrs') junction. It lies on Saladin Road, a few kilometres south of [[Gaza City]]. The source of conflict at the junction was the nearby Netzarim settlement, where 60 Israeli families lived until Israel's [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|withdrawal from Gaza in 2005]]. A military escort accompanied the settlers whenever they left or arrived at the settlement,<ref name=CNN27Sept2000/> and an Israeli military outpost, Magen-3, guarded the approach. The area had been the scene of violent incidents in the days before the shooting.<ref name=CNN27Sept2000>{{cite web |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/27/israel.attack.ap/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523071205/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/09/27/israel.attack.ap/index.html |archive-date=2006-05-23 |title=Israeli settler convoy bombed in Gaza, three injured |work=[[CNN]] |date=27 September 2000}}</ref><ref name=Goldenberg3Oct2000>{{cite web |first=Suzanne |last=Goldenberg |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/oct/03/israel6 |title=Making of a martyr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608194650/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/oct/03/israel6 |archive-date=8 June 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 October 2000 |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref>
==People==
===Jamal and Muhammad al-Durrah===
[[File:Netzarim junction map.png|thumb|Netzarim junction and the nearby [[Bureij (camp)|Bureij]] refugee camp and [[Netzarim]] settlement]]
Jamal al-Durrah ({{Langx|ar|جمال الدرة|Jamāl ad-Durra}}; born c. 1963) was a carpenter and house painter before the shooting.<ref name=ScharyMotro2000/> Since then, because of his injuries, he has worked as a truck driver.<ref name=Shams2May2012>{{cite web |first=Doha |last=Shams |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/6908/ |title=Still Seeking Justice for Muhammad al-Durrah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513042122/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/6908/ |archive-date=13 May 2012 |work=Al-Akhbar |date=2 May 2012}}</ref> He and his wife, Amal, live in the [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East|UNRWA]]-run [[Bureij (camp)|Bureij refugee camp]] in the Gaza Strip. As of 2013 they had four daughters and six sons, including a boy, Muhammad, born two years after the shooting.<ref name=Shams2May2012/><ref>{{cite web |first=Hazem |last=Balousha |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/05/muhammad-durrah-israel-palestine-intifada.html |title=Durrah's Father: My Son Is Dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531173057/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/05/muhammad-durrah-israel-palestine-intifada.html |archive-date=31 May 2016 |work=Al-Monitor |date=22 May 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref>
Until the shooting, Jamal had worked for Moshe Tamam, an Israeli contractor, for 20 years, since he was 14. Writer Helen Schary Motro came to know Jamal when she employed him to help build her house in Tel Aviv. She described his years of rising at 3:30 am to catch the bus to the border crossing at four, then a second bus out of Gaza so he could be at work by six. Tamam called him a "terrific man," someone he trusted to work alone in his customers' homes.<ref name=ScharyMotro2000>{{cite web |first=Helen |last=Schary Motro |url=http://www.salon.com/2000/10/07/jamal_2/ |title=Living among the headlines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011034820/http://www.salon.com/2000/10/07/jamal_2/ |archive-date=11 October 2016 |work=Salon |date=7 October 2000 |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref>
During the [[Gaza war]], both of Jamal Al-Durrah’s brothers were killed by Israeli airstrikes, and he was seen mourning next to their [[body bags]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://metro.co.uk/2023/10/16/man-whose-son-was-executed-by-israeli-forces-23-years-ago-now-mourns-brothers-19670154/ | title= Man whose son was executed in his lap by Israeli forces 23 years ago now mourns brothers |date=16 October 2023|work=Metro |first=Gergana |last=Krasteva |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref>
Muhammad Jamal Al-Durrah (born 1988) was in fifth grade, but his school was closed on 30 September 2000; the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]] had called for a general strike and day of mourning following violence in Jerusalem the day before.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Orme|first=William A. Jr.|date=2 October 2000|title=A Young Symbol of Mideast Violence|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/02/world/a-young-symbol-of-mideast-violence.html|access-date=30 September 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=3 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703071616/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/02/world/a-young-symbol-of-mideast-violence.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/948340.stm |title=Strike call after Jerusalem bloodshed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514034901/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/948340.stm |archive-date=14 May 2016 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=30 September 2000 |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref> His mother said he had been watching the rioting on television and asked if he could join in.<ref name=Goldenberg3Oct2000/> Father and son decided instead to go to a car auction.<ref name=AbuRahma3Oct2000>{{cite web |first=Talal |last=Abu Rahma |url=http://www.pchrgaza.ps/special/tv2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507120225/http://www.pchrgaza.ps/special/tv2.htm |archive-date=2008-05-07 |title=Statement under oath by a photographer of France 2 Television |work=Palestinian Centre for Human Rights |date=3 October 2000}}</ref> Jamal had just sold his 1974 Fiat, Motro wrote, and Muhammad loved cars, so they went to the auction together.<ref name=ScharyMotro2005/>{{rp|54}}
===Charles Enderlin===
[[Charles Enderlin]] was born in 1945 in Paris; his grandparents were Austrian Jews who had left the country in 1938 [[Anschluss|when Germany invaded]].<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Mustapha |last=Kessous |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/televisions-radio/article/2016/01/30/charles-enderlin-conteur-averti-du-proche-orient_4856506_1655027.html |title=Charles Enderlin, conteur averti du Proche-Orient |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617215256/http://www.lemonde.fr/televisions-radio/article/2016/01/30/charles-enderlin-conteur-averti-du-proche-orient_4856506_1655027.html |archive-date=17 June 2016 |work=Le Monde |date=30 January 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref> After briefly studying medicine, he moved to Jerusalem in 1968 where he became an Israeli national. He began working for France 2 in 1981, serving as their bureau chief in Israel from 1990 until his retirement in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Michael |last=Bloch |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Medias/Television/Charles-Enderlin-prend-sa-retraite-apres-30-ans-en-Israel-Il-n-y-aura-pas-deux-Etats-743702 |title=Charles Enderlin prend sa retraite après 30 ans en Israël: 'Il n'y aura pas deux Etats' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508052906/http://www.lejdd.fr/Medias/Television/Charles-Enderlin-prend-sa-retraite-apres-30-ans-en-Israel-Il-n-y-aura-pas-deux-Etats-743702 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |work=Le Journal du Dimanche |date=24 July 2015}}</ref> Enderlin is the author of several books about the Middle East, including one about Muhammad al-Durrah, ''Un Enfant est Mort: Netzarim, 30 Septembre 2000'' (2010).<ref name=Haski29Sept2010>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Pierre |last=Haski |url=http://rue89.nouvelobs.com/2010/09/29/un-enfant-est-mort-charles-enderlin-defend-son-honneur-168657 |title=«Un enfant est mort»: Charles Enderlin défend son honneur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531084153/http://rue89.nouvelobs.com/2010/09/29/un-enfant-est-mort-charles-enderlin-defend-son-honneur-168657 |archive-date=31 May 2016 |work=L'Obs |date=29 September 2010 |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref> Highly regarded among his peers and within the French establishment,<ref name=Moutet2008/> he submitted a letter from [[Jacques Chirac]], during the Philippe Karsenty libel action, who wrote in flattering terms of Enderlin's integrity.<ref name=Chiracletter>{{cite web |language=fr |url=http://www.m-r.fr/download/jacques_chirac.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124102801/http://www.m-r.fr/download/jacques_chirac.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-11-24 |title=Letter from Jacques Chirac to Charles Enderlin |date=25 February 2004 |via=Media Ratings France}}</ref> In 2009, he was awarded France's highest decoration, the [[Légion d'honneur]].<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |url=http://info.france2.fr/medias/Charles-Enderlin-d%C3%A9cor%C3%A9-de-la-L%C3%A9gion-d%27honneur-56553145.html |title=Charles Enderlin décoré de la Légion d'honneur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918101009/http://info.france2.fr/medias/Charles-Enderlin-d%C3%A9cor%C3%A9-de-la-L%C3%A9gion-d%27honneur-56553145.html |archive-date=18 September 2009 |work=France 2 |date=12 August 2009}}</ref>
According to French journalist [[Anne-Elisabeth Moutet]], Enderlin's coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was respected by other journalists but was regularly criticized by pro-Israel groups.<ref name=Moutet2008/> As a result of the al-Durrah case, he received death threats, his wife was assaulted in the street,<ref name=Schemla1Oct2002>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Élisabeth |last=Schemla |url=http://www.proche-orient.info/xjournal_pol_int.php3?id_article=5225 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021019090628/http://www.proche-orient.info/xjournal_pol_int.php3?id_article=5225 |archive-date=2002-10-19 |title=Un entretien exclusif avec Charles Enderlin, deux ans après la mort en direct de Mohamed Al-Dura à Gaza |work=Proche-Orient.info |date=1 October 2002}}</ref> his children were threatened, the family had to move home, and at one point they considered emigrating to the United States.<ref name=EnderlinJan2005/><ref name=Moutet2008/><ref>For Enderlin's children being threatened: Bob Garfield, Deborah Campbell, [http://www.wnyc.org/story/131847-images-of-mohammed-al-durrah/ "Images of Mohammed al-Durrah"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806212630/http://www.wnyc.org/story/131847-images-of-mohammed-al-durrah/ |date=6 August 2016 }}, ''On the Media'', WNYC Radio, 22 December 2001 (transcript, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110622072711/http://www.onthemedia.org/yore/transcripts/transcripts_122201_images.html archived]).</ref>
===Talal Abu Rahma===
Talal Hassan Abu Rahma studied business administration in the United States, and began working as a freelance cameraman for France 2 in Gaza in 1988. At the time of the shooting, he ran his own press office, the National News Center, contributed to CNN through the Al-Wataneya Press Office, and was a board member of the Palestinian Journalists' Association. His coverage of the al-Durrah shooting brought him several journalism awards, including the [[Rory Peck Award]] in 2001.<ref name=Peck2001>{{cite web |url=http://www.rorypecktrust.org/Awards01/talal.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317162040/http://www.rorypecktrust.org/Awards01/talal.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-03-17 |title=Talal Abu Rahma |work=Rory Peck Awards |date=2001}}</ref> According to France 2 correspondent Gérard Grizbec, Abu Rahma had never been a member of a Palestinian political group, had twice been arrested by Palestinian police for filming images that did not meet the approval of [[Yasser Arafat]], and had never been accused of security breaches by Israel.<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Gérard |last=Grizbec |url=http://www.lemeilleurdesmondes.org/A_chaud_Gerard-GRIZBEC-Affaire-al-Dura-Charles-Enderlin-Arlette-Chabot-Taguieff-Palestine.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015181818/http://www.lemeilleurdesmondes.org/A_chaud_Gerard-GRIZBEC-Affaire-al-Dura-Charles-Enderlin-Arlette-Chabot-Taguieff-Palestine.htm |archive-date=2008-10-15 |title=Affaire al-Dura: Gérard Grizbec réagit à la contribution de Pierre-André Taguieef |work=Le Meilleur des mondes |date=October 2008}}</ref>
