Content deleted Content added
m →History |
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Alter: url, pages, template type. URLs might have been anonymized. Added work. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by AManWithNoPlan | #UCB_toolbar |
||
| (79 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{
[[File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 024.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|1881 painting of [[France|French]] [[Mail coach]] at [[Nice]] by [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]]]]
A '''Mail robbery''' is the [[robbery]] of [[mail]] usually when it is in the possession, custody, or control, of the delivering authority, which in most countries is the [[List of postal entities|postal operator]]. Less well known are mail robberies of mail already delivered but this is possible where delivery [[letter box]]es, or community mailbox clusters, are located outside the house, or at the property line or in the locality, where they are easily accessed such as those in the United States, Canada, France and Australia.<ref name="city of ventura">{{cite web |title=Home & Neighborhood Safety |publisher=City of Ventura |url=https://www.cityofventura.ca.gov/faq.aspx?qid=228 |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref>
The objective is to acquire items of value. In the mail service this most oftens means the [[Registered mail|registered mail]] that can contain, [[money|cash]], [[cheque]]s, [[jewellery]], [[precious stone]]s, [[gold]] and [[silver]], other [[negotiable instruments]] or luxury goods. Mail robberies have, for example, taken place from; mail [[Stagecoach|coach]]es, [[Travelling Post Office|trains]], [[postal carrier]]s, [[post office]]s, [[mail van]]s and [[pillar box]]es.<ref>{{cite web |title=US Postal Inspection Service: Mail Theft |publisher=[[USPS]] |date=1 December 2008 |url=http://www.usps.com/websites/depart/inspect/mailthft.htm |accessdate=20 August 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201190921/http://www.usps.com/websites/depart/inspect/mailthft.htm |archivedate=23 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="KXXV"/>
==History==
[[File:The Edinburgh and London Royal Mail by John Frederick Herring, Sr.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Painting showing the Edinburgh and London Royal Mail [[mail coach]] decorated in the black and scarlet Post Office [[livery]] in 1838. The guard can be seen standing at the rear.]]
===United Kingdom===
One of the earlieest mentions of a mail robbery, when some letters were intercepted near [[Worcester]] was in 1577.<ref>{{cite book |title=Acts of the Privy Council of England |volume=2 |issue=10 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |year=1890 |___location=London |page=120 |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=1185&sp=3&pg=128 }}</ref> In 1647 correspondence from [[Edward Popham]] were stolen from the [[Mail carrier|post boy]] at [[Haywards Heath]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Historical Manuscripts Commission |title=Report on the Manuscripts of F. W. Leyborne-Popham, Esq |publisher=HMSO |year=1899 |___location=London |page=44 |url=https://archive.org/stream/reportonmanuscr04manugoog#page/n82/mode/2up }}</ref>
During the late eighteenth century in the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] attacks on postboys were so common the [[Royal Mail|Post Office]] advised customers sending [[banknote]]s "to cut all such Notes and Draughts in Half in the following Form, to send them at two different Times, and to wait for the return of the Post, till the receipt of one Half is acknowledged before the other is sent."<ref name="jane austen">{{cite web |title=The Postal Service in 18th Century Britain: Post Roads and Post-Boys |publisher=Jane Austen's World |date=2009-09-12 |url=http://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/2009/09/12/the-postal-service-in-18th-century-britain-post-roads-and-post-boys |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref>
[[Postilion|Post boys]] travelled slowly, making them easy target for highwaymen,<ref name="jane austen"/> taking forty-eight hours to transport a letter from [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] to [[London]]. In 1782 [[John Palmer (postal innovator)|John Palmer]], an owner of theatres in Bath & Bristol, suggested his plan for the night mail coach. The aim was to carry passengers and mail at faster speeds than the passenger service by day over the same route. Armed guards would provide protection and speed gained from lightweight coaches, more reliable post house services and experienced contractors providing fresh horses. Palmer himself travelled around the country timing routes and checking distances. On 29th July 1784 the Bath Chronicle stated that "the letters for London or for any place between or beyond to be put into the Bath Post Office every evening before 6 o'clock, and into the Bristol Post Office before 3 o'clock in the afternoon, and they will be delivered in London the next day".
