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{{Short description|American photographer (1958–1981)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Francesca Woodman
| image = Francesca_Woodman_self_portrait.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Self-portrait, {{circa}} 1977
| birth_name = Francesca Stern Woodman
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1958|04|03}}
| birth_place = [[Denver, Colorado]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1981|01|19|1958|04|03}}
| death_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| education = [[Boulder High School]]
| alma_mater = [[Rhode Island School of Design]]
| occupation = Photographer
| works =
| mother = [[Betty Woodman]]
| father = [[George Woodman]]
| awards =
}}
'''Francesca Stern Woodman''' (April 3, 1958 – January 19, 1981) was an American [[photographer]] best known for her [[black and white photography|black and white]] pictures featuring either herself or female models.
Many of her photographs show women, naked or clothed, blurred (due to movement and long [[exposure (photography)|exposure]] times), merging with their surroundings, or whose faces are obscured.
Years after her death in 1981, her work continues to be the subject of much positive critical attention.{{Sfn|Gabhart|1986}}{{Sfn|Lux|1992}}{{Sfn|Chandès|1998}}{{Sfn|Townsend|2006}}{{Sfn|Keller|2011}}
== Life ==
Woodman was born in [[Denver, Colorado]], to artists [[George Woodman]] and [[Betty Woodman]] (née Abrahams).{{Sfn|Chandès|1998|p=4}}<ref name=MacMillan2006>{{cite web|work=Denver Post|author=MacMillan, Kyle|title= Francesca Woodman's haunting vision|date=December 14, 2006|url=http://www.denverpost.com/2006/12/14/francesca-woodmans-haunting-vision/|access-date=April 25, 2018}}</ref> Her mother was Jewish and her father was from a Protestant background.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/16/arts/design/francesca-woodman-at-guggenheim-museum.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ken | last=Johnson | title='Francesca Woodman' at Guggenheim Museum | date=March 15, 2012}}</ref> Her older brother, Charles, later became an associate professor of [[electronic art]].<ref>[http://www.shirley-jonesgallery.com/exhibit8.html Video works Charles Woodman, photographs Francesca Woodman, May 6 – June 16, 2005.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929022226/http://www.shirley-jonesgallery.com/exhibit8.html |date=September 29, 2007 }} Notes for an exhibition at Shirley-Jones Gallery, Yellow Springs, Ohio. Accessed 2007-09-07.</ref>
Woodman took her first self-portrait at age thirteen and continued photographing herself until she died.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/artist/francesca-woodman|title=Francesca Woodman - 50 Artworks, Bio & Shows on Artsy|website=www.artsy.net|language=en|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref> She attended public school in [[Boulder, Colorado]], between 1963 and 1971, except for second grade, which she attended in Italy, where the family spent many summers between school years. She began high school in 1972 at [[Abbot Academy]], a private Massachusetts boarding school. There, she began to develop her photographic skills and became interested in the art form. Abbot Academy merged with [[Phillips Academy]] in 1973; Woodman returned to Colorado in 1974 to finish high school, graduating from [[Boulder High School]] in 1975.<ref name=MacMillan2006/> Through 1975, she spent summers with her family in Italy{{sfn|Chandès|1998|p=154}}<ref name=MacMillan2006/> in the [[Florence|Florentine]] countryside, where the family lived on an old farm.<ref name=moderna>{{cite web|work=[[Moderna Museet]]|url=https://www.modernamuseet.se/stockholm/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/08/fw_eng.pdf|title=Francesca Woodman: On being an angel|author=Tellgren, Anna|access-date=April 25, 2018|date=2016|pages=9–16}} {{free access}}</ref>
Beginning in 1975, Woodman attended the [[Rhode Island School of Design]] (RISD) in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. She studied in [[Rome]] between 1977 and 1978 in a RISD honors program. Because she spoke fluent [[Italian language|Italian]], she was able to befriend Italian intellectuals and artists.{{Sfn|Chandès|1998|pages=26–30, 154}} She returned to Rhode Island in late 1978 to graduate from RISD.{{Sfn|Chandès|1998|p=154}}<ref name=MacMillan2006/>
Woodman moved to [[New York City]] in 1979. After spending the summer of 1979 in [[Stanwood, Washington]]{{sfn|Solomon-Godeau|2017|p=177}} visiting her boyfriend at [[Pilchuck Glass School]], she returned to New York "to make a career in photography." She sent portfolios of her work to fashion photographers, but "her solicitations did not lead anywhere".{{Sfn|Chandès|1998|p=155}} In the summer of 1980, she was an artist-in-residence at the [[MacDowell Colony]] in [[Peterborough, New Hampshire]].{{Sfn|Chandès|1998|p=155}}<ref name=MacMillan2006/>
