Bigelow Expandable Activity Module: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Experimental inflatable module – Installed on ISS}}

{{Use American English|date=January 2021}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox space station module

| module = Bigelow Expandable Activity Module

|module_image names_list = BEAM mockup.jpg

| module_image = 20180706 Bigelow Airlock Johnson Space Center.jpg

|module_image_size = 275px

| module_image_caption = Full-scale mock-up of BEAM at Johnson Space Center

|NSSDC_ID mission_type = ISS = module

| operator = [[NASA]]

|launch = April 8, 2016, 20:43&nbsp;UTC<ref name="nasasf20160409"/>

| manufacturier = [[Bigelow Aerospace]]

|launch_vehicle = [[Falcon 9 Full Thrust]] <br /> ([[SpaceX CRS-8]])

| COSPAR_ID = {{COSPAR|2016-024A}}<ref name="Display">{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2020 |title=Display: SpaceX CRS-8 2026-024A |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2016-024A |access-date=January 31, 2021 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

|berthed = April 16, 2016, 09:36&nbsp;UTC<ref name="ISS tweet 20160416"/> <br /> ''[[Tranquility (ISS module)|Tranquility]]'' aft

| mission_duration = {{time interval|April 8, 2016|show=ymd}} ''(in progress)''

|unberthed = Planned: 2020

| launch = April 8, 2016, 20:43:31&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<ref name="JonathanLL">{{Cite web |title=Launch Log |url=https://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt |access-date=February 1, 2021 |publisher=Jonathan's Space Report}}</ref>

|reentry =

| launch_vehicle = [[Falcon 9 Full Thrust]]<br />([[SpaceX CRS-8]])

|mass = {{convert|3115.1|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name="nasa-overview"/>

| launch_site = [[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station|CCAFS]], [[Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40|SLC-40]]

|length = {{convert|4.01|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="verge20160405"/>

| launch_contractor = [[SpaceX]]

|diameter = {{convert|3.23|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="verge20160405" />

|volume berthed = {{convert|565|cuft|m3|abbr=on|order=flip}}April 16, 2016, 09:36&nbsp;UTC<ref name="verge20160405ISS tweet 20160416" /><br />''[[Tranquility (ISS module)|Tranquility]]'' aft

| unberthed =

| reentry =

| mass = {{cvt|1413|kg}}<ref name="nasa-overview" />

| length = {{cvt|4.01|m}}<ref name="Grush 2016" />

| diameter = {{cvt|3.23|m}}

| volume = {{cvt|16.0|m3}}

}}

The '''Bigelow Expandable Activity Module''' ('''BEAM)''') is an experimental [[inflatable space habitat|expandable]] [[International Space Station#Pressurised modules|space station module]] developed by [[Bigelow Aerospace]], under contract towith [[NASA,]]. It was designed for testing as a temporary module on the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) frombeginning 2016in to at least 20202016. ItBEAM arrived at the ISS on April 10, 2016,<ref name="space20160410"/> was [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|berthed]] to the station on April 16, and was expanded and pressurized on May 28. Originally planned as a two-year test, 2016the module has exceeded expectations and as of 2025, remains in use for additional cargo storage. Following Bigelow Aerospace's suspension of business operations in 2020, ownership of BEAM transferred to NASA.

== History ==

NASA originally considered the idea of inflatable habitats in the 1960s, and developed the [[TransHab]] inflatable module concept in the late 1990s. The TransHab project was canceled by Congress in 2000,<ref name="nasa2000" /><ref name="Sensenbrenner 2000" /><ref name="Abbey 2001" /> and Bigelow Aerospace purchased the rights to the patents developed by NASA to pursue private space station designs.<ref name="Seedhouse 2014" /> In 2006 and 2007, Bigelow launched two demonstration modules to Earth orbit, [[Genesis I]] and [[Genesis II (space habitat)|Genesis II]].<ref name="David 2006" /><ref name="Ledford 2007" />

[[File:Bigelow Expandable Activity Module at Bigelow’s facility in Las Vegas.jpg|thumb|left|Completed BEAM flight unit at the Bigelow Aerospace facility in North Las Vegas]]

NASA re-initiated analysis of expandable module technology for a variety of potential missions beginning in early 2010.<ref name="Marks 2010" /><ref name="Sang 2010" /> Various options were considered, including procurement from commercial provider Bigelow Aerospace, for providing what in 2010 was proposed to be a [[toroid|torus-shaped]] storage module for the [[International Space Station]]. One application of the toroidal BEAM design was as a [[centrifuge]] demo preceding further developments of the NASA [[Nautilus-X]] multi-mission exploration concept vehicle.<ref name="Lindsey 2011" /> In January 2011, Bigelow projected that the BEAM module could be built and made flight-ready 24 months after a build contract was secured.<ref name="David 2011" />

NASA originally considered the idea of inflatable habitats in the 1960s, and developed the [[TransHab]] inflatable module concept in the late 1990s. The TransHab project was canceled by Congress in 2000,<ref name="nasa2000"/><ref name="nasa2000conf"/><ref name="spaceref2261"/> and Bigelow Aerospace purchased the rights to the patents developed by NASA to pursue private space station designs.<ref name="Seedhouse2014-8"/> In 2006 and 2007, Bigelow launched two demonstration modules to Earth orbit, [[Genesis I]] and [[Genesis II]].<ref name="space20060712"/><ref name="nature20070705"/>

[[File:Bigelow Expandable Activity Module at Bigelow’s facility in Las Vegas.jpg|thumb|Completed BEAM flight unit at the Bigelow Aerospace facility in [[North Las Vegas, Nevada]]]]

NASA re-initiated analysis of expandable module technology for a variety of potential missions beginning in early 2010.<ref name="ns20100303"/><ref name="Sang2010"/> Various options were considered, including procurement from commercial provider Bigelow Aerospace, for providing what in 2010 was proposed to be a [[toroid|torus-shaped]] storage module for the [[International Space Station]]. One application of the toroidal BEAM design was as a [[centrifuge]] demo preceding further developments of the NASA [[Nautilus-X]] multi-mission exploration concept vehicle.<ref name="hobbyspace-nautilusX"/> In January 2011, Bigelow projected that the BEAM module could be built and made flight-ready 24 months after a build contract was secured.<ref name="sdc20110126"/>