[[File:PO Notice 1794 Mail Robbery (improved).png|thumb|1794 post office notice of reward concerning the robbery of the mail between [[Chester]] and [[Liverpool]]]]
Few believed this possible but the 'first night' run of 2 August 1784 proved to be a complete success. During 1785 Palmer travelled 5,000 miles in four months and eleven mail coach routes were soon established. SG1258 shows the original Bath Mail coach. Mail coaches quickly gained a reputation for reliability & punctuality. As carriers of the Royal Mail they took precedence over other forms of transport.
The Patent Mail coach designed by [[John Besant]] had one very important innovation over the standard coaches of the time, a safety axle box. The standard method of fitting a wheel was with a linch pin which, even with regular greasing, would often shear off without warning. The safety axle was designed so that a metal plate prevented the wheel from coming off, while a groove on the axle arm allowed oil to trickle down on the bearing and metal plate.
Coaches were owned by the Post Office and rented out to contractors who provided coachmen & fresh teams of horses along the route. The Mail Guard, unlike the coachman, was employed by the Post Office and was responsible for the safe keeping of the mail. He was issued with a blunderbuss, a brace of pistols and a military style red coat and cockaded hat. The mail was the Guard's first responsibility and after some accidents, or because of flood or snow, he would carry the mail on foot.
'''Above is from this web page'''
[http://www.slaniastamps-heindorffhus.com/frame-GreatBritain01.htm 1984: ''Bicentenary of the First Mail Coach Run, Bath and Bristol to London'']
[http://www.guildofmodelwheelwrights.org/newsite03/magazine/PostandMailCoaches.htm GUILD OF MODEL WHEELWRIGHTS ''Post and Mail Coaches'']{{Dead link|date=May 2014}}
===Ireland===
While Ireland had its own independent post office from 1784 until 1831, a collection of reward notices covering the period from 1820 until 1870, documents a wide variety of robberies from mail coaches and mail cars to post offices and even post boxes, but post-boys seem to have been a popular target to be robbed. Rewards offered were generally between £20 and £100.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Stephen |title=Robbery On The Road |publisher=[[An Post]] |date=March 2008 |___location=Dublin |pages=18–47 }}</ref>
Initially there was one mail coach guard but due to the frequent attacks a second and even a third guard were assigned on some night stages. Coaches were even accompanied by a military guard, such as the Belfast coach travelling the lonely and mountainous road between [[Newry]] and [[Drogheda]], that could be accompanied by six [[dragoons]].<ref name="PO in Ireland"/>{{rp|69–70}} The Irish mail coaches were attacked more frequently than those in England or Scotland.<ref name="PO in Ireland"/>{{rp|76}}
[[File:IRL 1921 recovered raided mail of Allihies.jpg|thumb|Envelope found open in recovered mail raided during the [[Irish War of Independence|Anglo-Irish War]] in 1921 and resealed with notation.]]