In late 1980, Woodman became depressed owing to the failure of her work to attract attention and because of a broken relationship.<ref name=Riding1998>Riding, Alan. [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/17/arts/pictures-perhaps-of-her-despair.html Pictures, perhaps, of her despair: a young photographer's work may or may not hold clues to her suicide.] The New York Times, 1998-05-17.</ref> She survived a [[suicide attempt]] in the autumn of 1980, after which she lived with her parents in Manhattan.<ref name=Gumport2011>{{cite magazine|author=Gumport, Elizabeth|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2011/jan/24/long-exposure-francesca-woodman/|title=The Long Exposure of Francesca Woodman|magazine=New York Review of Books|date=January 24, 2011|access-date=December 29, 2016}}</ref>
==Death==
On January 19, 1981, Woodman died by suicide at age 22 by jumping out of a [[loft]] window of a building on the [[East Side (Manhattan)|East Side]] of New York City.{{Sfn|Chandès|1998|p=155}}<ref name=MacMillan2006/> An acquaintance wrote, "Things had been bad, there had been therapy, things had gotten better, guard had been let down".<ref name=Davison2000/> Her father has suggested that Woodman's suicide was related to an unsuccessful application for funding from the [[National Endowment for the Arts]].<ref name=Hoberman2011>{{cite web|author=Hoberman, J.|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2011-01-19/film/photographer-francesca-woodman-gets-her-close-up-in-a-haunting-family-study/ |title=Photographer Francesca Woodman Gets Her Close-Up in a Haunting Family Study| work=Village Voice | date=January 19, 2011|access-date=November 16, 2011}}</ref> A lackluster response to her photography and a failed relationship had pushed her into the deep depression.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/francesca-woodman/|title=Francesca Woodman {{!}} artnet|website=www.artnet.com|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref>
== Works ==
=== Photographs, 1972–1980 ===
Although Woodman used different cameras and film formats during her career, most of her photographs were taken with [[Medium format (film)|medium format]] cameras producing {{fract|2|1|4}} by {{frac|2|1|4}}-inch (6x6 cm) square [[Negative (photography)|negatives]].{{Sfn|Townsend|2006|p=9}}{{Sfn|Keller|2011|p=179}} Woodman created at least 10,000 negatives, which her parents kept.<ref>Wood, Gaby. The lady vanishes. ''The Observer'', 1999 July 25.</ref> Woodman's estate, which was managed by Woodman's parents,<ref name=Loos2011>{{cite news |author=Loos, Ted|date= December 1, 2011 |title= Sharing a Guarded Legacy |newspaper= The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/arts/design/francesca-woodman-retrospective.html |access-date= December 21, 2012}}</ref> consists of over 800 prints,<ref name=MacMillan2006/> of which only around 120 images had been published or exhibited as of 2006.{{Sfn|Townsend|2006|p=6}} Most of Woodman's prints are {{convert|8|by|10|in|cm}} or smaller, which "works to produce an intimate experience between viewer and photograph".<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Simon, Jane| doi = 10.1016/j.emospa.2010.01.013 | title = An intimate mode of looking: Francesca Woodman's photographs | journal = Emotion, Space and Society | volume = 3 | pages = 28–59 | year = 2010}}</ref>
Many of Woodman's images are untitled and are known only by a ___location and date. She often took photographs indoors, finding abandoned and derelict spaces in which to create her photographic tableaux.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Raymond|first=Claire|date=2017-04-21|title=Women Photographers and Feminist Aesthetics|doi=10.4324/9781315628912|isbn=9781315628912}}</ref>
=== Videos, 1975–1978 ===
At RISD, Woodman borrowed a [[video camera]] and [[VTR]]{{Sfn|Townsend|2006|p=27}} and created videotapes related to her photographs in which she "methodically whitewashes her own naked body, for instance, or compares her torso to images of classical statuary."<ref name=Robinson2005>{{cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/robinson/robinson12-12-05.asp |author=Robinson, Walter|title=Maximum Miami|work=ArtNet Magazine|date=December 12, 2005|access-date=December 10, 2016}}</ref> Some of these videos were displayed at the [[Helsinki City Art Museum]] in Finland and the Cisneros Fontanals Art Foundation in [[Miami]] in 2005;<ref name=Robinson2005/> the [[Tate Modern]] in [[London]] in 2007–2008;<ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/CollectionDisplays?venueid=2&roomid=4215&page=2 Francesca Woodman (Room 8).] Tate Modern, 2007.</ref> and the [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]] in 2011.{{Sfn|Keller|2011}}{{Sfn|Blessing|2011|pages=196–203}}