==Events of the shooting==
===Before shooting===
{{external media
| float = left
| width = 250px
| image1 = [http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/maps_and_graphs/2000/10/03/gaza_shooting3.gif 3D diagram of the Netzarim junction] from ''The Guardian''
}}
{{multiple image
| caption_align = left
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 300
| image1 = Diagram with cameraman's affidavit1.JPG
| alt1 = diagram
| caption1 = ''(Above)'' From Talal Abu Rahma, France 2 cameraman<ref name=AbuRahma3Oct2000/>{{pb}}''(Below)'' From a report commissioned by [[Philippe Karsenty]] for the [[Court of Appeal of Paris]]; it includes a position in the lower-left quadrant in which armed Palestinian police allegedly stood.<ref name=Schlinger2008/>{{rp|60}}
| image2 = Diagram of junction with Schlinger report.JPG
| alt2 = diagram
}}
On the day of the shooting—[[Rosh Hashanah]], the Jewish New Year—the two-story [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) outpost at the Netzarim junction was manned by Israeli soldiers from the [[Givati Brigade]] Engineering Platoon and the [[IDF Sword Battalion|Herev Battalion]].<ref name=Gross21April2003>{{cite journal |first=Netty C. |last=Gross |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10029752.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104191501/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10029752.html |archive-date=2012-11-04 |title=Split Screen |journal=The Jerusalem Report |date=21 April 2003 |via=highbeam.com}}</ref><ref name=OSullivan6June2001>{{cite web |first=Arieh |last=O'Sullivan |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/doc/319317429.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun%206,%202001&author=&pub=&edition=&startpage=&desc= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161014113253/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/73699799.html?dids=73699799:73699799&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+6,+2001 |archive-date=14 October 2016 |title=Southern Command decorates soldiers, units |work=Jerusalem Post |date=6 June 2001}}</ref> According to Enderlin, the soldiers were [[Druze in Israel|Druze]].<ref name=Schemla1Oct2002/><ref name=Segev2002/>
The two-story IDF outpost sat northwest of the junction. Two six-story Palestinian blocks (known as the twins or twin towers and described variously as offices or apartments) lay directly behind it.<ref name=Fallows2003/><ref>[[:File:Diagram with cameraman's affidavit1.JPG|Diagram]] attached to [https://web.archive.org/web/20080507120225/http://www.pchrgaza.ps/special/tv2.htm Talal Abu Rahma's affidavit], 3 October 2000.</ref> South of the junction, diagonally across from the IDF, there was a [[Palestinian National Security Forces]] outpost under the command of Brigadier-General Osama al-Ali, a member of the [[Palestine National Council]].<ref name=Schemla1Oct2002/> The concrete wall that Jamal and Muhammad crouched against was in front of this building; the spot was less than 120 metres from the most northerly point of the Israeli outpost.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:36:52:00}}</ref>
In addition to France 2, the [[Associated Press]] and [[Reuters]] also had camera crews at the junction.<ref name=Schemla1Oct2002/> They captured brief footage of the al-Durrahs and Abu Rahma.<ref name=oloughlin>{{cite web |first=Ed |last=O'Loughlin |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/battle-rages-over-fateful-footage/2007/10/05/1191091366434.html |title=Battle rages over fateful footage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203093800/http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/battle-rages-over-fateful-footage/2007/10/05/1191091366434.html |archive-date=3 February 2009 |work=The Age |date=6 October 2007 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> Abu Rahma was the only journalist to film the moment the al-Durrahs were shot.<ref name=Carvajal7Feb2005/>
===Arrival at the junction===
Jamal and Muhammad arrived at the junction in a cab around midday, on their way back from the car auction.<ref name="Schapira 2002 00:19:00:00">{{harvnb|Schapira|2002}} From 00:19:00:00 (interview with Jamal al-Durrah).</ref> There had been a protest, demonstrators had thrown stones, and the IDF had responded with tear gas. Abu Rahma was filming events and interviewing protesters, including Abdel Hakim Awad, head of the [[Fatah]] youth movement in Gaza.<ref name=Schemla1Oct2002/> Because of the protest, a police officer stopped Jamal and Muhammad's cab from going any further, so father and son proceeded on foot across the junction. It was at that point, according to Jamal, that the live fire started.<ref name="Schapira 2002 00:19:00:00"/> Enderlin said the first shots were fired from the Palestinian positions and returned by the Israeli soldiers.<ref name=Enderlin30Sept2000/>
Jamal, Muhammad, the Associated Press cameraman, and Shams Oudeh, the Reuters cameraman, took cover against the concrete wall in the south-east quadrant of the crossroads, diagonally across from the Israeli outpost.<ref name=AbuRahma3Oct2000/><ref name="Schapira 2009 00:09:47:05">{{harvnb|Schapira|Hafner|2009|loc=00:09:47:05}}</ref> Jamal, Muhammad and Shams Oudeh crouched behind a three-foot-tall (0.91 m) concrete drum, apparently part of a [[culvert]], that was sitting against the wall. A thick paving stone sat on top of the drum, which offered further protection.<ref name=Fallows2003>{{cite web |author-link=James Fallows |first=James |last=Fallows |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/06/who-shot-mohammed-al-dura/2735/ |title=Who shot Mohammed al-Durra? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185701/http://jcpa.org/jl/vp482.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |work=The Atlantic |date=June 2003 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> Abu Rahma hid behind a white minibus parked across the road about 15 metres away from the wall.<ref name=Schemla1Oct2002/><ref name=nprinterview/> The Reuters and Associated Press cameramen briefly filmed over Jamal and Muhammad's shoulders—the cameras pointing toward the Israeli outpost—before the men moved away.<ref name="Schapira 2009 00:09:47:05"/> Jamal and Muhammad did not move away, but stayed behind the drum for 45 minutes. In Enderlin's view, they were frozen in fear.<ref name=Schemla1Oct2002/>
{{clear}}
===France 2 report===
{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = AlDurrah2.jpg
| alt1 = Man and a boy crouching behind a concrete drum; the man is waving
| caption1 = Muhammad and Jamal under fire
| image2 = Frame6Muhammad-al-Durrah.jpg
| alt2 = The same scene as above, but from a distance. There is a large wall behind the two figures, who are almost hidden by a cloud of dust. The man's head is hanging down.
| caption2 = Camera goes out of focus as gunfire is heard.
| image3 = AlDurrah3.jpg
| alt3 = The same scene again. The man is sitting with his head hanging to his right. The boy is lying over the man's knees, with his right hand over his face. Four small holes can be seen in the wall behind them.
| caption3 = One of the last frames broadcast.<ref name=finalmoments>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75hiDGp89Xk |title=Al Dura affair: the 10 seconds never shown by France 2 |date=22 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609214056/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75hiDGp89Xk |archive-date=9 June 2012 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>}}
In an affidavit three days after the shooting, Abu Rahma said shots had been fired for about 45 minutes and that he had filmed around 27 minutes of it.{{refn|group=n|Talal Abu Rahma, 3 October 2000: "I spent approximately 27 minutes photographing the incident which took place for 45 minutes ... Shooting started first from different sources, Israeli and Palestinian. It lasted for not more than five minutes. Then, it was quite clear for me that shooting was towards the child Mohammed and his father from the opposite direction to them. Intensive and intermittent shooting was directed at the two and the two outposts of the Palestinian National Security Forces. The Palestinian outposts were not a source of shooting, as shooting from inside these outposts had stopped after the first five minutes, and the child and his father were not injured then. Injuring and killing took place during the following 45 minutes."<ref name=AbuRahma3Oct2000/>}} (How much film was shot became a bone of contention in 2007 when France 2 [[#2007: Karsenty v. Enderlin-France 2|told a court]] that only 18 minutes of film existed.) He began filming Jamal and Muhammad when he heard Muhammad cry and saw that the boy had been shot in the right leg.<ref name=AbuRahma3Oct2000/> He said he filmed the scene containing the father and son for about six minutes.<ref name="Schapira 2009, 00:10:39:24">{{harvnb|Schapira|Hafner|2009|loc=00:10:39:24}}</ref> He sent those six minutes to Enderlin in Jerusalem via satellite.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:19:45:00}}</ref> Enderlin edited the footage down to 59 seconds and added a voiceover:
{{blockquote|
1500 hours. Everything has just erupted near the settlement of Netzarim in the Gaza Strip. The Palestinians have shot live bullets, the Israelis are responding. Paramedics, journalists, passersby are caught in the crossfire. Here, Jamal and his son Mohammed are the target of fire from the Israeli positions. Mohammed is twelve, his father is trying to protect him. He is motioning. Another burst of fire. Mohammed is dead and his father seriously wounded.<ref name=Enderlin30Sept2000>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Charles |last=Enderlin |url=http://geopolis.francetvinfo.fr/charles-enderlin/2008/05/28/le-sujet-du-30-septembre-2000.html |title=La mort de Mohammed al Dura |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423153836/http://geopolis.francetvinfo.fr/charles-enderlin/2008/05/28/le-sujet-du-30-septembre-2000.html |archive-date=23 April 2013 |work=France 2 |date=30 September 2000}} ([http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xbl5r2_le-reportage-de-charles-enderlin-ob_news alternate link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113073532/http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xbl5r2_le-reportage-de-charles-enderlin-ob_news |date=13 November 2012 }}).</ref>
}}
The footage shows Jamal and Muhammad crouching behind the cylinder, the child screaming and the father shielding him. Jamal appears to shout something in the direction of the cameraman, then waves and shouts in the direction of the Israeli outpost. There is a burst of gunfire and the camera goes out of focus. When the gunfire subsides, Jamal is sitting upright and injured and Muhammad is lying over his legs.<ref name=Haaretz16May2007/> Enderlin cut a final few seconds from the footage that shows Muhammad lift his hand from his face. This cut became the basis of much of the controversy over the film.<ref name=Fallows2003/>
The [[#break in footage|raw footage stops suddenly]] at this point and begins again with unidentified people being loaded into an ambulance.<ref name="Schapira and Hafner 2009">{{harvnb|Schapira|Hafner|2009|loc=00:13:12:19}}</ref> (At that point in his report, Enderlin said: "A Palestinian policeman and an ambulance driver have also lost their lives in the course of this battle.")<ref name=Enderlin30Sept2000/> Bassam al-Bilbeisi, an ambulance driver on his way to the scene, was reported to have been shot and killed, leaving a widow and eleven children.<ref name=Goldenberg27Sept2001>{{cite web |first=Suzanne |last=Goldenberg |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/27/israel |title=The war of the children |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817170449/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/27/israel |archive-date=17 August 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=27 September 2001 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> Abu Rahma said Muhammad lay bleeding for at least 17 minutes before an ambulance picked up father and son together.<ref name="Schapira 2009 00:14:13:21">{{harvnb|Schapira|Hafner|2009|loc=00:14:13:21}}</ref> He said he did not film them being picked up because he was worried about having only one battery.<ref name="Schapira 2009 00:14:01:09"/> Abu Rahma remained at the junction for 30–40 minutes until he felt it was safe to leave,<ref name=AbuRahma3Oct2000/> then drove to his studio in Gaza City to send the footage to Enderlin.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:19:25:00}}</ref> The 59 seconds of footage were first broadcast on France 2's nightly news at 8:00 pm local time (GMT+2), after which France 2 distributed several minutes of raw footage around the world without charge.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:20:55:00}}</ref>