On December 20, 2012, NASA awarded Bigelow Aerospace a {{USD|US$17.8 million|link=yes}} contract to construct the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) under NASA's Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Program.<ref name="spaceref20130111" /><ref name="NASAannouncement" /> [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]] built the US$2 million [[Common Berthing Mechanism]] under a 16-month firm-fixed-price contract awarded in May 2013.<ref name="sn20130612Leone 2013" /> NASA plans made public in mid-2013 called for a 2015 delivery of the module to the ISS.<ref name=sn20130612/>"Leone During2013" a press event on March 12, 2015, at the Bigelow Aerospace facility in North Las Vegas, the completed ISS flight unit, compacted and with two [[Canadarm2]] grapple fixtures attached, was displayed for the media.<ref name="BEAMPress20150312"/>

In 2013, it was planned that at the end of BEAM's mission, it would be removed from the ISS and burn up during reentry.<ref name="Marks 2013" />

==Deployment and status==

During a press event on March 12, 2015, at the Bigelow Aerospace facility in [[North Las Vegas, Nevada]], the completed ISS flight unit, compacted and with two [[Mobile Servicing System|Canadarm2]] grapple fixtures attached, was displayed for the media.<ref name="Webb 2015" />

In December 2021, Bigelow transferred ownership of BEAM to NASA's Johnson Space Center.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2021 |title=Engineering Services for the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) |url=https://sam.gov/opp/220ac7db7bef4b4085636f3cd65dc5c2/view |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212192929/https://sam.gov/opp/220ac7db7bef4b4085636f3cd65dc5c2/view |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |access-date=December 12, 2021 |website=sam.gov}}</ref> With the cessation of Bigelow Aerospace activities, NASA contracted [[ATA Engineering]], a former Bigelow subcontractor, for engineering support on the BEAM.<ref name="SpaceNews-20220121">{{Cite news |last=Jeff Foust |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Bigelow Aerospace transfers BEAM space station module to NASA |url=https://spacenews.com/bigelow-aerospace-transfers-beam-space-station-module-to-nasa/ |publisher=Space News}}</ref>

== Deployment and status ==

[[File:BEAM module expansion series.jpg|thumb|Progression of expansion of BEAM]]

In early 2015, BEAM was scheduled for deployment on the next available ISS transport vehicle, [[SpaceX CRS-8]], which was scheduled for launch in September 2015. Due to a rocket failure during the SpaceX CRS-7 launch in June 2015, the delivery of BEAM was delayed.<ref name="nasasf20150907"/><ref name="launchlog"/> The successful launch of SpaceX CRS-8 took place on April 8, 2016,<ref name="nasasf20160408"/> and the Dragon cargo vehicle was berthed to the nadir port of ''[[Harmony (ISS module)|Harmony]]'' node on April 10.<ref name="unitoday20160411"/> On April 16, British astronaut [[Tim Peake]] extracted BEAM from Dragon's trunk using Canadarm2, and installed it on the aft port of ''[[Tranquility (ISS module)|Tranquility]]'' node.<ref name="sfnow20160416"/>

In early 2015, BEAM was scheduled for deployment on the next available ISS transport vehicle, [[SpaceX CRS-8]], which was scheduled for launch in September 2015. Due to a rocket failure during the SpaceX CRS-7 launch in June 2015, the delivery of BEAM was delayed.<ref name="Bergin 2015" /><ref name="launchlog" /> The successful launch of SpaceX CRS-8 took place on April 8, 2016,<ref name="Graham 2016" /><ref name="Pearlman 2016" /> and the Dragon cargo vehicle was berthed to the [[nadir]] port of ''[[Harmony (ISS module)|Harmony]]'' node on April 10, 2016.<ref name="Kremer 2016" /> On April 16, 2016, British astronaut [[Tim Peake]] extracted BEAM from Dragon's trunk using Canadarm2, and installed it on the aft port of ''[[Tranquility (ISS module)|Tranquility]]'' node.<ref name="Clark 2016" />

The first attempt at module inflation took place on May 26, 2016, and was suspended after higher-than-expected air pressure inside BEAM was detected with minimal expansion of the module.<ref name="space20160527"/> The attempt was called off after two hours.<ref name="verge20160527"/> The failure to expand and unfold is thought to have been the result of the unanticipated 10-month delay in module inflation, which may have caused the fabric layers to stick together.<ref name="space20160527" /> The module was expanded on May 28 over the course of seven hours, with air being injected 25 times for a total of 2 minutes 27 seconds.<ref name="nasa20160528"/> Its length was extended {{convert|67|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on}} from its stowed configuration, {{convert|1|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on}} less than expected.<ref name="spacepol20160528"/> After expansion was complete, air tanks aboard BEAM were opened to equalize air pressure in the module with that of the ISS.<ref name="spacenews20160528"/> The module will be monitored for two years.<ref name="spacepol20160528" /><ref name="spacenews20160528" />

The first attempt at module inflation took place on May 26, 2016, and was suspended after higher-than-expected air pressure inside BEAM was detected with minimal expansion of the module.<ref name="Wall 2016" /> The attempt was terminated after two hours.<ref name="Duhaime-Ross 2016" /> The failure to expand and unfold may be the result of the unanticipated 10-month delay in module inflation, which may have caused the fabric layers to stick together.<ref name="Wall 2016" /> The module was expanded on May 28, 2016, over the course of seven hours, with air being injected 25 times for a total of 2 minutes 27 seconds.<ref name="Garcia 2016-05-28" /> Its length was extended {{cvt|170|cm}} from its stowed configuration, {{cvt|2.5|cm}} less than expected.<ref name="Smith 2016" /> After expansion was complete, air tanks aboard BEAM were opened to equalize air pressure in the module with that of the ISS.<ref name="Foust 2016" /> The module was originally to be monitored for two years.<ref name="Smith 2016" /><ref name="Foust 2016" />