A mail bag was stolen from a mail coach on Christmas Eve 1799 near [[Ravensdale, County Louth]], and the robbers vanished. The repercussion was that a dozen poor cottagers who lived close by were sent to jail but released after a few days. On 19 January 1803 when the Dublin to Cork mail coach was robbed near [[Cashel]], the guard used up all his ammunition and was wounded but secured the mail bag even though the private parcels were stolen.<ref name="PO in Ireland"/>{{rp|69–70}} A robbery in which the guard was killed in 1812 happened at Cappagh Hall in [[County Kildare]] but it was not until 1817 that the accused was put on trial though acquitted.<ref>{{cite news |author=Cork Advertiser |title=Sydney |page=3 |publisher=The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser |date=6 December 1817 |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2177612/493594 |accessdate=2 April 2018 }}</ref><ref name="PO in Ireland">{{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Stephen |title=The Post Office in Ireland |publisher=Irish Academic Press |date=2016 |___location=[[Newbridge, County Kildare]] |isbn=978-1-911024-32-3 }}</ref>{{rp|69–70}}
Between 1919 and 1923, during the [[Irish War of Independence|Anglo Irish War]] and [[Irish Civil War]], mail trains and post offices were robbed by members of the [[Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)|Irish Republican Army]]. [[Military mail]] was specially targeted for its intelligence and some mail was marked as having been censored before being recovered or returned.<ref>{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Brian |title=President's father took part in wartime IRA raid |publisher=[[The Irish News]] |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.irishnews.com/news/2014/04/14/news/president-s-father-took-part-in-wartime-ira-raid-88977/ |accessdate=10 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ó Duibhir |first=Liam |title=The Donegal Awakening: Donegal & the War of Independence |publisher=[[Mercier Press]] |year=2009 |___location=Cork |pages=105, 150, 155, 166, 174, 182, 231, 247, 251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_-fTyW1PQMC |isbn=978-1-85635-632-9 }}</ref> In addition to post offices, postmen were also robbed of their mail.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hart |first=Peter |title=The I.R.A. at War, 1916-1923 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2003 |___location=Oxford |pages=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bESDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |isbn=978-0-19925-258-9 }}</ref> It's recorded that in just four weeks of Spring 1922 there were 331 post office robberies alone.<ref>{{cite book |last=Doyle |first=Tom |title=The Civil War in Kerry |publisher=[[Mercier Press]] |year=2008 |___location=Cork |pages=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcXdStg4ppQC&pg=PA83 |isbn=978-1-85635-590-2 }}</ref>
===United States of America===
[[File:Pony Express Stolen Mail 1860.jpg|thumb|Mail recovered from a [[Pony Express]] mail robbery in 1860]]
In 1799 the [[United States Congress|Congress of the United States]] passed a law authorizing the [[death penalty]] for a second offence of mail robbery ''or if the carrier was wounded or his life put in jeopary''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rogers |first=Lindsay |title=The Postal Power of Congress: A Study in Constitutional Expansion (reprint 2006) |publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd |year=1916 |___location=Clark, New Jersey |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzklJmj-yz0C&pg=PA38 |oclc=458123147 |isbn=1-58477-677-3 |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref>
[[Billy the Kid]] was interviewed by post office inspectors about a mail robbery in Santa Fe in 1881.<ref name="postal inspectors history">{{cite web |title=A Chronology of the United States Postal Inspection Service |publisher=U.S. Postal Inspection Service |date= |url=https://postalinspectors.uspis.gov/aboutus/History.aspx |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref>
The last known stagecoach robbery was solved in 1916 when the perpetrators were caught five days after the event by the [[United States Postal Inspection Service]].<ref name="postal inspectors history"/>
In the 1920s robberies of mail trains had increased to a level of that more than $6.3 million had been stolen in three dozen incidents that included all forms of mail transportation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mail by Rail: Robberies |work=Moving the Mail |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] |date= |url=http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibits/2c1d_robberies.html |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref>