===Funeral===
[[File:Muhammad al-Durrah pathologist's image.JPG|left|thumb|The pathologist who examined Muhammad gave this image to a journalist in 2009.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|Hafner|2009|loc=00:39:39:02}}</ref>]]
Jamal and Muhammad were taken by ambulance to the [[Al-Shifa Hospital]] in Gaza City.<ref name=AbuRahma3Oct2000/> Abu Rahma telephoned the hospital and was told that three bodies had arrived there: that of a jeep driver, an ambulance driver, and a boy, initially mistakenly identified as Rami Al-Durrah.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|Hafner|2009|loc=00:42:35:03, 00:43:13:08}}</ref>
According to Abed El-Razeq El Masry, the pathologist who examined Muhammed, the boy had received a fatal injury to the abdomen. In 2002, he showed [[Esther Schapira]], a German journalist, post-mortem images of Muhammad next to identity cards identifying him by name.<ref name="Schapira 2002 24:17">{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:24:17:00}}</ref> Schapira also obtained, from a Palestinian journalist, footage of Muhammad arriving at [[Al-Shifa Hospital]] on a stretcher.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|Hafner|2009|loc=00:45:48:05}}</ref><ref name=Schapira12Feb2013>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Esther |last=Schapira |url=http://www.tribunejuive.info/ANCIEN-SITE/medias/lettre-ouverte-desther-schapira-a-charles-enderlin |title=Lettre ouverte d'Esther Schapira à Charles Enderlin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011034407/http://www.tribunejuive.info/ANCIEN-SITE/medias/lettre-ouverte-desther-schapira-a-charles-enderlin |archive-date=11 October 2016 |work=Tribune juive |date=12 February 2013}}</ref>
During an emotional public funeral in [[Bureij]], Muhammad was wrapped in a [[Palestinian flag]] and buried before sundown on the day of his death, in accordance with Muslim tradition.<ref name="Orme2Oct2000">{{cite web |first=William A. |last=Orme |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/02/world/a-young-symbol-of-mideast-violence.html |title=Muhammad al-Durrah: A Young Symbol of Mideast Violence |work=The New York Times |date=2 October 2000 |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=Philps1Oct2000>{{cite web |first=Alan |last=Philps |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/1368574/Death-of-boy-caught-in-gun-battle-provokes-wave-of-revenge-attacks.html |title=Death of boy caught in gun battle provokes wave of revenge attacks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202053700/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/1368574/Death-of-boy-caught-in-gun-battle-provokes-wave-of-revenge-attacks.html |archive-date=2 February 2020 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=1 October 2000 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
Jamal was taken at first to the Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza. One of the surgeons who operated on him, Ahmed Ghadeel, said Jamal had received multiple wounds from high-velocity bullets striking his right elbow, right thigh and the lower part of both legs; his [[femoral artery]] was also cut.<ref name=France21Oct2000>{{cite web |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021154936/http://ma-tvideo.france2.fr/video/iLyROoafYdQV.html |archive-date=2008-10-21 |url=http://ma-tvideo.france2.fr/video/iLyROoafYdQV.html |title=Les blessures de Jamal a Dura |work=France 2 |date=1 October 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720220509/http://ma-tvideo.france2.fr/video/iLyROoafYhwd.html |archive-date=2011-07-20 |url=http://ma-tvideo.france2.fr/video/iLyROoafYhwd.html |title=Jamal a Dura l'operation |work=France 2 |date=1 October 2000}}</ref> Talal Abu Rahma interviewed Jamal and the doctor there on camera the day after the shooting; Ghadeel displayed x-rays of Jamal's right elbow and right pelvis.{{refn|group=n|Talal Abu Rahma, 3 October 2000: "On the following day of the incident, I went to Shifa Hospital in Gaza, and interviewed the father of child Mohammed Al-Durreh. The interview was videotaped and broadcast. In the interview, I asked him about his reason and circumstances of being at the place of the incident. I was the first journalist to interview him on this subject. Mr. Jamal al-Durrah said that he was going accompanied by his son Mohammed to the car market, which is about 2km away to the north of Al-Shohada’ Junction, to buy a car. He told me that he failed to buy a car, so decided to go home. He and his son took a taxi. When they got close to the junction, they could not move forward because of the clashes and shooting there. So, they got out of the taxi and tried to walk towards Al-Bureij. As shooting intensified, they sheltered behind a concrete block. Then the incident occurred. Shooting lasted for 45 minutes."<ref name=AbuRahma3Oct2000/>}} Moshe Tamam, Jamal's Israeli employer, offered to have him taken to hospital in Tel Aviv, but the Palestinian Authority declined the offer.<ref name=ScharyMotro2000/><ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:23:03:00}}</ref> He was transferred instead to the [[King Hussein Medical Center]] in Amman, Jordan, where he was visited by [[Abdullah II of Jordan|King Abdullah]].<ref name=ScharyMotro2005>{{cite book |first=Helen Schary|last=Motro |title=Maneuvering Between the Headlines: An American Lives Through the Intifada |publisher=Other Press |date=2005 |isbn=9781590511596}}</ref>{{rp|56}}<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:26:15:00}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|Hafner|2009|loc=00:30:01:10}}</ref> Jamal reportedly told Tamam that he had been hit by nine bullets; he said five were removed from his body in a hospital in Gaza and four in Amman.<ref name="Schapira 2002 00:26:49:00">{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:26:49:00}}</ref>
===Abu Rahma's account===
Talal Abu Rahma, the Palestinian cameraman for Enderlin, alleged that the IDF had shot Muhammad and his father.<ref name=EnderlinJan2005>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Charles |last=Enderlin |title=Non à la censure à la source |work=Le Figaro |date=27 January 2005 |url=http://www.debriefing.org/21078.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011034334/http://www.debriefing.org/21078.html |archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> Abu Rahma was clear in interviews that the Israelis had fired the shots. For example, he told ''The Guardian'': "They were cleaning the area. Of course they saw the father. They were aiming at the boy, and that is what surprised me, yes, because they were shooting at him, not only one time, but many times."<ref name=Goldenberg3Oct2000/> He said shooting was also coming from the Palestinian National Security Forces outpost, but that they were not shooting when Muhammad was hit. The Israeli fire was being directed at this Palestinian outpost, he said.<ref name=AbuRahma3Oct2000/> He told National Public Radio:<ref name=nprinterview>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1111864 |title=Shooting to Shooting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307142551/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1111864 |archive-date=7 March 2020 |work=National Public Radio |date=1 October 2000 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
{{blockquote|
I saw the boy getting injured in his leg, and the father asking for help. Then I saw him getting injured in his arm, the father. The father was asking the ambulances to help him, because he could see the ambulances. I cannot see the ambulance ... I wasn't far away, maybe from them [Jamal and Muhammad] face to face about 15 meters, 17 meters. But the father didn't succeed to get the ambulance by waving to them. He looked at me and he said, "Help me." I said, "I cannot, I can't help you." The shooting till then was really heavy ... It was really raining bullets, for more than for 45 minutes.{{pb}} Then ... I hear something, "boom!" Really is coming with a lot of dust. I looked at the boy, I filmed the boy lying down in the father's lap, and the father really, getting really injured, and he was really dizzy. I said, "Oh my god, the boy's got killed, the boy's got killed," I was screaming, I was losing my mind. While I was filming, the boy got killed ... I was very afraid, I was very upset, I was crying, and I was remembering my children ... This was the most terrible thing that has happened to me as a journalist.
}}
Abu Rahma said in an affidavit that "the child was intentionally and in cold blood shot dead and his father injured by the Israeli army."{{refn|group=n|Talal Abu Rahma, 3 October 2000: "I can assert that shooting at the child Mohammed and his father Jamal came from the above-mentioned Israeli military outpost, as it was the only place from which shooting at the child and his father was possible. So, by logic and nature, my long experience in covering hot incidents and violent clashes, and my ability to distinguish sounds of shooting, I can confirm that the child was intentionally and in cold blood shot dead and his father injured by the Israeli army."<ref name=AbuRahma3Oct2000/>}} The affidavit was given to the [[Palestinian Centre for Human Rights]] in Gaza and signed by Abu Rahma in the presence of [[Raji Sourani]], a human rights lawyer.<ref name=AbuRahma3Oct2000/>
Abu Rahma said there was intense exchange of fire between Israelis and Palestinians, but the Durrahs had not been shot during that period.<ref name="Orme28Nov2000" /> Instead, after that exchange of fire, there was sustained fire from the Israeli outpost for around 30 minutes and it is during that time that both the father and son had been shot.<ref name="Orme28Nov2000" />
===Israel's response===
[[File:Isaac Herzog 2004.JPG|thumb|upright=0.80|[[Isaac Herzog]] was then [[Cabinet Secretary (Israel)|Israel's Cabinet Secretary.]]]]
The position of the IDF changed over time, from accepting responsibility in 2000 to retracting the admission in 2005.<ref name=Seaman2008>{{cite web |author-link=Daniel Seaman |first=Daniel |last=Seaman |url=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/We-did-not-abandon-Philippe-Karsenty |title=We did not abandon Philippe Karsenty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930041921/https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/We-did-not-abandon-Philippe-Karsenty |archive-date=30 September 2021 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=25 June 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> The IDF's first response, when Enderlin contacted them before his broadcast, was that the Palestinians "make cynical use of women and children," which he decided not to air.<ref name=Schwartz8Nov2007/>
On 3 October 2000, the IDF's chief of operations, Major-General [[Giora Eiland]], said an internal investigation indicated the shots had apparently been fired by Israeli soldiers.<ref name="BBC3Oct2000">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/954703.stm |title=Israel 'sorry' for killing boy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129201827/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/954703.stm|archive-date=29 January 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=3 October 2000 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> The soldiers, under fire, had been shooting from small slits in the wall of their outpost; General Yom-Tov Samia, then head of the IDF's Southern Command said they may not have had a clear field of vision, and had fired in the direction from which they believed the fire was coming.<ref name=Fallows2003/> Eiland issued an apology: "This was a grave incident, an event we are all sorry about."<ref name=BBC3Oct2000/>
The Israelis had been trying for hours to speak to Palestinian commanders, according to Israel's Cabinet Secretary, [[Isaac Herzog]]; he added that Palestinian security forces could have intervened to stop the fire.<ref name=BBC2Oct2000>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/952600.stm |title=Boy becomes Palestinian martyr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406160628/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/952600.stm |archive-date=6 April 2016 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2 October 2000 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
After the shooting, the Israeli army proceeded to destroy much of the physical evidence, including razing the wall behind Muhammad al-Durrah.<ref name="Orme28Nov2000" /> The IDF justified this by arguing it needed to remove hiding places for Palestinian gunmen.