{{multiple image |direction=vertical |align=right

|image1=ISS-47 Jeff Williams works inside the BEAM.jpg |caption1=Jeff Williams inside BEAM during early tests

|image2=ISS-53 Paolo Nespoli works inside the BEAM.jpg |caption2=[[European Space Agency|ESA]] astronaut [[Paolo Nespoli]] inside BEAM, outfitted with new cargo storage bins

}}

On June 6, 2016, astronaut [[Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)|Jeff Williams]] and cosmonaut [[Oleg Skripochka]] opened the hatch to BEAM and entered to collect an air sample, download expansion data from sensors, and install monitoring equipment. The hatch to BEAM was re-sealed on June 8, 2016, after three days of tests.<ref name="nasa20160606Huot 2016" /><ref name="nasa20160608Garcia 2016-06-08" /> A second round of tests took place on September 29, of that same year2016, when astronaut [[Kathleen Rubins]] entered the module to install temporary monitoring equipment.<ref name="nasa20160929Garcia 2016-09-26" />

NASA noted in May 2017 that, after spending one year in space, the BEAM instrumentation had recorded "a few probable micrometeoroid debris impacts" but that the module's protective layers had resisted any penetration. Early results from monitors inside the module have shown that [[galactic cosmic radiation]] levels are comparable to those in the rest of the space station. Further testing will try to characterize whether the inflatable structure is any more resilient to radiation than traditional metal modules.<ref name="nasa20170526Mahoney 2017" /><ref name="arstech20170528Berger 2017-05-28" />

In October 2017, it was announced that the module would stay attached to the ISS until 2020, with options for two further one-year extensions. The module will be used to store up to 130 cargo transfer bags in an effort to free upmake additionalavailable space aboard the station.<ref name="arstech20171003Berger 2017-10-03" /> The ISS crew began work in November 2017 to prepare BEAM for use as storage space.<ref name="nasa20171121">{{citeCite web |last=Garcia |first=Mark |date=November 21, 2017 |title=BEAM Work and Vision Checks for Crew Today |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2017/11/21/beam-work-and-vision-checks-for-crew-today/ |titleaccess-date=BEAMJanuary Work29, and Vision Checks for Crew Today2018 |publisher=NASA}} |first=Mark |last=Garcia |date=November 21, 2017 |accessdate=January 29, 2018{{PD-notice}}</ref>

In July 2019, an engineering assessment certified BEAM's ability to remain attached to the station until 2028, as it has exceeded performance expectations and become a core cargo storage module on the volume-constrained station. A contract extension will be required to allow BEAM to serve its extended operational lifetime.<ref name="Foust 2019" />

At the end of BEAM's mission, it will be removed from the ISS and burn up during reentry.<ref name="ns20130116"/>

With the suspension of all activities at Bigelow Aerospace, development on BEAM has ended. Engineering support passed to Bigelow subcontractor [[ATA Engineering]] in 2022, who will not continue development.<ref name="TMRO-20220126">{{Cite episode |title=SpaceX's Raptor 2 is Revealed! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DB4jcVBBOOU |series=TMRO News |date=January 26, 2022 |publisher=TMRO}}</ref>

==Objectives==

The BEAM is an experimental program in an effort to test and validate expandable habitat technology.<ref name="characteristics"/> If BEAM performs favorably, it could lead to development of expandable habitation structures for future crews traveling in deep space.<ref name="nasa-beammain"/> The two-year demonstration period will: <ref name="characteristics"/><ref name="bigelow-beam"/>

== Objectives ==

*Demonstrate launch and deployment of a commercial inflatable module. Implement folding and packaging techniques for inflatable shell. Implement a venting system for inflatable shell during ascent to ISS.

The BEAM is an experimental program in an effort to test and validate expandable habitat technology.<ref name="characteristics" /> If BEAM performs favorably, it could lead to development of expandable habitation structures for future crews traveling in deep space.<ref name="nasa-beammain" /> The two-year demonstration period will:<ref name="characteristics" /><ref name="bigelow-beam" />

*Determine [[Radiation protection#Spacecraft and radiation protection|radiation protection]] capability of inflatable structures.

* Demonstrate designlaunch performanceand deployment of a commercial inflatable structuremodule. likeImplement thermal,folding structural,and mechanicalpackaging durability,techniques for inflatable shell. Implement a venting system for inflatable longshell termduring leakascent performance,to etcISS.

* Determine [[Radiation protection#Spacecraft and radiation protection|radiation protection]] capability of inflatable structures.

*Demonstrate safe deployment and operation of an inflatable structure in a flight mission.

* Demonstrate design performance of commercial inflatable structure like thermal, structural, mechanical durability, long term leak performance, etc.

* Demonstrate safe deployment and operation of an inflatable structure in a flight mission.

== Characteristics ==

[[File:ISS-47 BEAM installation (1).jpg|thumb|right|BEAM in the process of being moved to the rearaft port of [[Tranquility (ISS module)|''Tranquility'']] in April 2016]]

BEAM is composed of two metal bulkheads, an aluminum[[aluminium]] structure, and multiple layers of soft fabric with spacing between layers, protecting an internal restraint and bladder system;<ref name="FAQMahoney NASA2015" /> it has neither windows nor internal power.<ref name="airspace201509Lieberman 2015" /> The module was expanded about a month after being attached by its [[Common Berthing Mechanism]] to the space station. It was inflated from its packed dimensions of {{convertcvt|2.16|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and {{convertcvt|2.36|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter to its pressurized dimensions of {{convertcvt|4.01|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and {{convertcvt|3.23|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref name="verge20160405Grush 2016" /> The module has a mass of {{convertcvt|3115.1|lb1413|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}},<ref name="nasa-overview" /> and its interior pressure is {{convertcvt|14101.7|psi3|kPa psi atm|1|lk=on|abbr=on|order=out}}, the same as inside of the ISS.<ref name="engadget20160325Seppala 2016" />

BEAM's internal dimensions provide {{convertcvt|565|cuft16.0|m3|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} of volume where a crew member will enter the module three to four times per year to collect sensor data, perform microbial surface sampling, conduct periodic change-out of the radiation area monitors, and inspect the general condition of the module.<ref name="lvrj20130116Robison 2013" /><ref name="FAQMahoney NASA2015" /> The hatch to the module will otherwise remain closed.<ref name="wapo20130116Vastag 2013" /> Its interior is described as being "a large closet with padded white walls", with various equipment and sensors attached to two central supports.<ref name="ap20130117Dreier 2013" />