=== ''Some Disordered Interior Geometries'' (1981 book) ===
Woodman created a number of [[artist's book]]s, such as ''Portrait of a Reputation'', ''Quaderno dei Dettati e dei Temi'' (Notebook of Dictations and Compositions), ''Quaderno'' (also known as ''Quaderno Raffaello''), ''Portraits Friends Equasions'', and ''Angels, Calendar Notebook''.{{Sfn|Townsend|2006|p=4}}<ref name=Riches2004a>Riches, Harriet. Disappearing Act: Francesca Woodman's ''Portrait of a Reputation''. ''Oxford Art Journal'' 2004;27(1):95–113.</ref>{{Sfn|Dunhill|2012}} However, the only artist's book containing Woodman's photographs that was published during her lifetime was ''Some Disordered Interior Geometries.''<ref name=Woodman1981>{{cite book | author=Woodman, Francesca | title=Some disordered interior geometries | ___location= Philadelphia|publisher= Synapse Press | year=1981 | oclc=11308833 }}</ref> Released in January 1981 shortly before Woodman's death, it is 24 pages in length and is based upon selected pages from an Italian geometry exercise book. On the pages, Woodman had attached 16 photographs and had added handwriting and white [[correction fluid]]. A study of the book notes that Woodman occasionally re-drew a form "for emphasis or delight."<ref name=Dunhill|2008>[https://www1.essex.ac.uk/arthistory/research/pdfs/rebus/rebus_issue_2.pdf Dunhill, Alison. Dialogues with Diagrams.] ''re•bus'', 2008 Autumn/Winter;2.</ref> A reproduction of the book's original spreads shows purple-pink covers, pages which vary slightly in color, and traces of pink on several pages.{{Sfn|Townsend|2006}} Although the published version of the book has purple-pink covers, the interior pages are printed using only black, white, and shades of gray.<ref name=Woodman1981/>
In 1999, a critic was of the opinion that ''Some Disordered Interior Geometries'' was "a distinctively bizarre book… a seemingly deranged miasma of mathematical formulae, photographs of herself and scrawled, snaking, handwritten notes."<ref name=Henshall1999>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101206020328/http://www.newstatesman.com/199908230027.htm Henshall, John. Fatal attraction.] ''New Statesman'', 1999 August 23.</ref> An acquaintance of Woodman wrote in 2000 that it "was a very peculiar little book indeed," with "a strangely ironic distance between the soft intimacy of the bodies in the photographs and the angularity of the geometric rules that covered the pages."<ref name=Davison2000>Davison, Peter. Girl, seeming to disappear. ''Atlantic Monthly'', 2000 May;285(5):108–111.</ref> A 2006 essay described the book as "a three-way game that plays the text and illustrations for an introduction to Euclid against Woodman's own text and diagrams, as well as the 'geometry' of her formal compositions,"{{Sfn|Townsend|2006|p=239}} while a 2008 article found the book "poetic and humorous, analytical and reflexive."<ref name=Dunhill|2008/> A 2010 article on Woodman called the book "original and enigmatic,"<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Somerville, Kris | doi = 10.1353/mis.2010.0043 | title = Clues to a Lost Woman: The Photography of Francesca Woodman | journal = The Missouri Review | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 79–91 | year = 2010| s2cid = 162214059 }}</ref> and a 2010 review stated of the book that "we are the richer for it."<ref>Spence, Rachel. [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/ad7e1aca-9e4c-11df-a5a4-00144feab49a.html Francesca Woodman, Palazzo della Ragione, Milan.] Financial Times, 2010-08-02. Accessed 2011-11-15.</ref> Claire Raymond argues that in ''Some Disordered Interior Geometries'' Woodman elliptically confronts the problem of the female artist's struggle to claim authority as an artist: by using a student textbook as her signal artist's book (the only book published during Woodman's lifetime) Woodman exposes the difficulty of the female artist moving beyond the role of neophyte/student.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Francesca Woodman's dark gaze: the diazotypes and other late works|author=Raymond, Claire|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781472457134|oclc=1082195815}}</ref>
A complete facsimile edition of all Woodman's artist's books was published in 2023.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Woodman |first1=Francesca |title=The Artist’s Books |date=May 2023 |publisher=MACK |___location=London |isbn=978-1-913620-88-2}}</ref>
== Posthumous recognition ==
===Publications===
Besides catalogues of her solo exhibitions, notable books by and about Woodman include:
====Books of work by Woodman====
*''Francesca Woodman: Photographs 1975–1980''. Marian Goodman, 2004. Exhibition catalogue.