==Controversy==
[[File:Arlette Chabot, April 2009 (cropped).jpeg|thumb|left|France 2 news editor, [[Arlette Chabot]], said that no one could say for certain who fired the shots.<ref name=Carvajal7Feb2005/>]]
Three mainstream narratives emerged after the shooting. The early view that Israeli gunfire had killed the boy developed into the position that, because of the trajectory of the shots, Palestinian gunfire was more likely to have been responsible. This view was expressed in 2005 by [[Denis Jeambar]], editor-in-chief of ''L'Express'', and {{ill|Daniel Leconte|fr}}, a former France 2 correspondent, who viewed the raw footage.<ref name=Jeambar25Jan2005/> A third perspective, held by [[Arlette Chabot]], France 2's news editor, is that no one can know who fired the shots.<ref name=Carvajal7Feb2005/>
A fourth, minority, position held that the scene was staged by Palestinian protesters to produce a child martyr or at least the appearance of one.<ref name=Carvajal7Feb2005/><ref name=Gelernter/><ref>{{cite web |author-link=David Frum |first=David |last=Frum |url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=877a8d56-eda5-4b86-96c6-9e1ab9a07880 |title=L'affaire al-Dura |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124172217/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=877a8d56-eda5-4b86-96c6-9e1ab9a07880 |archive-date=24 November 2007 |work=The National Post |date=17 November 2007}}</ref> This is known by those who follow the case as the "maximalist" view, as opposed to the "minimalist" view that the shots were probably not fired by the IDF.<ref name=Fallows2003/><ref name=Johnson2012pp126-127/> The maximalist view takes the form either that the al-Durrahs were not shot and Muhammad did not die, or that he was killed intentionally by Palestinians.<ref name=Fallows2003/><ref name=Orme28Nov2000>{{cite web |first=William A. |last=Orme |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/28/world/israeli-army-says-palestinians-may-have-shot-gaza-boy.html |title=Israeli Army Says Palestinians May Have Shot Gaza Boy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414092813/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/28/world/28MIDE.html |archive-date=14 April 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=28 November 2000 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=Fallows2007>{{cite web |author-link=James Fallows |first=James |last=Fallows |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2007/10/news-on-the-al-dura-front-israeli-finding-that-it-was-staged/7764/ |title=News on the al-Dura front: Israeli finding that it was staged |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414183623/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2007/10/news-on-the-al-dura-front-israeli-finding-that-it-was-staged/7764/ |archive-date=14 April 2016 |work=The Atlantic |date=2 October 2007 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-link=Amnon Lord |first=Amnon |last=Lord |url=http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp482.htm |title=Who killed "Muhammad al-Dura. Blood libel—model 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421144535/http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp482.htm |archive-date=21 April 2010 |work=[[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]] |date=15 July 2002}}</ref>
The view that the scene was a media hoax of some kind emerged from an [[#Shahaf report|Israeli government enquiry]] in November 2000.<ref name=Fallows2003/> It was most persistently pursued by Stéphane Juffa, editor-in-chief of the {{ill|Metula News Agency|fr}} (Mena), a French-Israeli company;<ref>{{cite web |first=Stéphane |last=Juffa |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB110142775550283921 |title=The Mythical Martyr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011071344/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB110142775550283921 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=26 November 2004 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> [[Luc Rosenzweig]], former editor-in-chief of ''[[Le Monde]]'' and a Mena contributor;<ref>{{cite journal |first=Luc |last=Rosenzweig |url=http://www.cairn.info/revue-cites-2010-4-page-159.htm |title=Charles Enderlin et l'affaire Al Dura |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505194358/http://www.cairn.info/revue-cites-2010-4-page-159.htm |archive-date=5 May 2016 |journal=Cités |volume=4 |issue=44 |date=2010 |pages=159–166 |doi=10.3917/cite.044.0159 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024 |language=fr}}{{pb}}
{{cite web|first=Luc |last=Rosenzweig |url=http://www.atlantico.fr/decryptage/apres-jerome-cahuzac-et-gilles-bernheim-charles-enderlin-luc-rosenzweig-731779.html |title=Après Jérôme Cahuzac et Gilles Bernheim, Charles Enderlin? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506151310/http://www.atlantico.fr/decryptage/apres-jerome-cahuzac-et-gilles-bernheim-charles-enderlin-luc-rosenzweig-731779.html |archive-date=6 May 2016 |work=Atlantico |date=20 May 2013 |language=fr}}</ref> [[Richard Landes]], an American historian who became involved after Enderlin showed him the raw footage during a visit to Jerusalem in 2003;<ref name=Johnson2012p199>{{harvnb|Johnson|2012}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ri0tiLVQU4kC&pg=PA199 199] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928090522/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ri0tiLVQU4kC&pg=PA199 |date=28 September 2020 }}, n. 81.</ref> and [[Philippe Karsenty]], founder of a French media-watchdog site, ''Media-Ratings''.<ref>{{cite interview |interviewer=Leibowitz, Ruthie Blum |url=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/One-on-One-Muhammed-al-Dura-has-become-a-brand-name |title=One on One: 'Muhammed al-Dura has become a brand-name' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509075246/http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/One-on-One-Muhammed-al-Dura-has-become-a-brand-name |archive-date=9 May 2016 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=29 November 2007 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024 |first=Philippe |last=Karsenty}}{{pb}}
{{cite web |first1=Richard |last1=Landes |first2=Phillipe |last2=Karsenty |url=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/Right-of-reply-Conspiracy-theories-and-Al-Dura |title=Right of reply: Conspiracy theories and al-Dura |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507115845/http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/Right-of-reply-Conspiracy-theories-and-Al-Dura |archive-date=7 May 2016 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=11 June 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> It was also supported by {{ill|Gérard Huber|fr}}, a French psychoanalyst, and [[Pierre-André Taguieff]], a French philosopher who specializes in [[antisemitism]], both of whom wrote books about the affair.<ref>{{harvnb|Huber|2003}}</ref><ref name=Taguieff2015>{{harvnb|Taguieff|2015}}</ref> The hoax view gained further support in 2013 from a second Israeli government report, the [[#Kuperwasser report|Kuperwasser report]].<ref name=Dawber20May2013>{{cite web |first=Alistair |last=Dawber |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-killing-of-12-year-old-mohammed-al-durrah-in-gaza-became-the-defining-image-of-the-second-8624311.html |title=The killing of 12-year-old Mohammed al-Durrah in Gaza became the defining image of the second intifada. Only Israel claims it was all a fake |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906053235/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-killing-of-12-year-old-mohammed-al-durrah-in-gaza-became-the-defining-image-of-the-second-8624311.html |archive-date=6 September 2017 |work=The Independent |date=20 May 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Michael |last1=Schwartz |first2=Elise |last2=Labott |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/21/world/meast/israel-palestinians-disputed-video/ |title=New controversy over video of Gaza boy's death 13 years ago |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514024922/http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/21/world/meast/israel-palestinians-disputed-video/ |archive-date=14 May 2016 |work=[[CNN]] |date=21 May 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> Several commentators regard it as a right-wing [[conspiracy theory]] and smear campaign.<ref name=Moutet2008/><ref>{{cite web |first=Ed |last=McLoughlin |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/truth-is-sometimes-caught-in-crossfire/2007/10/05/1191091362085.html?page=fullpage |title=Truth is sometimes caught in crossfire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623061348/https://www.smh.com.au/news/world/truth-is-sometimes-caught-in-crossfire/2007/10/05/1191091362085.html?page=fullpage |archive-date=23 June 2018 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=6 October 2007 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Larry |last=Derfner |url=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Rattling-the-Cage-Al-Dura-and-the-conspiracy-freaks |title=Rattling the Cage: Al-Dura and the conspiracy freaks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503012539/http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Rattling-the-Cage-Al-Dura-and-the-conspiracy-freaks |archive-date=3 May 2016 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=28 May 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}{{pb}}{{cite web |first=Larry |last=Derfner |url=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Rattling-the-Cage-Get-real-about-Muhammad-al-Dura |title=Rattling the Cage: Get real about Muhammad al-Dura |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112318/http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Rattling-the-Cage-Get-real-about-Muhammad-al-Dura |archive-date=4 March 2016 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=18 June 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=Derfner22May2013>{{cite web |first=Larry |last=Derfner |url=http://972mag.com/on-the-al-dura-affair-israel-officially-drank-the-kool-aid/71812/ |title=On the al-Dura affair: Israel officially drank the Kool Aid |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501115307/http://972mag.com/on-the-al-dura-affair-israel-officially-drank-the-kool-aid/71812/ |archive-date=1 May 2016 |work=+972 Magazine |date=22 May 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
===Key issues===
Several commentators questioned [[#timeline|what time]] the shooting occurred; what time Muhammad arrived at the hospital; why there seemed to be little blood on the ground where they were shot; and whether any bullets were collected.<ref name=Fallows2003/> Several alleged that, in other scenes in the raw footage, it is clear that protesters are play acting.<ref name=Fallows2003/> [[#father's injuries|One physician maintained]] that Jamal's scars were not from bullet wounds, but dated back to an injury he sustained in the early 1990s.<ref name=Shams2May2012/>
There was no criminal inquiry.<ref name=Segev2002>{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Segev |url=https://www.haaretz.com/who-killed-mohammed-al-dura-1.49741 |title=Who killed Mohammed al-Dura? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507131849/http://www.haaretz.com/who-killed-mohammed-al-dura-1.49741 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |work=Haaretz |date=22 March 2002 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> Palestinian police allowed journalists to photograph the scene the following day, but they gathered no forensic evidence. According to a Palestinian general, there was no Palestinian investigation because there was no doubt that the Israelis had killed the boy.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:29:52:00}}</ref> General [[Yom Tov Samia]] of the IDF said the presence of protesters meant the Israelis were unable to examine and take photographs of the scene.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:29:42:00}}</ref> The increase in violence at the junction cut off the Nezarim settlers, so the IDF evacuated them and, a week after the shooting, blew up everything within 500 metres of the IDF outpost, thereby destroying the crime scene.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:33:14:00}}</ref>
A pathologist examined the boy's body, but there was no full autopsy.<ref name=Segev2002/><ref name="Schapira 2002 24:17"/> It is unclear whether bullets were recovered from the scene or from Jamal and Muhammad.<ref name=Segev2002/> In 2002 Abu Rahma implied to Esther Schapira that he had collected bullets at the scene, adding: "We have some secrets for ourselves. We cannot give anything ... everything."<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:30:44:00}}</ref> According to Jamal al-Durrah, five bullets were recovered from his body by physicians in Gaza and four in Amman.<ref name="Schapira 2002 00:26:49:00"/> In 2013 he said, without elaborating: "The bullets the Israelis fired are in the possession of the Palestinian Authority."<ref name=Koury29May2013/>
===Footage===
====Length and content{{anchor|length of footage}}====
Questions arose about how much footage existed and whether it showed the boy had died. Abu Rahma said in an affidavit that the gunfight had lasted 45 minutes and that he had filmed about 27 minutes of it.<ref name=AbuRahma3Oct2000/><ref name=Schwartz3Feb2008/> Doreen Carvajal of the ''International Herald Tribune'' said in 2005 that France 2 had shown the newspaper "the original 27-minute tape of the incident."{{refn|group=n|"As questions were raised, some France 2 executives privately faulted the channel's communication. Last week, they showed ''The International Herald Tribune'' the original 27-minute tape of the incident, which also included separate scenes of rock-throwing youths."<ref name=Carvajal7Feb2005/>}} When the Court of Appeal of Paris asked, in 2007, to see all the footage, during France 2's libel case against Philippe Karsenty, France 2 presented the court with 18 minutes of film, saying the rest had been destroyed because it had not been about the shooting.<ref>{{cite news |language=fr |title=La justice visionne les rushes d'un reportage de France 2, accusé de trucage |work=Agence France-Presse |date=14 November 2007}}</ref> Enderlin then said only 18 minutes of footage had been shot.<ref name=Schoumann2007/>