=== Radiation shielding ===

The flexible Kevlar-like materials of construction are proprietary.<ref name="US 7204460 B2" /><ref name="Lyle2015Lyle 2015" /> The multiple layers of flexible fabric and closed-cell [[Vinyl polymer|vinyl polymer foam]] foam<ref name="Seedhouse2014-26Seedhouse 2014" /> in the BEAM structural shell are expected to provide impact protection (see [[Whipple shield]]) as well as [[Radiation protection#Spacecraft and radiation protection|radiation protection]], but model calculations need to be validated by actual measurements.<ref name="FAQMahoney NASA2015" />

In a 2002 NASA study, it was suggested that materials that have high hydrogen contents, such as [[polyethylene]], can reduce primary and secondary radiation to a greater extent than metals, such as aluminumaluminium.<ref name="nasa-radiation" /> Vinyl polymer may also be used in laboratories and other applications for radiation shield garments.<ref name="newsci20021115Murphy 2002" />

==BCSS airlockGallery ==

<gallery class="center" perrow="5">

{{asof|2013}}, Bigelow mentioned a concept to build a second BEAM module for use as an [[airlock]] on its planned [[Bigelow Commercial Space Station]]. The module's inflatable nature would provide room for up to three crew or tourists to spacewalk simultaneously, compared with a maximum of two that can operate outside the ISS.<ref name="tpm20130117" />

File:BEAM mock-up interior.jpg| Interior of BEAM mock-up

File:BEAM development unit undergoing burst test.jpg| BEAM development unit undergoing burst test

==Gallery==

File:BEAM (25916886442).jpg| BEAM being loaded into SPACEX Dragon's trunk in February 2016

<center>

<gallery perrow="5">

Image:BEAM mock-up interior.jpg | Interior of BEAM mock-up

Image:BEAM development unit undergoing burst test.jpg | BEAM development unit undergoing burst test

Image:BEAM (25916886442).jpg | BEAM being loaded into Dragon's trunk in February 2016

</gallery>

</center>

== See also ==

{{Portal|Spaceflight}}

* [[B330]], an inflatable space habitat

* [[BA 2100|B2100]], concept

== References ==

{{Reflist|2|refs=

<ref name="nasasf20160409">{{cite news |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/04/iss-crs-8-dragon-arrival-flawless-launch/ |title=ISS welcomes CRS-8 Dragon after flawless launch |work=NASA Spaceflight |first=Chris |last=Gebhardt |date=April 9, 2016 |accessdate=April 26, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="ISS tweet 20160416">{{citeCite tweet |usernumber=Space_Station721272997537918976 |authorlinkuser=NASA |number=721272997537918976Space_Station |title=#BEAM is attached to the station at 5:36am ET, a huge step for expandable habitats in space and our #JourneyToMars. |date=April 16, 2016 |accessdateaccess-date=April 27, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="nasa-overview">{{citeCite web |title=SpaceX CRS-8 Mission Overview |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/spacex_crs-8_mission_overview.pdf |titleaccess-date=SpaceXApril CRS-826, Mission Overview2016 |publisher=NASA}} |accessdate=April 26, 2016{{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="verge20160405Grush 2016">{{citeCite news |last=Grush |first=Loren |date=April 5, 2016 |title=How expandable astronaut habitats could pave the way for private space hotels |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/5/11355852/nasa-beam-spacex-iss-future-space-tourism |title=How expandable astronaut habitats could pave the way for private space hotels |work=[[The Verge]] |first=Loren |last=Grush |access-date=April 526, 2016 |accessdatepublisher=AprilThe 26, 2016Verge}}</ref>

<ref name="space20160410Pearlman 2016">{{citeCite news |urllast=http://www.space.com/32528-spacex-dragon-delivers-inflatable-room-space-station.htmlPearlman |first=Robert |date=April 10, 2016 |title=SpaceX Dragon Arrives at Space Station, Delivers Inflatable Room Prototype |workurl=Spacehttp://www.space.com/32528-spacex-dragon-delivers-inflatable-room-space-station.html |last=Pearlman |first=Robert |access-date=April 1011, 2016 |accessdatepublisher=April 11, 2016Space.com}}</ref>

<ref name="nasa2000">{{citeCite web |date=January 24, 2000 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2000 |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c106:H.R.1654.ENR: |titleaccess-date=NationalMay Aeronautics26, and Space Administration Authorization Act of 20002007 |publisher=Library of Congress |agency=106th Congress}}{{dead link|date=JanuaryJune 24,2023 2000|bot=InternetArchiveBot |accessdatefix-attempted=Mayyes 26,}} 2007{{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="nasa2000confSensenbrenner 2000">{{citeCite web |last=Sensenbrenner |first=F. James |date=September 12, 2000 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2000, Conference Report |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/T?&report=hr843&dbname=106& |titleurl-status=Nationaldead Aeronautics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202173712/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/T?&report=hr843&dbname=106& and|archive-date=December Space2, Administration2008 Authorization|access-date=June Act of 200010, Conference Report2007 |publisher=Library of Congress |agency=106th Congress}} |first=F. James |last=Sensenbrenner |date=September 12, 2000 |accessdate=June 10, 2007{{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="spaceref2261Abbey 2001">{{citeCite web |urllast=http://wwwAbbey |first=George W.spaceref S.com/news/viewsr.html?pid |date=2261February 27, 2001 |title=Letter from NASA JSC Center Director: Actions Required to Address ISS Budget Challenges |publisherurl=NASA ''via'' SpaceRefhttp://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=2261 |firsturl-status=Georgedead W|archive-url=https://archive. Stoday/20130202212050/http://www. |lastspaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=Abbey2261 |archive-date=February 272, 20012013 |accessdateaccess-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=NASA via SpaceRef.com}}</ref>

<ref name="Seedhouse2014-8Seedhouse 2014">{{citeCite book |last=Seedhouse |first=Erik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qigBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA8&pg=PA8 |title=Bigelow Aerospace: Colonizing Space One Module at a Time |date=2014 |publisher=Springer-Praxis |first=Erik |last=Seedhouse |page=8 |date=2014 |isbn=978-3-319-05197-0 |pages=8, 26 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-05197-0}}</ref>