Thieves now also target residential letter boxes and post office post boxes, removing all the just delivered mail.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mail Thefts Soar As Thieves Target Mailboxes, Post Office Drop-Offs |publisher=[[CBS]] Los Angeles |date=10 May 2016 |url=http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2016/05/10/mail-thefts-soar-as-thieves-target-mailboxes-post-office-drop-offs/ |accessdate=31 March 2018 }}</ref> As recently as September 2017, a mail carrier in Kansas was convicted of stealing gift cards, cash and prepaid [[debit card]]s he was entrusted to deliver and sentenced to six months in prison.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mail Carrier Sentenced For Stealing Gift Cards from Mail |work=Press Release |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]] |date=18 September 2017 |url=https://uspsoig.gov/sites/default/files/document-library-files/2017/DOJ9-18.pdf |accessdate=31 March 2018 }}</ref> Under US Code Title 18, which covers a wide range of mail theft a person can receive a fine and be sentenced up to five year in prison.<ref>{{cite web |title=18 US Code § 1708: Theft or receipt of stolen mail matter generally |work=US Code |date= |publisher=[[Cornell Law School]] |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1708 |accessdate=31 March 2018 }}</ref>
==
===Post-boys to mail carriers===
Post-boys
===Mail coach robberies===
[[File:Indians Attacking a Stage-Coach BAH-p243.png|thumb|[[United States]] ''Overland Mail'' [[stagecoach]] being attacked by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American Indians]] c1865]]
Despite the death penalty in the UK [[Stagecoach|stage coach]] (from 1784 [[Mail coach]]) robberies by [[highwaymen]] were common. For example, in 1722 two were executed for robbing the Bristol mail.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Geri Walton |title=18th and 19th Century: Mail Coach Robberies |url=http://18thcand19thc.blogspot.co.nz/2014/04/mail-coach-robberies.html |publisher=Geri Walton |date=2014-04-18 |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref>
The newspaper account of a robbery, during the early 1800s,<!--18 Dec was on Saturday in 1819, 1824 or 1830 --> were of the [[Stirling]]–[[Edinburgh]] mail coach reports that three men took £10,000 cash while it was stopped at [[Kirkliston]] though one of the robbers was caught.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digital.nls.uk/broadsides/broadside.cfm/id/15456 |title=Broadside entitled "Robbery of the Mail Coach" |publisher=National Library of Scotland |date=2004 |accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref>
During the American [[gold rush]] of the 1850s and 1860s, [[History of Wells Fargo|Wells Fargo]] was carrying both mail and gold in the [[strongbox]]es on their mail coaches. Many holdups took place by individual robbers and entire gangs. The [[Butterfield Overland Mail]] route was eventually taken over by Wells Fargo who build up their own detective and police force to combat robbery of their mail coaches. [[Charles Bolles|Black Bart]] a notorious mail coach robber is documented<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=James |title=Remarkable Career of Black Bart |work=Bankitaly Life |publisher=The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco |date=December 1920 |url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist9/blackbart.html |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref> as having robbed at least twenty-six Wells Fargo stage coaches from which he is alleged to have also stolen the mail. A reward of $800 was offered on a poster for just two robberies in 1877 and 1878<ref>{{cite book |last=Nevin |first=David |title=The Expressman |publisher=Time-Life Books |date=1974 |___location=New York |pages=212–215 }}</ref> though he robbed more. He was tracked down by [[James B. Hume]], Wells Fargo's chief detective who brought the plague of robberies under control, and convicted of one robbery to which he admitted for which he was sentenced to six years in [[San Quentin]] prison that started on November 21, 1883. Black Bart was released in January 1888.<ref>{{cite news |title=Black Bart Released |work=California Digital Newspaper Collection |publisher=Daily Alta California |date=1888-01-22 |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18880122.2.31 |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref>
===Mail train robberies===
[[Train robbery|Robberies from trains]] also began early and one such example was on the [[Bristol and Exeter Railway]] in 1849.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vtbt Vreb hues. |url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/6th-january-1849/7/vtbt-vreb-hues |publisher=[[The Spectator]] |page=6 |date=1849-01-06 |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref>
In the United States the period immediately following the [[First World War]] witnessed a large number of mail robberies. Eventually, the frequency of these thefts caused the war department to place armed marines on all mail trains.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Rail Detectives Victors in War on Crime |journal=[[Popular Mechanics]] |date=March 1924 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=336–339 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA336 }}</ref>