According to Abu Rahma, six minutes of his footage focused on the al-Durrahs.<ref name="Schapira 2009, 00:10:39:24"/> France 2 broadcast 59 seconds of that scene and released another few seconds of it. No part of the footage shows the boy dead.<ref name=Schwartz8Nov2007/> Enderlin cut a final few seconds from the end, during which Muhammad appears to lift his hand away from his face.<ref name=Fallows2003/><ref name=finalmoments/> Enderlin said he had cut this scene in accordance with the France 2 ethical charter, because it showed the boy in his death throes ("''agonie''"), the final struggle before death, which he said was "unbearable" ("''J'ai coupé l'agonie de l'enfant. C'était insupportable ... Cela n'aurait rien apporté de plus'').<ref name=Jeambar25Jan2005/>{{refn|group=n|Charles Enderlin, ''The Atlantic'', September 2003: "James Fallows writes, 'The footage of the shooting ... illustrates the way in which television transforms reality' and, notably, 'France 2 or its cameraman may have footage that it or he has chosen not to release.' We do not transform reality. But since some parts of the scene are unbearable, France 2 cut a few seconds from the scene, in accordance with our ethical charter."<ref name=EnderlinSept2003>{{cite web |first=Charles |last=Enderlin |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/09/letters-to-the-editor/376863/ |title=Letters to the Editor: Who Shot Mohammed al-Dura? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403220604/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/09/letters-to-the-editor/376863/ |archive-date=3 April 2016 |work=The Atlantic |date=September 2003 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>}}<ref name=Johnson2012pp126-127>{{cite book |first=Hannah |last=Johnson |title=Blood Libel: The Ritual Murder Accusation at the Limit of Jewish History |publisher=University of Michigan Press |date=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ri0tiLVQU4kC&pg=PA126 |pages=126–127 |isbn=978-0-472-11835-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930151915/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ri0tiLVQU4kC&pg=PA126 |archive-date=30 September 2020 }}</ref>
====Footage cut off{{anchor|break in footage}}====
Another issue is why France 2, the Associated Press and Reuters did not film the scene directly after the shooting, including the shooting death of the ambulance driver who arrived to pick up Jamal and Muhammad. Abu Rahma's footage stops suddenly after the shooting of the father and son, then begins again—from the same position, with the white minibus behind which Abu Rahma was standing visible in the shot—with other people being loaded into an ambulance.<ref name="Schapira and Hafner 2009"/>
Abu Rahma said Muhammad lay bleeding for at least 17 minutes before an ambulance picked up Jamal and Muhammad together,<ref name="Schapira 2009 00:14:13:21"/> but he did not film any of it. When Esther Schapira asked why not, he replied: "Because when the ambulance came it closed on them, you know?"<ref name="Schapira 2009 00:13:32:14">{{harvnb|Schapira|Hafner|2009|loc=00:13:32:14}}</ref> When asked why he had not filmed the ambulance arriving and leaving, he replied that he had only one battery.<ref name="Schapira 2009 00:14:01:09">{{harvnb|Schapira|Hafner|2009|loc=00:14:01:09}}</ref> Enderlin reportedly told the Paris Court of Appeal that Abu Rahma changed batteries at that point.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|Hafner|2009|loc=00:13:45:09}}</ref> Enderlin wrote in 2008 that "footage filmed by a cameraman under fire is not the equivalent of a surveillance camera in a supermarket." Abu Rahma "filmed what circumstances permitted."<ref name=Enderlin6June2008>{{cite web |url=http://blog.mondediplo.net/2008-06-06-Fischer-Israel-pourrait-attaquer-l-Iran#Charles-Enderlin-repond |title=Fischer : Israël pourrait attaquer l'Iran: Charles Enderlin répond |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923081153/http://blog.mondediplo.net/2008-06-06-Fischer-Israel-pourrait-attaquer-l-Iran#Charles-Enderlin-repond |archive-date=23 September 2016 |work=Le Monde Diplomatique |date= 6 June 2008 |language=fr |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
====French reaction to the footage====
[[File:Denis Jeambar 2010 a.jpg|thumb|[[Denis Jeambar]]]]
In October 2004 France 2 allowed three French journalists to view the raw footage—[[Denis Jeambar]], editor-in-chief of ''L'Express''; Daniel Leconte, former France 2 correspondent and head of news documentaries at Arte, a state-run television network; and Luc Rosenzweig, former editor-in-chief of ''Le Monde''.<ref name=Moutet2008/> They also asked to speak to the cameraman, Abu Rahma, who was in Paris at the time, but France 2 apparently told them he did not speak French and that his English was not good enough.<ref name=Poller2005>{{cite web |first=Nidra |last=Poller |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618220310/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/printArticle.cfm/Myth--Fact--and-the-al-Dura-Affair-9935 |archive-date=2008-06-18 |url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/printArticle.cfm/Myth--Fact--and-the-al-Dura-Affair-9935 |title=Myth, Fact, and the al-Dura Affair |work=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] |date=September 2005}}</ref>
Jeambar and Leconte wrote a report about the viewing for ''Le Figaro'' in January 2005. None of the scenes showed that the boy had died, they wrote. They rejected the position that the scene had been staged, but when Enderlin's voiceover said Muhammad was dead, Enderlin "had no possibility of determining that he was in fact dead, and even less so, that he had been shot by IDF soldiers." They said the footage did not show the boy's death throes: "This famous 'agonie' that Enderlin insisted was cut from the montage does not exist."<ref name=Carvajal7Feb2005/><ref name=Jeambar25Jan2005>{{cite web |language=fr |author-link1=Denis Jeambar |first1=Denis |last1=Jeambar |first2=Daniel |last2=Leconte |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/debats/2006/10/19/01005-20061019ARTWWW90323-guet_apens_dans_la_guerre_des_images.php |title=Guet-apens dans la guerre des images |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508193017/http://www.lefigaro.fr/debats/2006/10/19/01005-20061019ARTWWW90323-guet_apens_dans_la_guerre_des_images.php |archive-date=8 May 2016 |work=Le Figaro |date=25 January 2005 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
Several minutes of the film showed Palestinians playing at war for the cameras, they wrote, falling down as if wounded, then getting up and walking away.<ref name=Jeambar25Jan2005/> Jeambar and Leconte concluded that the shots had come from the Palestinian positions, given the trajectory of the bullets.<ref name=Jeambar25Jan2005/>
The idea of writing about the raw footage had been Luc Rosenzweig's; he had initially offered a story about it to ''L'Express'', which is how Jeambar (editor of ''L'Express'') had become involved.<ref name=Poller2005/> But Jeambar and Leconte ended up distancing themselves from Rosenzweig. He was involved with the Israeli-French Metula News Agency (known as Mena), which was pushing the view that the scene was a fake.<ref name=Carvajal7Feb2005/><ref name=Jeambar25Jan2005/> Rosenzweig later called it "an almost perfect media crime."<ref name=Gelernter>{{cite web |author-link=David Gelernter |first=David |last=Gelernter |title=When pictures lie |work=Los Angeles Times |date=9 September 2005 |url=http://www.jewishworldreview.com/david/gelernter091205.php3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165342/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/david/gelernter091205.php3 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |via=Jewish World Review}}</ref> When Jeambar and Leconte wrote up their report about the raw footage, they initially offered it to ''Le Monde'', not ''Le Figaro'', but ''Le Monde'' refused to publish it because Mena had been involved at an earlier stage. Jeambar and Leconte made clear in ''Le Figaro'' that they gave no credence to the staging hypothesis:
{{blockquote|
To those who, like Mena, tried to use us to support the theory that the child's death was staged by the Palestinians, we say they are misleading us and their readers. Not only do we not share that point of view, but we attest that, given our present knowledge of the case, nothing supports that conclusion. In fact, the reverse is true."{{refn|group=n|[[Denis Jeambar]] and Daniel Leconte, ''Le Figaro'', January 2005: "''A ceux qui, comme la Mena, ont voulu nous instrumentaliser pour étayer la thèse de la mise en scène de la mort de l'enfant par des Palestiniens, nous disons qu'ils nous trompent et qu'ils trompent leurs lecteurs. Non seulement nous ne partageons pas ce point de vue, mais nous affirmons qu'en l'état actuel de notre connaissance du dossier, rien ne permet de l'affirmer, bien au contraire.''"<ref name=Jeambar25Jan2005/>}}
}}
====Enderlin's response====
Enderlin responded to Leconte and Jeambar in January 2005 in ''Le Figaro''. He thanked them for rejecting that the scene had been staged. He had reported that the shots were fired by the Israelis because, he wrote, he trusted the cameraman, who had worked for France 2 since 1988. In the days following the shooting, other witnesses, including other journalists, offered some confirmation, he said. He added that the Israeli army had not responded to France 2's offers to cooperate with their investigation.<ref name=EnderlinJan2005/>
Another reason he had attributed the shooting to Israel, he wrote, was that "the image corresponded to the reality of the situation not only in Gaza but also in the West Bank." Citing Ben Kaspi in the Israeli newspaper ''Maariv'', he wrote that, during the first months of the Second Intifada, the IDF had fired one million rounds of ammunition—700,000 in the West Bank and 300,000 in Gaza; from 29 September to late October 2000, 118 Palestinians had been killed, including 33 under the age of 18, compared to 11 adult Israelis killed during the same period.<ref name=EnderlinJan2005/>
===Confusion about timeline{{anchor|timeline}}===
Confusion arose about the timeline. Abu Rahma said the shooting began at noon and continued for 45 minutes.<ref name=AbuRahma3Oct2000/> Jamal's account matched his: he and Muhammad arrived at the junction around noon,<ref name="Schapira 2002 00:19:00:00"/> and were under fire for 45 minutes.<ref name=ScharyMotro2000/>
Enderlin's France 2 report placed the shooting later in the day. His voiceover said that Jamal and Muhammad were shot around 3:00 pm local time (GMT+3).<ref name=Enderlin30Sept2000/>{{refn|group=n|[[Israel Summer Time]], which ended that year on 6 October, is three hours ahead of GMT.<ref>{{cite web |language=he |url=http://www.nevo.co.il/Law_word/law14/LAW-1748.pdf |trans-title= Book of Laws: Time Determination Law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716135932/http://www.nevo.co.il/Law_word/law14/LAW-1748.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2011 |publisher=Israeli Government Printing Office |id=1748 |date=28 July 2000 |page=249 |script-title=he: ספר החוקים }}</ref>}} James Fallows agreed that Jamal and Muhammad first made an appearance in the footage around 3:00 pm, judging by comments from Jamal and some journalists on the scene.<ref name=Fallows2003/> Abu Rahma said he remained at the junction for 30–40 minutes after the shooting.<ref name=AbuRahma3Oct2000/> According to Schapira, he left for his studio in Gaza at around 4 pm, where he sent the footage to Enderlin in Jerusalem at around 6 pm. The news first arrived in London from the Associated Press at 6:00 pm BST (GMT+1), followed minutes later by a similar report from Reuters.<ref>{{cite web |author-link=Brian Whitaker |first=Brian |last=Whitaker |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/oct/05/israel6 |title=War of words in the Middle East |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517181107/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/oct/05/israel6 |archive-date=17 May 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 October 2000 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}} (At that point, the AP and Reuters were calling Muhammad "Rami Aldura" by mistake.)</ref>
Contradicting the noon and 3 pm timelines, Mohammed Tawil, the doctor who admitted Muhammad to the Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza City, told Esther Schapira that the boy had been admitted around 10:00 am local time, along with the ambulance driver, who had been shot through the heart.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|Hafner|2009|loc=00:38:22:11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=de |first=Thomas |last=Thiel |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/fernsehen/im-gespraech-esther-schapira-was-geschah-mit-mohammed-al-dura-1922381.html?printPagedArticle=true#pageIndex_2 |title=Was geschah mit Mohammed al-Dura? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116162653/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/fernsehen/im-gespraech-esther-schapira-was-geschah-mit-mohammed-al-dura-1922381.html?printPagedArticle=true#pageIndex_2 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |work=Frankfurter Allgemeine |date=4 March 2009 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> Tawil later said that he could not recall what he had told reporters about this.<ref>{{harvnb|Enderlin|2010}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2024}} Records from the Al-Shifa Hospital reportedly show that a young boy was examined in the pathology department at midday. The pathologist, Dr. Abed El-Razeq El Masry, examined him for half an hour. He told Schapira that the boy's abdominal organs were lying outside his body, and he showed Schapira [[:File:Muhammad al-Durrah pathologist's image.JPG|images of the body]], with a card identifying the boy as Muhammad.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|Hafner|2009|loc=00:39:28:01}}</ref> A watch on a pathologist's wrist in one of the images appeared to say 3:50.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|Hafner|2009|loc=00:40:39:22}}</ref>