<ref name="space20060712David 2006">{{citeCite news |last=David |first=Leonard |date=July 12, 2006 |title=Exclusive: Bigelow Orbital Module Launched into Space |url=http://www.space.com/2618-exclusive-bigelow-orbital-module-launched-space.html |titleaccess-date=Exclusive:April Bigelow26, Orbital Module Launched into Space2016 |workpublisher=Space.com |first=Leonard |last=David |date=July 12, 2006 |accessdate=April 26, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="nature20070705Ledford 2007">{{citeCite news |last=Ledford |first=Heidi |date=July 5, 2007 |title=Second space 'hotel' model launched |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070705/full/news070702-13.html |title=Second space 'hotel' model launched |work=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |first=Heidi |last=Ledford |access-date=July 5, 2007 |accessdate=April 26, 2016 |work=Nature |doi=10.1038/news070702-13}}</ref>

<ref name="ns20100303Marks 2010">{{citeCite news |last=Marks |first=Paul |date=March 3, 2010 |title=NASA turned on by blow-up space stations |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18607-nasa-turned-on-by-blowup-space-stations.html |titleurl-status=NASAlive |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190307065208/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18607-nasa-turned -on -by -blow-up -space -stations/ |work=[[New Scientist]] |first=Paul |last=Marks |archive-date=March 37, 20102019 |accessdateaccess-date=March 3, 2010 |archiveurlpublisher=http://archive.fo/boMNdNew |archivedate=March 7, 2019 |deadurl=noScientist}}</ref>

<ref name="Sang2010Sang 2010">{{citeCite web |urllast=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/458816main_FTD_InflatableModuleMission.pdfSang |first=Tony |last2=Spexarth |first2=Gary |date=May 26, 2010 |title=A New Space Enterprise of Exploration: Inflatable Module Mission |formaturl=PDFhttp://www.nasa.gov/pdf/458816main_FTD_InflatableModuleMission.pdf |publisherurl-status=NASAlive |first1=Tony |last1=Sang |first2=Gary |last2=Spexarth |date=May 26, 2010 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307065420/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/458816main_FTD_InflatableModuleMission.pdf |archivedatearchive-date=March 7, 2019 |deadurlpublisher=noNASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="hobbyspace-nautilusXLindsey 2011">{{citeCite web |urllast=http://hobbyspaceLindsey |first=Clark S.com/nucleus/?itemid |date=26786January 28, 2011 |title=NASA NAUTILUS-X: multi-mission exploration vehicle includes centrifuge, which would be tested at ISS |workurl=HobbySpacehttp://hobbyspace.com |first/nucleus/?itemid=Clark S.26786 |last=Lindsey |date=January 28, 2011 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419194320/http://hobbyspace.com/nucleus/?itemid=26786 |archivedatearchive-date=April 19, 2011 |publisher=HobbySpace.com}}</ref>

<ref name="sdc20110126David 2011">{{citeCite news |last=David |first=Leonard |date=January 26, 2011 |title=International Space Station Could Get Private Inflatable Room |url=http://www.space.com/10686-nasa-bigelow-module-international-space-station.html |titleurl-status=International Space Station Could Get Private Inflatable Roomlive |workarchive-url=Spacehttps://archive.today/20120910234132/http://www.space.com/10686-nasa-bigelow-module-international-space-station.html |first=Leonard |last=David |archive-date=JanuarySeptember 2610, 20112012 |accessdateaccess-date=January 31, 2011 |archiveurlpublisher=http://archiveSpace.fo/VVng |archivedate=September 10, 2012 |deadurl=nocom}}</ref>

<ref name="spaceref20130111">{{citeCite web |date=January 11, 2013 |title=NASA Contract to Bigelow Aerospace |url=http://spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=43106 |titleurl-status=NASA Contract to Bigelow Aerospacelive |publisherarchive-url=NASA ''via'' SpaceRefhttps://archive.today/20130216192953/http://spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=43106 |archive-date=JanuaryFebruary 1116, 2013 |archiveurlaccess-date=http://archive.fo/Dt6IpJanuary |archivedate=February 1618, 2013 |deadurlpublisher=noNASA via SpaceRef.com}}</ref>

<ref name="NASAannouncement">{{citeCite web |urldate=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/beam_feature.htmlJanuary 16, 2013 |title=NASA to Test Bigelow Expandable Module on Space Station |publisherurl=NASAhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/beam_feature.html |dateurl-status=January 16, 2013live |archiveurlarchive-url=httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20130120153333/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/beam_feature.html |archivedatearchive-date=January 20, 2013 |deadurlaccess-date=noJanuary 18, 2013 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="sn20130612Leone 2013">{{citeCite news |last=Leone |first=Dan |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Sierra Nevada Corp. To Build ISS Berthing Hardware for Bigelow Module |url=httphttps://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/35757sierra-nevada-corp-to-build-iss-berthing-hardware-for-bigelow-module/ |titleaccess-date=SierraAugust Nevada14, Corp. To Build ISS Berthing Hardware for Bigelow Module2019 |workpublisher=Space News |first=Dan |last=Leone |date=June 12, 2013SpaceNews}}</ref>

<ref name="Foust 2019">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=August 12, 2019 |title=NASA planning to keep BEAM module on ISS for the long haul |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-planning-to-keep-beam-module-on-iss-for-the-long-haul/ |access-date=August 14, 2019 |publisher=SpaceNews}}</ref>