[[File:Disused Travelling Post Office at Bristol Parkway 2006-01-05 01.jpg|thumb|Disused [[Royal Mail]] [[Travelling Post Office]] [[Post Office Sorting Van|Sorting van]]]]
A number of high-value mail robberies occurred in the UK after the [[Second World War]], as a result of a lack of improvements in security in the transport of money.<ref name=Thomas>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Donald |title=Villains' Paradise: A History of Britain's Underworld |year=2006 |publisher=Pegasus Books |pages=312–313 |url=https://archive.org/details/villainsparadise00dona }}</ref> One major example was the [[Eastcastle Street robbery]] in 1952, involving the theft of £287,000 from a post office van in London. Overall that year, 629 mailbags went missing, and in the following year the figure was 738.<ref name=Thomas/>
The two significant mail robberies occurred in the early 1960s. In the UK, £2.6 million was taken in the '[[Great Train Robbery (1963)|Great Train Robbery]]' of 1963. A year earlier, $1.5 million was stolen from the hold-up of a U.S. Mail truck in [[Massachusetts]]. By the end of the 1960s, however, mail robbery had become less common.<ref name=Thomas/>
The 1976 [[Sallins Train robbery]] in Ireland, [[Irish pound|£]]200,000 was stolen from the Cork to Dublin mail train and eventually claimed in 1980 as carried out by the [[Provisional IRA]]. Five members of the [[Irish Republican Socialist Party|IRSP]] were arrested and three were falsely accused (one left the country and one refused to sign an alleged confession).<ref name="irish times">{{Cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/stage/the-drama-and-debacle-of-the-sallins-train-robbery-1.2161447 |title=The drama and debacle of the Sallins train robbery |last=Murtagh |first=Peter |date=2015-10-02 |publisher=[[Irish Times]] |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> The first trial of 65-days was the longest ever in Irish criminal history and collapsed after one of the three judges died.<ref name="wicklow people"/ Two men were convicted during the second trial, while [[Nicky Kelly]] was sentenced [[trial in absentia|in absentia]] as he fled to the United States before his conviction. Following the Provisional IRA claim in 1980, the two men's convictions were quashed because their confessions were made under duress. Kelly returned, on the basis he would also be acquitted, but spent four year in a [[Portlaoise Prison|maximum-security prison]] proclaiming his innocence that included a 38-day [[hunger strike]].<ref name="wicklow people">{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/regionals/wicklowpeople/lifestyle/wrongly-jailed-for-train-heist-30662223.html |title=Wrongly jailed for train heist |date=2014-10-18 |publisher=[[Wicklow People]] |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> Kelly was released on humanitarian grounds in 1984, given a [[President of Ireland|presidential]] [[Pardon#Method I|pardon]] in 1992 and received £1,000,000 in compensation.<ref name="wicklow people"/> No one stood trial for this robbery.
===Post box robbery===
Mail deposited in [[Post box|post boxes]] have been subject of attempted robbery by thieves<ref>{{cite web |last=Eichelkraut |first=Christina |title=Letter box break-in effort fails |publisher=Pahrump Valley Times |date=2006-12-29 |url=http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2006/Dec-29-Fri-2006/news/11657918.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210095714/http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2006/Dec-29-Fri-2006/news/11657918.html |archivedate=2014-03-03 |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref> and in [[Denver]] in 2014, a man with previous mail theft convictions dating from 2008, pled guilty of attempting to obtain a USPS collection mail box [[Key (lock)#Master Key|master key]] by threatening a mail carrier with a knife.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Kirk |title=Mastermind of mailbox robbery pleads guilty in federal court |publisher=[[Denver Post]] |date=20 March 2014 |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2014/03/20/mastermind-of-mailbox-robbery-pleads-guilty-in-federal-court/ |accessdate=2 April 2018 }}</ref>
===Postal facility theft===
In 2006 a 19-year [[Royal Mail]] employee, Roy Johnson, was caught in a trap laid for him when customers complained of money missing from their letters that had been handled in the [[Oldham]] mail centre, [[Manchester]] where Johnson worked as a night manager. Over a two-year period he rifled through mail bags searching for travellers' cheques and foreign currency netting him GB£70,000 that he used to make down-payments of a Jaguar and a Mercedes car and paid for home improvements in cash.<ref>{{cite news |title=Boss in £70,000 mail theft |work= |publisher=Manchester Evening News |date=2007-02-15 |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/boss-in-70000-mail-theft-1036893 |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref>