===Interview with soldiers===
In 2002 Schapira interviewed three anonymous Israeli soldiers, "Ariel, Alexej and Idan," who said they had been on duty at the IDF post that day.<ref>For the names: {{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:03:59:00; 00:14:59:00}}</ref> They knew something was about to happen, one said, because of the camera crews that had gathered.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:05:00:00}}</ref> One soldier said the live fire started from the high-rise Palestinian blocks known as "the twins"; the shooter was firing at the IDF post, he said.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:15:50:00}}</ref> The soldier added that he had not seen the al-Durrahs.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:16:15:00}}</ref> The Israelis returned fire on a Palestinian station 30 metres to the left of the al-Durrahs. Their weapons were equipped with optics that allowed them to fire accurately, according to the soldier, and none of them had switched to automatic fire.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:16:48:00}}</ref> In the view of the soldier, the shooting of Jamal and Muhammad was no accident. The shots did not come from the Israeli position, he said.<ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:17:24:00}}</ref>
===Father's injuries{{anchor|father's injuries}}===
In 2007 Yehuda David, a hand surgeon at [[Sheba Medical Center|Tel Hashomer Hospital]], told Israel's Channel 10 that he had treated Jamal Al-Durrah in 1994 for knife and axe wounds to his arms and legs, injuries sustained during a gang attack. David maintained that the scars Jamal had presented as bullet wounds were in fact scars from a tendon-repair operation David had performed in the early 90s.{{refn|group=n|Larry Defner, ''+972 Magazine'', 22 May 2013: "Another familiar 'proof' of the hoax cited by the Kuperwasser Committee is that 'the injuries and scars presented by Jamal [al-Dura, Muhammad’s father] as having been inflicted during the incident were actually the result of his having been assaulted in 1992 by Palestinians wielding knives and axes …' This revelation was supplied by Dr. Yehuda David, a hand surgeon at Israel’s Tel Hashomer hospital who treated Jamal for those earlier injuries in 1994. His statement to the committee says the Jordanian hospital medical reports on Jamal 'support my assertion that the paralysis of Mr. Al-Durrah’s right hand was not a result of an injury allegedly suffered at the Netzarim junction several days before, as he claimed, but had been caused by the earlier injuries which I had treated in 1994.'"<ref name=Derfner22May2013/>}} When David repeated his allegations in an interview with a "Daniel Vavinsky," published in 2008 in ''Actualité Juive'' in Paris, Jamal filed a complaint with the [[Tribunal de grande instance de Paris]] for defamation and breach of doctor-patient confidentiality.<ref name=Tribunal29April2011>{{cite web |language=fr |url=http://asset.rue89.com/files/Weil.20110429_151418-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516102455/http://asset.rue89.com/files/Weil.20110429_151418-1.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 |title=Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris: Procédure d'Audience |date=29 April 2011}}</ref>
The court established that "Daniel Vavinsky" was a pseudonym for {{ill|Clément Weill-Raynal|fr}}, a deputy editor at [[France 3]].<ref name=Lherm21Feb2011>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Sophie |last=Lherm |url=http://television.telerama.fr/television/quand-un-redac-chef-de-france-3-se-prend-pour-le-justicier-masque,65899.php |title=Affaire Al-Dura: quand un rédac'chef de France 3 se prend pour le justicier masqué |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505161457/http://television.telerama.fr/television/quand-un-redac-chef-de-france-3-se-prend-pour-le-justicier-masque,65899.php |archive-date=5 May 2016 |work=Télérama |date=21 February 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> In 2011 it ruled that David and ''Actualité Juive'' had defamed Jamal. David, Weill-Raynal and Serge Benattar, the managing editor of ''Actualité Juive'', were fined €5,000 each, and ''Actualité Juive'' was ordered to print a retraction.<ref name=Tribunal29April2011/><ref name=JPostApril292911/> The Israeli government said it would fund David's appeal.<ref name=JPostApril292911>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=218467 |title=French court convicts Israeli of slandering al-Durra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501122606/http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=218467 |archive-date=1 May 2011 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=29 April 2011}}</ref> The appeal was upheld in 2012; David was acquitted of defamation and breach of confidentiality.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4190320,00.html |title=French court acquits Israeli doctor of libel over al-Dura case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218210104/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4190320,00.html |archive-date=18 February 2012 |work=YNet News |date=15 February 2012 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], Israeli's prime minister, telephoned David to congratulate him.<ref name=Walden19Feb2012/> Jamal Al-Durrah said he would appeal the court's decision.<ref name=Shams2May2012/>
In 2012 Rafi Walden, deputy director of the Tel Hashomer hospital and board member of [[Physicians for Human Rights]], wrote in ''Haaretz'' that he had received Jamal's 50-page medical file from Amman's [[King Hussein Hospital]] and examined it.<ref name=Walden19Feb2012/> The file shows the injuries from the 2000 shooting were "completely different wounds" from the 1994 injuries.<ref name=Walden19Feb2012/> The medical files showed "a gunshot wound in the right wrist, a shattered forearm bone, multiple fragment wounds in a palm, gunshot wounds in the right thigh, a fractured pelvis, an exit wound in the buttocks, a tear in the main nerve of the right thigh, tears in the main groin arteries and veins, and two gunshot wounds in the left lower leg." The medical reports corroborated this diagnosis with photographs, [[x-ray]]s, surgery reports, and expert consultation reports.<ref name=Walden19Feb2012>{{cite web |first=Rafi |last=Walden |url=https://www.haaretz.com/rubbing-salt-into-the-wound-1.413383 |title=Rubbing Salt Into the Wound |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507151611/http://www.haaretz.com/rubbing-salt-into-the-wound-1.413383 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |work=Haaretz |date=19 February 2012 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
==Israel's inquiries{{anchor|IDF investigation}}==
===2000: Shahaf report{{anchor|Shahaf report}}===
[[File:Yom Tov Samia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Major General [[Yom Tov Samia]]]]
Major General [[Yom Tov Samia]], the IDF's southern commander, set up an inquiry soon after the shooting.<ref name=Cygielman7Nov2000>{{cite web |first=Anat |last=Cygielman |title=IDF keeps shooting itself in the foot |work=Haaretz |date=7 November 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021219063255/http://www.proche-orient.info/images/mbd/Anata_deux_Al_doura.htm |archive-date=2002-12-19 |url=http://www.proche-orient.info/images/mbd/Anata_deux_Al_doura.htm}}</ref> According to James Fallows, Israeli commentators questioned its legitimacy as soon as it started; ''Haaretz'' called it "almost a pirate endeavour."<ref name=Fallows2003/> The team was led by [[Nahum Shahaf]], a physicist, and Joseph Doriel, an engineer, both of whom had been involved in the [[Yitzhak Rabin assassination conspiracy theories]].<ref name=Cygielman7Nov2000/><ref name=oloughlin/> Other investigators included Meir Danino, chief scientist at Elisra Systems; Bernie Schechter, a ballistics expert, formerly with the Israeli police's criminal identification laboratory; and Chief Superintendent Elliot Springer, also from the criminal identification lab. A full list of names was never released.<ref name=Schwartz8Nov2007>{{cite web |first=Adi |last=Schwartz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/in-the-footsteps-of-the-al-dura-controversy-1.232296 |title=In the footsteps of the al-Dura controversy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916020838/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/in-the-footsteps-of-the-al-dura-controversy-1.232296 |archive-date=16 September 2010 |work=Haaretz |date=8 November 2007 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
Shahaf and Doriel built models of the wall, concrete drum and IDF post, and tried to reenact the shooting. A mark on the drum from the Israeli Bureau of Standards allowed them to determine its size and composition. They concluded that the shots may have come from a position behind Abu Rahma, where Palestinian police were alleged to have been standing.<ref name=Fallows2003/>
On 23 October 2000, Shahaf and Doriel invited CBS ''[[60 Minutes]]'' to film the reenactment. Doriel told the correspondent, [[Bob Simon]], that he believed the boy's death was real, but that it had been staged to damage Israel. Doriel said the actors in this staged incident included the Palestinian gunmen, the cameraman Abu Rahma and even the boy's own father "who apparently didn't understand that the act would end in the murder of his son".<ref>{{cite web |first=Bob |last=Simon |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/probing-root-causes-of-mideast-violence/ |title=Probing Root Causes Of Mideast Violence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703091052/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/probing-root-causes-of-mideast-violence/ |archive-date=3 July 2015 |work=CBS 60 Minutes |date=9 November 2000 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=Cordesman2005p372>{{cite book |first1=Anthony H. |last1=Cordesman |first2=Jennifer |last2=Moravitz |title=The Israeli-Palestinian War: Escalating to Nowhere |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |date=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dRUGqwLSE4C&pg=PA372 |page=372|isbn=978-0-275-98758-9 }}</ref> When General Samia heard about the interview, he removed Doriel from the investigation.<ref name=Cygielman7Nov2000/>
The investigators' report was shown to the head of Israeli military intelligence and the key points were published in November 2000. The investigation concluded that while it is possible that Muhammad had been killed by the IDF, it was also "quite plausible" that he had been hit by Palestinian bullets aimed at the IDF post.<ref name=Orme28Nov2000/><ref>{{harvnb|Schapira|2002|loc=00:37:07:00}}</ref> The report did not include Doriel's allegation that the Palestinians had staged the entire incident.<ref name="Orme28Nov2000" /> The inquiry provoked widespread criticism.<ref name="Goldenberg28Nov2000">{{cite web |first=Suzanne |last=Goldenberg |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/nov/28/israel |title=Israel washes its hands of boy's death |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819022824/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/nov/28/israel |archive-date=19 August 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 November 2000 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> A ''Haaretz'' editorial said, "it is hard to describe in mild terms the stupidity of this bizarre investigation."<ref>{{cite web |title=Stupidity marches on |work=Haaretz |date=10 November 2000 |url=http://www.seconddraft.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=283:stupidity-marches-on&catid=43:the-a-dura-case |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001131445/http://www.seconddraft.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=283:stupidity-marches-on&catid=43:the-a-dura-case |archive-date=1 October 2020}}</ref>
==== Palestinian criticism ====
The reports conclusions were criticized by the Palestinians. Palestinians pointed out that the Israeli army had destroyed most of the physical evidence, including the wall behind the Durrahs that contained the bullet holes, saying it needed to remove hiding places for Palestinian gunmen.<ref name="Orme28Nov2000" /> Cameraman Talal Abu Rahma said that there had been a period of intense gunfire exchange between the IDF and Palestinian militants, followed by a period in which only the IDF was firing, and that Muhammad was killed during this latter period.<ref name="Orme28Nov2000" /> Palestinians also criticized the report for concluding that Muhammad had been shot in the back; doctors in [[Al-Shifa Hospital]] had concluded that Muhammad had been shot in the abdomen and the back wound was an exit injury.<ref name="Orme28Nov2000" />
An investigation by the [[Palestinian Authority]] ruled out the possibility that Muhammad was killed by Palestinian fire. Major General Abdel-Razek al-Majaydeh said Muhammad was not shot from behind and the Palestinian investigation concluded the bullets came from the Israeli post.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Israelis doubt they shot boy |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/israelis-doubt-they-shot-boy/BMTVPJOTFY7SHD34AUKCWPJ7FA/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ |date=28 November 2000}}</ref>
===2005: Retraction of earlier position===