<ref name="BEAMPress20150312">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/new-expandable-addition-on-space-station-to-gather-critical-data-for-future-space-habitat/ |title=New Expandable Addition on Space Station to Gather Critical Data for Future Space Habitat Systems |publisher=NASA |first=Carlyle |last=Webb |date=March 12, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Webb 2015">{{Cite web |last=Webb |first=Carlyle |date=March 12, 2015 |title=New Expandable Addition on Space Station to Gather Critical Data for Future Space Habitat Systems |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/new-expandable-addition-on-space-station-to-gather-critical-data-for-future-space-habitat/ |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="nasasf20150907">{{cite news |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/09/spacex-conducts-falcon-9-improvements-busy-schedule/ |title=SpaceX conducts additional Falcon 9 improvements ahead of busy schedule |work=NASA Spaceflight |first=Chris |last=Bergin |date=September 7, 2015 |accessdate=April 26, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Bergin 2015">{{Cite news |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=September 7, 2015 |title=SpaceX conducts additional Falcon 9 improvements ahead of busy schedule |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/09/spacex-conducts-falcon-9-improvements-busy-schedule/ |access-date=April 26, 2016 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}}</ref>

<ref name="launchlog">{{cite web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/launchlog.html |title=Launch Log |work=Spaceflight Now |date=April 8, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422101717/http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/launchlog.html |archivedate=April 22, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="launchlog">{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2016 |title=Launch Log |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/launchlog.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422101717/http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/launchlog.html |archive-date=April 22, 2016 |publisher=Spaceflight Now}}</ref>

<ref name="nasasf20160408">{{cite news |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/04/spacex-dragon-rtf-falcon9-launch/ |title=SpaceX return Dragon to space as Falcon 9 nails ASDS landing |work=NASA Spaceflight |first=William |last=Graham |date=April 8, 2016 |accessdate=April 26, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Graham 2016">{{Cite news |last=Graham |first=William |date=April 8, 2016 |title=SpaceX return Dragon to space as Falcon 9 nails ASDS landing |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/04/spacex-dragon-rtf-falcon9-launch/ |access-date=April 26, 2016 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}}</ref>

<ref name="unitoday20160411">{{cite news |url=http://www.universetoday.com/128332/spacex-dragon-carrying-new-room-captured-and-mated-to-space-station/ |title=SpaceX Dragon Carrying New Inflatable Room Captured and Mated to Space Station |work=Universe Today |first=Ken |last=Kremer |date=April 11, 2016 |accessdate=April 26, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="sfnow20160416Kremer 2016">{{citeCite news |last=Kremer |first=Ken |date=April 11, 2016 |title=SpaceX Dragon Carrying New Inflatable Room Captured and Mated to Space Station |url=http://spaceflightnowwww.universetoday.com/2016/04128332/16/watchspacex-livedragon-expandablecarrying-new-room-tocaptured-beand-installedmated-onto-space-station-saturday/ |title=Expandable room installed on space station |work=Spaceflight Now |first=Stephen |last=Clark |access-date=April 1626, 2016 |accessdatepublisher=AprilUniverse 26, 2016Today}}</ref>

<ref name="Clark 2016">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=April 16, 2016 |title=Expandable room installed on space station |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/04/16/watch-live-expandable-room-to-be-installed-on-space-station-saturday/ |access-date=April 26, 2016 |publisher=Spaceflight Now}}</ref>

<ref name="space20160527">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/33017-nasa-inflating-beam-space-module-saturday.html |title=NASA Will Try to Pump Up Inflatable Space Station Room Again Saturday |work=Space.com |first=Mike |last=Wall |date=May 27, 2016 |accessdate=May 31, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="verge20160527Wall 2016">{{citeCite news |urllast=Wall |first=Mike |date=https://www.theverge.com/May 27, 2016/5/27/11792446/nasa-beam-expansion-failed-unexpected-forces-bigelow |title=NASA's first expandable habitatWill failedTry to inflatePump onUp theInflatable ISSSpace becauseStation ofRoom frictionAgain |work=The VergeSaturday |firsturl=Arielle |last=Duhaimehttp://www.space.com/33017-nasa-inflating-beam-Rossspace-module-saturday.html |access-date=May 2731, 2016 |accessdatepublisher=June 2, 2016Space.com}}</ref>

<ref name="Duhaime-Ross 2016">{{Cite news |last=Duhaime-Ross |first=Arielle |date=May 27, 2016 |title=NASA's first expandable habitat failed to inflate on the ISS because of friction |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/27/11792446/nasa-beam-expansion-failed-unexpected-forces-bigelow |access-date=June 2, 2016 |publisher=The Verge}}</ref>

<ref name="nasa20160528">{{cite news |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2016/05/28/beam-expanded-to-full-size/ |title=BEAM Expanded To Full Size |publisher=NASA |first=Mark |last=Garcia |date=May 28, 2016 |accessdate=June 3, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Garcia 2016-05-28">{{Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Mark |date=May 28, 2016 |title=BEAM Expanded To Full Size |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2016/05/28/beam-expanded-to-full-size/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206205245/https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2016/05/28/beam-expanded-to-full-size/ |archive-date=February 6, 2019 |access-date=June 3, 2016 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="spacepol20160528">{{cite news |url=http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/news/beam-successfully-expanded |title=BEAM Successfully Expanded |work=SpacePolicyOnline.com |first=Marcia S. |last=Smith |date=May 28, 2016 |accessdate=June 3, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Smith 2016">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Marcia S. |date=May 28, 2016 |title=BEAM Successfully Expanded |url=http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/news/beam-successfully-expanded |access-date=June 3, 2016 |publisher=SpacePolicyOnline.com}}</ref>

<ref name="spacenews20160528">{{cite news |url=http://spacenews.com/beam-module-fully-expanded-on-space-station/ |title=BEAM module fully expanded on space station |work=[[SpaceNews]] |first=Jeff |last=Foust |date=May 28, 2016 |accessdate=June 3, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="nasa20160606Foust 2016">{{Cite webnews |urllast=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2016/06/06/beam-open-for-the-Foust |first-time/=Jeff |date=May 28, 2016 |title=BEAM Openmodule forfully theexpanded Firston Timespace |publisher=NASAstation |firsturl=Daniel Ghttps://spacenews.com/beam-module-fully-expanded-on-space-station/ |last=Huot |access-date=June 63, 2016 |access-datepublisher=June 19, 2016SpaceNews}}</ref>