* ''Francesca Woodman''. [[Phaidon Press|Phaidon]], 2006. Edited by Chris Townsend.{{Sfn|Townsend|2006}}
* ''Francesca Woodman's Notebook'', which was released in 2011.<ref>{{cite book | author = Woodman, Francesca | title = Francesca Woodman: On Being an Angel | publisher = Silvana | ___location = Milan | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-88-366-2117-0 }}</ref> It contains a facsimile of an Italian school exercise book to which Woodman added photographs, as well as an afterword by Woodman's father.<ref>International Center of Photography Store. [http://shopping.icp.org/store/product.html?product_id=34351 Francesca Woodman's Notebook.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607212306/http://shopping.icp.org/store/product.html?product_id=34351 |date=2012-06-07 }} Accessed 2011-11-16.</ref> This book, also known as ''Quaderno'' or ''Quaderno Raffaello'', has been described as "both an urgent missive to a lover and a playful sexual summons."<ref>{{cite web| author= Dunhill, Alison|author-link1=Alison Dunhill | title= Quaderno Raffaello: Anticipation and Delight | year = 2012 | url= http://www.alisondunhill.com/research/anticipation_and_delight.pdf}}</ref>
*''On Being an Angel'' Moderna Museet/König, 2015.
*''Portrait of a Reputation''. Rizzoli Electa, 2019. Photographs, notes, letters, postcards, and other ephemera. Accompanied an exhibition at MCA Denver, 2019–2020.
*''Alternate Stories''. Marian Goodman Gallery, 2021. Exhibition catalogue.
*''The Artist's Books''. MACK, 2023. Reproductions of all Woodman's artist's books.
====Books about Woodman====
* ''Francesca Woodman and the Kantian sublime''. Ashgate, 2010. A book examining the relevance of Woodman's photography as a way of understanding [[Sublime (philosophy)#Immanuel Kant|Kant's theory of the sublime]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Raymond, Claire | title = Francesca Woodman and the Kantian sublime | publisher = Ashgate | ___location = Farnham, Surrey and Burlington, VT | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-7546-6344-7 }}</ref>
* ''Francesca Woodman's Dark Gaze''. Ashgate, 2016. By Claire Raymond. Woodman's diazotypes and other later works are examined.<ref>{{cite book | author = Raymond, Claire | title = Francesca Woodman's Dark Gaze | publisher = Ashgate | ___location = Farnham, Surrey and Burlington, VT | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-14-724-5712-7 }}</ref>
=== Exhibitions ===
[[File:Townsend2006FrancescaWoodmanBookDustJacketFront.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Front of dust jacket of 2006 book ''Francesca Woodman''; photograph is Untitled, Providence, Rhode Island, 1976]]Woodman had only a few exhibitions during her life, some of which have been described as "exhibitions in alternative spaces in New York and Rome."<ref name=Baker2003>{{cite journal|title=Francesca Woodman Reconsidered: A Conversation with George Baker, Ann Daly, Nancy Davenport, Laura Larson, and Margaret Sundell|journal=Art Journal|date=2003|volume=62|pages=52–67|number=2|jstor=3558506|author1=Baker, George |author2=Daly, Ann |author3=Davenport, Nancy |author4=Larson, Laura |author5=Sundell, Margaret |doi=10.1080/00043249.2003.10792158 |s2cid=192135554 }}</ref> There were no known group or solo exhibitions of her work between 1981 and 1985, but numerous exhibitions each year since then.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/artists/francesca-woodman|title=Francesca Woodman|website=www.nationalgalleries.org}}</ref> Among her major solo exhibitions were:
* 1978: ''Immagini''. Libreria Maldoror, Roma. <ref> Six invitation postcards by Francesca Woodman, Libreria Maldoror, Rome, Italy, 1978 ([https://woodmanfoundation.org/news/invitation-postcards-by-francesca-woodman-libreria-maldoror-rome-italy-1977-from-the-archives Woodman Family Foundation website]).</ref>
* 1986–1989: ''Francesca Woodman, photographic work''.{{Sfn|Gabhart|1986}} Traveled to [[Hunter College]] Art Gallery, New York, NY; [[Wellesley College]] Museum, Wellesley, MA; [[University of Colorado Fine Arts Gallery]], Boulder, CO; [[UCI Fine Arts Gallery]], [[University of California, Irvine]], CA; [[Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia]], and [[Krannert Art Museum]], Champaign, IL.{{Sfn|Chandès|1998}}
* 1992–1993: ''Francesca Woodman, photographische arbeiten'' (photographic works).{{Sfn|Lux|1992}} Traveled to Shedhalle, Zürich, Switzerland; Westfälischer Kunstverein, Münster, Germany; [[Kulturhuset]], Stockholm, Sweden; Suomen Valokuvataiteen Museo SÄÄTIÖ, Helsinki, Finland; DAAD Galerie, Berlin, Germany; and Galleri F15 Alby, Moss, Norway.{{Sfn|Chandès|1998}}
* 1998: "l'artiste et la représentation de soi, Francesca Woodman", Rencontres d'Arles festival.