In 2005 Major-General Giora Eiland publicly retracted the IDF's admission of responsibility, and a statement to that effect was approved by the prime minister's office in September 2007.<ref name=Seaman2008/> The following year an IDF spokesman, Col. Shlomi Am-Shalom, said that the Shahaf report had shown the IDF could not have shot Muhammad. He asked France 2 to send the IDF the unedited 27 minutes of raw footage, as well as footage Abu Rahma shot the following day.<ref>{{cite web |first=Haviv Rettig |last=Gur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526213849/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1211288137213&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archive-date=26 May 2008 |url=https://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1211288137213&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=French court overturns al-Dura libel judgment |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=21 May 2008 |access-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===2013: Kuperwasser report{{anchor|Kuperwasser report}}===
{{rquote|1=right|2=Israel says my son isn't dead...He's not dead? Then bring him to me.|3=Muhammad al-Durrah's father<ref name="notdead"/>}}
In September 2012 the Israeli government set up another inquiry at the request of Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], led by [[Yossi Kuperwasser]], director-general of the Strategic Affairs Ministry.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ben |last=Caspit |url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Muhammad-Al-Dura-The-boy-who-was-not-really-killed-312930 |title=Muhammad Al-Dura: The boy who wasn't really killed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531061437/https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Muhammad-Al-Dura-The-boy-who-was-not-really-killed-312930 |archive-date=31 May 2018 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=12 May 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> In May 2013 it published a 44-page report concluding that the al-Durrahs had not been hit by IDF fire and may not have been shot at all.<ref name=Kershner19May2013>{{cite web |first=Isabel |last=Kershner |url=http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/israeli-report-casting-new-doubts-on-shooting-in-gaza/ |title=Israeli Report Casting New Doubts on Shooting in Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415141139/http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/israeli-report-casting-new-doubts-on-shooting-in-gaza/ |archive-date=15 April 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=19 May 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=Kuperwasser2013>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/142658793/Kuperwasser-Report |title=The France 2 Al-Durrah Report, its Consequences and Implications: Report of the Government Review Committee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428081307/https://www.scribd.com/doc/142658793/Kuperwasser-Report |archive-date=28 April 2016 |publisher=State of Israel Ministry of International Affairs and Strategy |date=19 May 2013 |via=Scribd |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=Kuperwasserpressrelease2013>{{cite web |url=http://www.pmo.gov.il/English/MediaCenter/Spokesman/Pages/spokeadora190513.aspx |title=Publication of the Report of the Government Review Committee Regarding the France 2 Al-Durrah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609100443/http://www.pmo.gov.il/English/MediaCenter/Spokesman/Pages/spokeadora190513.aspx |archive-date=9 June 2013 |publisher= State of Israel Prime Minister's Office |date=19 May 2013}}</ref> Muhammad al-Durrah's father strongly challenged Israel's claim that his son was somehow still alive and offered to have his son's grave exhumed for DNA analysis.<ref name="notdead">{{cite news |last1=Sherwood |first1=Harriet |title=Father of Muhammad al-Dura rebukes Israeli report on son's death |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/23/israeli-report-denies-death-al-dura |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011120414/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/23/israeli-report-denies-death-al-dura |archive-date=11 October 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
While Netanyahu called the report's conclusions "the truth",<ref name="Derfner22May2013" /> the report was criticized by [[Reporters Without Borders]] and Israeli journalist [[Barak Ravid]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2013-05-22 |title=Reporters Without Borders on the Israeli al-Dura investigation: 'the nature and substance of this report are questionable and give the impression of a smear operation' |url=https://mondoweiss.net/2013/05/investigation-questionable-impression/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Mondoweiss |language=en-US}}</ref>
==== Report's conclusions ====
The Kuperwasser report said that France 2's central claims were not substantiated by the material the station had in its possession at the time; that the boy was alive at the end of the video; that there was no evidence that Jamal or Muhammad were injured in the manner reported by France 2 or that Jamal was seriously injured; and that they may not have been shot at all.<ref name="Kuperwasser2013" />{{rp|3–4}}<ref name="Kuperwasserpressrelease2013" /> The report claimed that the body at Muhammad's funeral was different from the boy behind the barrel in France 2's footage.<ref name="notdead" />
The Kuperwasser did not contact Muhammad al-Durrah's father during the course of the investigation.<ref name="notdead" /> Nor did it contact cameraman Abu Rahma or Enderlin '''–''' both witnesses to the shooting.<ref name="notdead" /> It included a medical opinion from Yehuda David, the doctor who treated Jamal in 1994.<ref name="Kuperwasser2013" />{{rp|31}} The report said it is "highly doubtful that bullet holes in the vicinity of the two could have had their source in fire from the Israeli position," and that the France 2 report was "edited and narrated in such a way as to create the misleading impression that it substantiated the claims made therein." The France 2 narrative relied entirely on Abu Rahma's testimony, the report said.<ref name="Kuperwasser2013" />{{rp|3–4}}<ref name="Kuperwasserpressrelease2013" /> [[Yuval Steinitz]], Minister of International Affairs, Strategy and Intelligence, called the affair a "modern-day [[blood libel]] against the State of Israel."<ref name="Kuperwasserpressrelease2013" />
==== Criticism of the report ====
France 2, Charles Enderlin and Jamal al-Durrah rejected the report's conclusions and said they would cooperate with an independent international investigation.<ref name=Mackey20May2013/> France 2 and Enderlin asked the Israeli government to supply the commission's letter of appointment, membership and evidence, including photographs and the names of witnesses.<ref>{{cite web |first=Barak |last=Ravid |url=https://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/after-state-panel-s-mohammed-al-dura-report-france-2-hits-back-at-israeli-government.premium-1.526629 |title=After State Panel's Mohammed al-Dura Report, France 2 Hits Back at Israeli Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508043256/http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/diplomania/after-state-panel-s-mohammed-al-dura-report-france-2-hits-back-at-israeli-government.premium-1.526629 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |work=Haaretz |date=29 May 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> Enderlin said the commission had failed to speak to him, France 2, al-Durrah or other eyewitnesses,<ref name=Mackey20May2013>{{cite web |first=Robert |last=Mackey |url=https://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/20/complete-text-of-israels-report-on-the-muhammad-al-dura-video/ |title=Complete Text of Israel's Report on the Muhammad al-Dura Video |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114153453/https://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/20/complete-text-of-israels-report-on-the-muhammad-al-dura-video/ |archive-date=14 November 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=20 May 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> and had consulted no independent experts.<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Elena |last=Brunet |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/medias/20130521.OBS0002/charles-enderlin-pas-un-seul-expert-independant.html |title=Charles Enderlin: 'Pas un seul expert indépendant' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602002116/http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/medias/20130521.OBS0002/charles-enderlin-pas-un-seul-expert-independant.html |archive-date=2 June 2016 |work=L'Obs |date=21 May 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> According to Enderlin, France 2 stood ready to help al-Durrah have his son's body exhumed; he and al-Durrah said they were willing to take [[polygraph test]]s.<ref name=Sherwood20May2013>{{cite web |first=Harriet |last=Sherwood |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/20/israeli-inquiry-film-aldura-death-gaza |title=Israeli inquiry says film of Muhammad al-Dura's death in Gaza was staged |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708065953/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/may/20/israeli-inquiry-film-aldura-death-gaza |archive-date=8 July 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=20 May 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="notdead"/>
American-Israeli journalist Larry Derfner questioned the report's conclusions of a coverup:<ref name=Derfner22May2013/><blockquote>[If] it was all a hoax, how many people would have to be covering it up all this time? Start with the al-Dura family, then the people near the scene of the shooting, at least some of the people at the funeral, plus doctors and nurses at the [[Al-Shifa Hospital|Gaza hospital]] and the [[King Hussein Medical Center|Amman hospital]], plus the [[Israel–Jordan relations|Jordanian ambassador to Israel]] who brought Jamal al-Dura to [[Amman]] for treatment...Each and every one of them would have had to keep this incredible secret for 13 years. Yet with all the legions of Palestinian collaborators Israel has managed to conscript over the years despite the danger to their lives, not one Palestinian has ever been found to corroborate the al-Dura conspiracy theory.</blockquote>Israeli journalist [[Barak Ravid]] called it "probably one of the least convincing documents produced by the Israeli government in recent years".<ref name=":0" />
==Philippe Karsenty litigation==
===2006: ''Enderlin-France 2 v. Karsenty''===
[[File:Philippe Karsenty.JPG|thumb|[[Philippe Karsenty]] was convicted of defamation.]]
In response to claims that it had broadcast a staged scene, Enderlin and France 2 filed three defamation suits in 2004 and 2005, seeking symbolic damages of [[Euro|€]]1.<ref name=Carvajal2006>{{cite web |first=Doreen |last=Carvajal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/technology/17iht-blogs18.2838546.html |title=Can Internet criticism of Mideast news footage be slander? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213162634/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/technology/17iht-blogs18.2838546.html |archive-date=13 December 2018 |work=International Herald Tribune |publisher=The New York Times |date=18 September 2006 |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> The most notable lawsuit was against [[Philippe Karsenty]], who ran a media watchdog, Media-Ratings.{{refn|group=n|A second case, against Pierre Lurçat of the Jewish Defense League, was dismissed on a technicality. A third, against Dr. Charles Gouz, whose blog republished an article in which France 2 was criticized, resulted in a "mitigated judgement" against Gouz for his posting of the word "désinformation".}} France 2 and Enderlin issued a writ two days later.<ref name=Karsenty2008/>{{rp|00:03:05}}
The case began in September 2006. Enderlin submitted as evidence a February 2004 letter from [[Jacques Chirac]], then president of France, which spoke of Enderlin's integrity.<ref name="Chiracletter" /> The court upheld the complaint on 19 October 2006, fining Karsenty €1,000 and ordering him to pay €3,000 in costs.<ref name=Moutet2008/> He lodged an appeal that day.<ref name=Karsenty2008>{{cite web |author-link=Roger L. Simon |first=Roger L. |last=Simon |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J63FZz6k2Wo |title=Philippe Karsenty on Al Durah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226045002/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J63FZz6k2Wo |archive-date=26 February 2020 |publisher=[[Pajamas Media]] |date=2 March 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref>{{rp|00:03:45}}
===2007: ''Karsenty v. Enderlin-France 2''===
The first appeal opened in September 2007 in the [[Court of Appeal of Paris]], before a three-judge panel led by Judge Laurence Trébucq.<ref name=Poller2008/> The court asked France 2 to turn over the 27 minutes of raw footage Abu Rahma said he had shot, to be shown during a public hearing. France 2 produced 18 minutes; Enderlin said that only 18 minutes had been shot.<ref name=Schoumann2007>{{cite web |first=Helen |last=Schoumann |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622192742/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?c=JPArticle&cid=1195036613140&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archive-date=22 June 2008 |url=https://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?c=JPArticle&cid=1195036613140&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=French court sees raw footage of al-Dura |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=November 14, 2007 |access-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:3919ParigiPalaisDeJustice.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.35|The appeal was heard in the [[Palais de Justice, Paris|Palais de Justice]].]]