<ref name="nasa20160608Huot 2016">{{citeCite web |last=Huot |first=Daniel G. |date=June 6, 2016 |title=BEAM Open for the First Time |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2016/06/0806/beam-closedopen-asfor-crewthe-packsfirst-spaceships-for-departuretime/ |title=BEAM Closed as Crew Packs Spaceships for Departure |publisher=NASA |first=Mark |last=Garcia |access-date=June 819, 2016 |access-datepublisher=OctoberNASA}} 1, 2016{{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="nasa20160929Garcia 2016-06-08">{{citeCite web |last=Garcia |first=Mark |date=June 8, 2016 |title=BEAM Closed as Crew Packs Spaceships for Departure |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2016/0906/2908/beam-openclosed-todayas-crew-packs-spaceships-for-testsdeparture/ |title=BEAM Open Today for Tests |publisher=NASA |first=Mark |last=Garcia |access-date=SeptemberOctober 291, 2016 |accessdatepublisher=OctoberNASA}} 1, 2016{{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="Garcia 2016-09-26">{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Mark |date=September 29, 2016 |title=BEAM Open Today for Tests |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2016/09/29/beam-open-today-for-tests/ |access-date=October 1, 2016 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="nasa20170526">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/first-year-of-beam-demo-offers-valuable-data-on-expandable-habitats |title=First Year of BEAM Demo Offers Valuable Data on Expandable Habitats |editor-first=Erin |editor-last=Mahoney |publisher=NASA |date=May 26, 2017 |accessdate=June 20, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Mahoney 2017">{{Cite web |last=Mahoney |first=Erin |date=May 26, 2017 |title=First Year of BEAM Demo Offers Valuable Data on Expandable Habitats |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/first-year-of-beam-demo-offers-valuable-data-on-expandable-habitats |access-date=June 20, 2017 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="arstech20170528">{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/05/the-future-nasa-uses-3d-printing-to-test-its-new-expandable-habitat/ |title=Inflatable space habitat passes first hurdle, now on to radiation testing |work=Ars Technica |first=Eric |last=Berger |date=May 28, 2017 |accessdate=June 20, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="arstech20171003Berger 2017-05-28">{{citeCite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=May 28, 2017 |title=Inflatable space habitat passes first hurdle, now on to radiation testing |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/1005/nasathe-triesfuture-annasa-inflatableuses-room3d-onprinting-theto-spacetest-stationits-likesnew-itexpandable-habitat/ |title=NASA tries an inflatable room on the space station, likes it |work=Ars Technica |first=Eric |last=Berger |access-date=OctoberJune 320, 2017 |accessdatepublisher=OctoberArs 4, 2017Technica}}</ref>

<ref name="Berger 2017-10-03">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=October 3, 2017 |title=NASA tries an inflatable room on the space station, likes it |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/10/nasa-tries-an-inflatable-room-on-the-space-station-likes-it/ |access-date=October 4, 2017 |publisher=Ars Technica}}</ref>

<ref name="characteristics">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/1804.html |title=Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) |work=Bigelow Aerospace |publisher=NASA |date=March 16, 2016 |accessdate=April 3, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="nasa-beammaincharacteristics">{{citeCite web |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) |url=httpshttp://www.nasa.gov/contentmission_pages/bigelow-expandable-activity-modulestation/research/experiments/1804.html |titleaccess-date=BigelowApril Expandable3, Activity2016 Module|website=Bigelow Aerospace |publisher=NASA}} |accessdate=March 28, 2016{{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="bigelownasa-beambeammain">{{citeCite web |title=Bigelow Expandable Activity Module |url=httphttps://bigelowaerospacewww.comnasa.gov/beamcontent/bigelow-expandable-activity-module |titleaccess-date=BEAM:March The28, Experimental Platform2016 |publisher=BigelowNASA}} Aerospace |accessdate=April 26, 2016{{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="bigelow-beam">{{Cite web |title=BEAM: The Experimental Platform |url=http://bigelowaerospace.com/beam/ |access-date=April 26, 2016 |publisher=Bigelow Aerospace}}</ref>

<ref name="ns20130116">{{cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23083-nasa-buys-blowup-habitat-for-space-station-astronauts.html |title=NASA buys blow-up habitat for space station astronauts |work=[[New Scientist]] |first=Paul |last=Marks |date=January 16, 2013 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20160412235915/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23083-nasa-buys-blow-up-habitat-for-space-station-astronauts/ |archivedate=April 12, 2016 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="Marks 2013">{{Cite news |last=Marks |first=Paul |date=January 16, 2013 |title=NASA buys blow-up habitat for space station astronauts |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23083-nasa-buys-blowup-habitat-for-space-station-astronauts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412235915/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23083-nasa-buys-blow-up-habitat-for-space-station-astronauts/ |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=August 24, 2017 |publisher=New Scientist}}</ref>

<ref name="FAQ NASA">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/beam-facts-figures-faqs |title=BEAM Facts, Figures, FAQs |publisher=NASA |first=Erin |last=Mahoney |date=July 17, 2015 |accessdate=April 3, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Mahoney 2015">{{Cite web |last=Mahoney |first=Erin |date=July 17, 2015 |title=BEAM Facts, Figures, FAQs |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/beam-facts-figures-faqs |access-date=April 3, 2016 |publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="airspace201509">{{cite news |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/space/future-construction-space-180956237/ |title=The Future of Construction in Space |work=[[Air & Space/Smithsonian]] |first=Bruce |last=Lieberman |date=September 2015 |accessdate=April 27, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Lieberman 2015">{{Cite news |last=Lieberman |first=Bruce |date=September 2015 |title=The Future of Construction in Space |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/space/future-construction-space-180956237/ |access-date=April 27, 2016 |work=Air & Space/Smithsonian}}</ref>

<ref name="engadget20160325">{{cite news |url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/03/25/nasa-bigelow-expandable-activity-module/ |title=NASA to use the ISS as a testbed for inflatable living modules |work=Engadget |first=Timothy J. |last=Seppala |date=March 25, 2016 |accessdate=April 26, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Seppala 2016">{{Cite news |last=Seppala |first=Timothy J. |date=March 25, 2016 |title=NASA to use the ISS as a testbed for inflatable living modules |url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/03/25/nasa-bigelow-expandable-activity-module/ |access-date=April 26, 2016 |publisher=Engadget}}</ref>