Before Christmas 2007, a letter carrier in the [[Brooklyn]] borough of New York, was suspected of stealing mail within his delivery routes. Decoy "test greeting card letters" were added to his mail and after more complaints, a letter addressed to a non-existing address, with cash and an electronic transmitter, was found in his car's [[Glove compartment|glovebox]] with another 38 envelopes and in the trunk another were 100 torn open envelopes. The [[grinch]]-like mailman admitted he had been stealing mail since [[Valentine's Day]] and stole more during the holiday periods.<ref>{{cite news |last=Marzulli |first=John |title=Mailman arrested for stealing cards |___location=New York |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=8 December 2007 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/mailman-arrested-stealing-cards-article-1.273424 |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref>
A 2017 [[United States Postal Inspection Service|USPIS]] report recounts that they recovered about $3 US million following 1,364 investigations resulting in 409 arrests and more than 1,000 administrative actions against staff during the period October 2016 to September 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Mail Theft |publisher=[[United States Postal Inspection Service]] |year=2017 |url=https://www.uspsoig.gov/investigations/internal-mail-theft |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref> USPS has online advise for securing mail within its mail centres.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mail Theft |work=Publication 166 - Guide to Mail Center Security |publisher=[[USPS]] |date=January 2013 |url=https://about.usps.com/publications/pub166/pub166_tech_012.htm |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref>
===Identity theft===
Mail robbery has sparked [[identity theft]] fears because thieves have broken into mailboxes<ref name="KXXV">{{cite news |last=Gross |first=Kristina |title=Identity theft could be behind recent post office break-ins |publisher=KXXV Channel 25, Waco |date=11 March 2014 |url=http://www.kxxv.com/story/24937991/identity-theft-could-be-behind-recent-post-office-break-ins |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref> and community mailbox clusters,<ref name="city of ventura"/> and with personel information may be able to ruin a person's good credit or even assume their identity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Privacy & Identity |publisher=[[Federal Trade Commission]] |date=May 2014 |url=http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/topics/privacy-identity |accessdate=30 March 2018 }}</ref> According to USPS, in December 2007 is was fastest growing crime in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Identity Theft: Safeguard your personal information |work=Publication 280 |publisher=[[USPS]] |date=December 2007 |url=https://about.usps.com/publications/pub280/welcome.htm |accessdate=31 March 2018 }}</ref>
==Films==
* [[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]] 1903<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsite.org/grea.html |title=The Great Train Robbery (1903) |publisher=Filmsite.org |date= |accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Overland Mail Robbery]] 1943
* [[Roadblock (1951 film)|Roadblock]] 1951
* [[The Great St Trinian's Train Robbery]] 1966
* [[Robbery (1967 film)|Robbery]] 1967
* [[The Great Train Robbery (2013 film)|The Great Train Robbery]] 2013
==See also==
*[[Alvin Karpis]]
*[[Charles Bolles]] alian Black Bart
*[[Dave Rudabaugh]]
*[[Mail fraud]]
*[[Gladenbach#
* [[
*[[Ronnie Biggs]]
*[[Roy Gardner (bank robber)]]
*[[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives by year, 1950#Thomas James Holden|Thomas James Holden]]
*[[United States Postal Inspection Service]]
*[[William Quantrill]]
*[[Wyatt Earp]]
==References and sources==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
;Sources
* {{cite book |last =Denniston |first =Elinore |title =America's Silent Investigators |publisher =Dodd, Mead & Company |date =1964 |___location =New York |page =160 }}
==External links==
*[http://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibits/current/moving-the-mail/mail-by-rail/robberies.html Moving the Mail by Rail - Robberies] [[National Postal Museum]]
*[http://colossalcave.com/bandits/ The Bandits of Colossal Cave]
*[http://
<!--
*[http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters_outlaws/cops_others/biggs/4.html The Great Train Robbery (1963)] Crime Library ''The Big One: Ronald Biggs and the Great Train Robbery''
-->
<!--[[Category:Robbery]]
[[Category:Postal system]]
[[Category:Organized crime activity]] -->
| |||