During the screening, the court heard that Muhammad had raised his hand to his forehead and moved his leg after Abu Rahma had said he was dead, and that there was no blood on his shirt.<ref name=Schoumann2007 /> Enderlin argued that Abu Rahma had not said the boy was dead, but that he was dying.<ref name="Haaretz16May2007"/> A report prepared for the court by Jean-Claude Schlinger, a ballistics expert commissioned by Karsenty, said that had the shots come from the Israeli position, Muhammad would have been hit in the lower limbs only.<ref name=Schlinger2008>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Jean-Claude |last=Schlinger |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112083110/http://www.m-r.fr/balistique.pdf |archive-date=2008-11-12 |url=http://www.m-r.fr/balistique.pdf |title=Affaire al Doura: Examen Technique & Balistique a la Demande de Monsieur Philippe Karsenty |trans-title=Al Durrah Affair: Technical & Ballistics Report at the Request of Mr. Philippe Karsenty |date=19 February 2008}}</ref>{{rp|60}}<ref name=Schwartz3Feb2008>{{cite web |first=Adi |last=Schwartz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/independent-expert-idf-bullets-didn-t-kill-mohammed-al-dura-1.240438 |title=Independent expert: IDF bullets didn't kill Mohammed al-Dura |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112093002/https://web.archive.org/web/20080507120225/http://www.pchrgaza.ps/special/tv2.htm |archive-date=12 January 2014 |work=Haaretz |date=3 February 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref>
France 2's lawyer, [[Francis Szpiner]], counsel to former President of France [[Jacques Chirac]], called Karsenty "the Jew who pays a second Jew to pay a third Jew to fight to the last drop of Israeli blood," comparing him to 9/11 conspiracy theorist [[Thierry Meyssan]] and Holocaust denier [[Robert Faurisson]]. Karsenty had it in for Enderlin, Szpiner argued, because of Enderlin's even-handed coverage of the Middle East.<ref name=Poller2008>{{cite web |first=Nidra |last=Poller |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121183795208620963 |title=A Hoax? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002163606/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121183795208620963.html?mod=opinion_main_commentaries |archive-date=2 October 2013 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=27 May 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref>
The judges overturned the ruling against Karsenty in May 2008 in a 13-page decision.<ref>For a translation: [[s:Translation:Karsenty v. Enderlin-France2|Karsenty v. Enderlin-France2]], Wikisource, 21 May 2008.</ref> They ruled that he had exercised in good faith his right to criticize and had shown the court a "coherent body of evidence."<ref name=Moutet2008/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7415858.stm |title=French TV loses Gaza footage case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171653/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7415858.stm |archive-date=13 May 2016 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=22 May 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> The court noted inconsistencies in Enderlin's statements and said that Abu Rahma's statements were not "perfectly credible either in form or content."<ref name=Moutet2008/><ref name=Poller2008/> There were calls for a public inquiry from historian [[Élie Barnavi]], a former Israeli ambassador to France, and Richard Prasquier, president of the ''[[Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |lang=fr |author-link=Élie Barnavi |first=Élie |last=Barnavi |title=L'honneur du journalisme |magazine= Marianne |issue=581 |date=7 June 2008 |url=https://www.marianne.net/agora/lhonneur-du-journalisme |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref><ref name=Prasquier2008>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022210110/http://www.crif.org/?page=articles_display/detail&aid=11608&returnto=articles_display/list&artyd=2 |archive-date=2008-10-22 |url=http://www.crif.org/?page=articles_display%2Fdetail&aid=11608&returnto=articles_display%2Flist&artyd=2 |title=Prasquier: 'establishing the truth about the Al-Dura case' |work=Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France |date=19 July 2008}}</ref><ref name=Lauter8July2008>{{cite web |first=Devorah |last=Lauter |url=https://www.jta.org/2008/07/08/news-opinion/world/french-jews-demand-al-dura-probe |title=French Jews demand al-Dura probe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404084209/http://www.jta.org/2008/07/08/news-opinion/world/french-jews-demand-al-dura-probe |archive-date=4 April 2016 |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=8 July 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> The left-leaning ''[[Le Nouvel Observateur]]'' began a petition in support of Enderlin that was signed by 300 French writers, accusing Karsenty of a seven-year smear campaign.<ref name=Moutet2008/>
===2013: Defamation ruling===
France 2 appealed to the [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]] (supreme court). In February 2012 it quashed the decision of the appeal court to overturn the conviction,<ref name=Haaretz26June2013/> ruling that the court should not have asked France 2 to provide the raw footage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/02/29/197701.html |title=France high court ordered judges to examine Palestinian boy killing case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509045505/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/02/29/197701.html |archive-date=9 May 2016 |work=Al Arabiya News |publisher=Agence France-Presse |date=29 February 2012 |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |url=http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Arr%C3%AAt_de_la_Cour_de_Cassation_A-Dura_France-2_Karsenty |title=Arrêté de la Cour de Cassation A-Dura Frane-2 Karsenty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111002156/http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Arr%C3%AAt_de_la_Cour_de_Cassation_A-Dura_France-2_Karsenty |archive-date=11 November 2012 |work=Wikisource}}</ref> The case was sent back to the appeal court, which convicted Karsenty of defamation in 2013 and fined him €7,000.<ref name=AP26June2013/><ref name=Haaretz26June2013>{{cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium-1.532184 |title=French Media Analyst Convicted of Defamation, Fined in Mohammed al-Dura Case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507144120/http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium-1.532184 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |publisher=Associated Press, Haaretz |date=26 June 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref>
==Impact of the footage==
[[File:Avenue Al Qoods, Bamako, Mali, 2006.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Place de l'enfant martyr de Palestine, [[Bamako]], [[Mali]]]]
The footage of Muhammad was compared to other iconic images of children under attack: the [[Warsaw Ghetto boy|boy in the Warsaw ghetto]] (1943), the [[Phan Thi Kim Phuc|Vietnamese girl]] doused with napalm (1972), and the [[:File:Firefighterbabyocb.jpg|firefighter carrying the dying baby]] in Oklahoma (1995).<ref name=ScharyMotro2000/> [[Catherine Nay]], a French journalist, argued that Muhammad's death "cancels, erases that of the Jewish child, his hands in the air before the SS in the Warsaw Ghetto."<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Ivan |last=Rioufol |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/debats/2008/06/10/01005-20080610ARTFIG00634-les-mediaspouvoir-intouchable.php |title=Les médias, pouvoir intouchable? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330010609/http://www.lefigaro.fr/debats/2008/06/10/01005-20080610ARTFIG00634-les-mediaspouvoir-intouchable.php |archive-date=30 March 2009 |work=Le Figaro |date=13 June 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref>
Palestinian children were distressed by the repeated broadcasting of the footage, according to a therapist in Gaza, and were re-enacting the scene in playgrounds.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bryan |last=Pearson |title=Death of Mohammed al-Durra haunts Palestinian children |work=Agence France-Presse |date=6 November 2000}}</ref> Arab countries issued postage stamps bearing the images. Parks and streets were named in Muhammad's honour, and [[Osama bin Laden]] mentioned him in a "warning" to President George Bush after 9/11.<ref name=Cordesman2005p371>{{harvnb|Cordesman|Moravitz|2005|p=371}}</ref> The images were blamed for the [[2000 Ramallah lynching]] and a rise in antisemitism in France.<ref name=Lauter8July2008/> One image could be seen in the background when journalist [[Daniel Pearl]], an American Jew, was beheaded by al-Qaeda in February 2002.<ref name=Fallows2003/>
Sections of the Jewish and Israeli communities, including the Israeli government in 2013, described the statements that IDF soldiers had killed the boy as a "[[blood libel]]", a reference to the centuries-old allegation that Jews sacrifice Christian children for their blood.<ref name=Johnson2012pp126-127/><ref name=Kuperwasserpressrelease2013/> Comparisons were made with the [[Dreyfus affair]] of 1894, when a French-Jewish army captain was found guilty of treason based on a forgery.<ref name=Taguieff2008>{{cite web |language=fr |first=Pierre-André |last=Taguieff |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008235728/http://www.lemeilleurdesmondes.org/A_chaud_Pierre-Andre-Taguieff-affaire-al-Dura-ou-le-renforcement-des-stereotypes-an.htm |archive-date=2008-10-08 |url=http://www.lemeilleurdesmondes.org/A_chaud_Pierre-Andre-Taguieff-affaire-al-Dura-ou-le-renforcement-des-stereotypes-an.htm |title=L'affaire al-Dura ou le renforcement des stéréotypes antijuifs... |work=Le Meilleur des mondes |date=September 2008}}</ref><ref name=Taguieff2015/> In the view of Charles Enderlin, the controversy is a smear campaign intended to undermine footage coming out of the occupied Palestinian territories.<ref name=Patience2007>{{cite web |first=Martin |last=Patience |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7083129.stm |title=Dispute rages over al-Durrah footage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110111347/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7083129.stm |archive-date=10 November 2007 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=8 November 2007 |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> Doreen Carvjal wrote in ''[[The New York Times]]'' that the footage is "a cultural prism, with viewers seeing what they want to see."<ref name=Carvajal7Feb2005/> The footage of al-Durrah's death re-emerged in political discourse during the [[Gaza war]] after his siblings were killed by Israeli soldiers in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brother of Mohammed al-Durra, icon of second Intifada, killed in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/19/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-support-for-israel-ironclad-despite-rebuff?update=2633953 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|25em|group=n}}
==References==
{{reflist|25em}}
==Further reading==
* {{wikisource-inline|Translation:Karsenty v. Enderlin-France2}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TQS5Ie9-lI Debate. Arlette Chabot of France 2 and Philippe Karsenty], part 1/21, 18 September 2008, courtesy of YouTube.
* [https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/9/30/behind-the-lens-remembering-muhammad-al-durrah Behind the lens: Remembering Muhammad al-Durrah, 20 years on], Talal Abu Rahma, 30 September 2020.
* {{cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/67662480 |title=Drei Kugeln und ein totes Kind (Trois balles et un enfant mort) |first=Esther |last=Schapira |date=2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602092820/https://vimeo.com/67662480 |archive-date=2 June 2016 |url-status=live |publisher=[[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]]}}
* {{cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/67054759 |title=Das Kind, Der Tod, und Die Wahrheit |trans-title=The Child, the Death and the Truth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602125800/https://vimeo.com/67054759 |archive-date=2 June 2016 |publisher=Hessischer Rundfunk |date=4 March 2009 |first1= Esther |last1=Schapira |first2=Georg M. |last2=Hafner}} On YouTube (without subtitles): [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-_3tg1_bt0 1/5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203104806/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-_3tg1_bt0 |date=3 February 2014 }}, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FePRL2WSmo 2/5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307121700/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FePRL2WSmo |date=7 March 2016 }}, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kxnub0Zywpk 3/5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930041929/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kxnub0Zywpk |date=30 September 2021 }}, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Va8EBzVZA4 4/5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311095022/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Va8EBzVZA4 |date=11 March 2016 }}, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tyEok7cHKQ 5/5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318223952/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tyEok7cHKQ |date=18 March 2016 }}
'''Books'''
* {{cite book |language=fr |author-link=Gérard Huber |first=Gérard |last=Huber |title=Contre-expertise d'une mise en scène |___location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Raphaël |date=2003 |isbn=9782877810661}}
* {{cite book |language=fr |first=Guillaume |last=Weill-Raynal |title=Les nouveaux désinformateurs |___location=Paris |publisher=Armand Colin |date=2007}}
* {{cite book |language=fr |author-link=Charles Enderlin |first=Charles |last=Enderlin |title=Un Enfant est Mort: Netzarim, 30 Septembre 2000 |___location=Paris |publisher=Don Quichotte |date=October 2010 |isbn=9782359490268}}
* {{cite book |language=fr |first=Guillaume |last=Weill-Raynal |title=Pour en Finir avec l'Affaire Al Dura |___location=Paris |publisher=Du Cygne |date=2013}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Nidra Poller |first=Nidra |last=Poller |title=Al Dura: Long Range Ballistic Myth |publisher=Authorship |date=2014}}
* {{cite book |language=de |first1=Georg M. |last1=Hafner |author-link2=Esther Schapira |first2=Esther |last2=Schapira |title=Das Kind, der Tod und die Medienschlacht um die Wahrheit: Der Fall Mohammed al-Durah |___location=Berlin |publisher=Berlin International Center for the Study of Antisemitism |date=2015}}
* {{cite book |language=fr |author-link=Pierre-André Taguieff |first=Pierre-André |last=Taguieff |title=La nouvelle propagande antijuive: Du symbole al-Dura aux rumeurs de Gaza |___location=Paris |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |date=2015 |isbn=9782130575764}}
'''Footage of the scene'''
* {{in lang|fr}} Charles Enderlin, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130423153836/http://geopolis.francetvinfo.fr/charles-enderlin/2008/05/28/le-sujet-du-30-septembre-2000.html "La mort de Mohammed al Dura"], France 2, 30 September 2000 ([http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xbl5r2_le-reportage-de-charles-enderlin-ob_news courtesy link]).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005154359/http://youtube.com/watch?v=arRgkXDLwlM Raw footage], France 2, 30 September 2000, courtesy of YouTube.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75hiDGp89Xk Final seconds of footage], not shown by France 2, 30 September 2000, courtesy of YouTube.
{{Arab–Israeli conflict}}
{{Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
{{Authority control}}
{{#related:France 2}}
{{#related:Gaza City}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Durrah, Muhammad}}
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in the Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in Palestine]]
[[Category:Filmed killings by law enforcement]]
[[Category:Filmed killings in Asia]]
[[Category:France 2]]
[[Category:Israel Defense Forces]]
[[Category:2000 controversies]]
[[Category:Palestinian casualties in the Second Intifada]]
[[Category:Palestinian children]]
[[Category:People from the Gaza Strip]]
[[Category:September 2000 in Asia]]
[[Category:Children killed in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Civilians killed in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Murdered children]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories in Israel]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories in France]]
[[Category:Death conspiracy theories]]
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