<ref name="lvrj20130116">{{cite news |url=http://www.lvrj.com/business/north-las-vegas-based-bigelow-areospace-lands-17-8-million-nasa-contract-187174211.html |title=North Las Vegas-based Bigelow Aerospace lands $17.8 million NASA contract |work=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |first=Jennifer |last=Robison |date=January 16, 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.fo/VX8jl |archivedate=February 16, 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="Robison 2013">{{Cite news |last=Robison |first=Jennifer |date=January 16, 2013 |title=North Las Vegas-based Bigelow Aerospace lands US$17.8 million NASA contract |url=http://www.lvrj.com/business/north-las-vegas-based-bigelow-areospace-lands-17-8-million-nasa-contract-187174211.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216101826/http://www.lvrj.com/business/north-las-vegas-based-bigelow-areospace-lands-17-8-million-nasa-contract-187174211.html |archive-date=February 16, 2013 |access-date=January 19, 2013 |work=Las Vegas Review-Journal}}</ref>

<ref name="wapo20130116">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/international-space-station-to-receive-inflatable-module/2013/01/16/8a102712-5ffc-11e2-9940-6fc488f3fecd_story.html |title=International space station to receive inflatable module |work=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Brian |last=Vastag |date=January 16, 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.fo/BNZvl |archivedate=February 17, 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="Vastag 2013">{{Cite news |last=Vastag |first=Brian |date=January 16, 2013 |title=International space station to receive inflatable module |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/international-space-station-to-receive-inflatable-module/2013/01/16/8a102712-5ffc-11e2-9940-6fc488f3fecd_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217004226/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/international-space-station-to-receive-inflatable-module/2013/01/16/8a102712-5ffc-11e2-9940-6fc488f3fecd_story.html |archive-date=February 17, 2013 |access-date=August 24, 2017 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref>

<ref name="ap20130117">{{cite news |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/space-station-get-18-million-balloon-room-0 |title=Space station to get $18 million balloon-like room |agency=Associated Press |first=Hannah |last=Dreier |date=January 17, 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.fo/20iFZ |archivedate=April 14, 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="Dreier 2013">{{Cite news |last=Dreier |first=Hannah |date=January 17, 2013 |title=Space station to get US$18 million balloon-like room |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/space-station-get-18-million-balloon-room-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414004028/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/space-station-get-18-million-balloon-room-0 |archive-date=April 14, 2013 |access-date=January 19, 2013 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

<ref name="US 7204460 B2">{{cite patent |url=http://www.google.com/patents/US7204460 |title=Orbital debris shield |inventor=Bigelow, Robert T. |country=US |number=US 7204460 B2 |status=patent |pubdate=2007-04-17 |gdate=2007-04-17 |fdate=2004-06-24 |pridate=2004-06-24}}.</ref>

<ref name="US 7204460 B2">{{cite patent|url=http://www.google.com/patents/US7204460|title=Orbital debris shield|inventor=Bigelow, Robert T.|country=US|number=US 7204460 B2|status=patent|pubdate=2007-04-17 |gdate=2007-04-17|fdate=2004-06-24|pridate=2004-06-24}}.</ref>

<ref name="Lyle2015">{{cite paper |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20160001632.pdf |title=Modeling of Local BEAM Structure for Evaluation of MMOD Impacts to Support Development of a Health Monitoring System |publisher=NASA Langley Research Center |first1=Karen H. |last1=Lyle |first2=Gregory J. |last2=Vassilakos |date=November 2015 |id=NASA/TM-2015-218985}}</ref>

<ref name="Lyle 2015">{{Cite report |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20160001632/downloads/20160001632.pdf |title=Modeling of Local BEAM Structure for Evaluation of MMOD Impacts to Support Development of a Health Monitoring System |last=Lyle |first=Karen H. |last2=Vassilakos |first2=Gregory J. |date=November 2015 |publisher=NASA Langley |id=NASA/TM-2015-218985 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417153708/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20160001632/downloads/20160001632.pdf |archive-date=April 17, 2022 |url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="Seedhouse2014-26">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qigBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA26&pg=PA26 |title=Bigelow Aerospace: Colonizing Space One Module at a Time |publisher=Springer-Praxis |first=Erik |last=Seedhouse |page=26 |date=2014 |isbn=978-3-319-05197-0 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-05197-0 |quote=A middle layer was a closed-cell vinyl foam for radiation protection and thermal insulation.}}</ref>

<ref name="nasa-radiation">{{citeCite web |date=October 2002 |title=Understanding Space Radiation |url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/radiation.pdf |titleurl-status=Understanding Space Radiationdead |seriesarchive-url=NASA Factshttps://web.archive.org/web/20041030191015/http://www.spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/radiation.pdf |publisherarchive-date=NASAOctober Johnson Space30, Center2004 |access-date=October 2002 |accessdate=April 3, 2016 |series=NASA Facts |publisher=NASA Johnson |id=FS-2002-10-080-JSC}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

<ref name="newsci20021115Murphy 2002">{{citeCite news |last=Murphy |first=Marina |date=November 15, 2002 |title=Lightweight radiation-proof fabric unveiled |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3050-lightweight-radiation-proof-fabric-unveiled/ |title=Lightweight radiationaccess-proof fabric unveiled |work=[[New Scientist]] |first=Marina |last=Murphy |date=NovemberApril 1526, 20022016 |accessdatepublisher=AprilNew 26, 2016Scientist}}</ref>

<ref name="tpm20130117">{{cite news |url=http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2013/01/inflatable-spacecrafts-other-goal-space-walks-for-tourists.php |title=Inflatable Spacecraft's Other Goal: Space Walks For Tourists |work=[[Talking Points Memo]] |first=Carl |last=Franzen |date=January 17, 2013 |archiveurl=http://archive.fo/441US |archivedate=February 16, 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==

{{commonsCommons category|Bigelow Expandable Activity Module}}

* [http://bigelowaerospace.com/pages/beam/ BEAM] at BigelowAerospace.com

* [http://www.nasa.gov/beam BEAM] at NASA.gov

Line 200 ⟶ 209:

{{Space stations}}

{{Orbital launches in 2016}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2019}}

{{Use American English|date=March 2019}}

[[Category:Bigelow Aerospace]]