* 1998–2002: ''Francesca Woodman''.{{Sfn|Chandès|1998}} Traveled to [[Fondation Cartier pour l'art contemporain]], Paris, France; [[Kunsthal]], Rotterdam, The Netherlands; [[Belém Cultural Center]], Lisbon, Portugal; [[The Photographers' Gallery]], London, United Kingdom; Centro Cultural Tecla Sala, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Carla Sozzani Gallery, Milan, Italy; The [[Douglas Hyde Gallery]], Dublin, Ireland; and PhotoEspana, Centro Cultural Conde Duque, Madrid, Spain.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}
* 2000: ''Francesca Woodman: Providence, Roma, New York''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Oliva, Achille Bonito | title=Francesca Woodman: Providence, Roma, New York | ___location = Roma| publisher=Castelvecchi arte | year=2000 | isbn=88-8210-192-4 | oclc=45108542}}</ref> [[Palazzo delle Esposizioni]], Rome.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}
* 2009–2010: ''Francesca Woodman''.<ref>{{cite book | author= Tejeda, Isabel | title = Francesca Woodman: Retrospectiva = Retrospective | publisher = Espacio AV | ___location = Murcia, Spain | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-84-96898-42-4}}</ref> Traveled to Espacio AV, Murcia, Spain; sms contemporanea, Siena, Italy; and [[Palazzo della Ragione, Milan]], Italy.<ref>{{cite news |author= Pelloso, Giovanni |date= 2010-07-13 |title= I ritratti e i misteri di Francesca Woodman |newspaper= Corriere della Sera |url= http://milano.corriere.it/milano/notizie/arte_e_cultura/10_luglio_13/corpo-acorpo-1703369755695.shtml |access-date= 2011-11-07 | language = it }}</ref>
* 2011–2012: ''Francesca Woodman''. [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]], San Francisco, CA; and [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]], New York, NY.<ref>{{cite magazine |author= Ho, Alexander |date= November 4, 2011 |title= Retrospective: Looking Back on Francesca Woodman's Prolific Career |magazine= Time |url= http://lightbox.time.com/2011/11/04/retrospective-looking-back-on-francesca-woodman%E2%80%99s-prolific-career/ |access-date= 2011-11-07 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111105092949/http://lightbox.time.com/2011/11/04/retrospective-looking-back-on-francesca-woodman%E2%80%99s-prolific-career/ |archive-date= November 5, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Francesca Woodman's Foreboding Essence Timeless|author= Baker, Kenneth |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/11/11/DDLC1LT04B.DTL |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=2011-11-12 |access-date=2011-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Francesca Woodman Exhibit Displays Haunting Beauty |author=Bowman, Cathy |url=http://www.sfexaminer.com/entertainment/2011/11/francesca-woodman-exhibit-displays-haunting-beauty |newspaper=San Francisco Examiner |date=2011-11-07 |access-date=2011-11-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011005306/http://www.sfexaminer.com/entertainment/2011/11/francesca-woodman-exhibit-displays-haunting-beauty |archive-date=2012-10-11 }}</ref> Many had never been on display before.<ref name=Loos2011/>
* 2015–2017: ''On Being an Angel''.<ref>{{cite book | author= Tellgren, Anna | title = Francesca Woodman: Retrospectiva = Retrospective | publisher = Moderna Museet | ___location = Stockholm, Sweden| year = 2015 | isbn = 978-38-63357-50-4}}</ref> Traveled to Moderna Museet, Stockholm; Foam Photography Museum, Amsterdam; Fondation Henri Cartier-Bresson, Paris; Moderna Museet, Malmo; Finnish Museum of Photography, Helsinki.
* 2019-2020: ''Francesca Woodman: Portrait of a Reputation''. [[Museum of Contemporary Art Denver|MCA Denver]], Denver, CO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.westword.com/arts/mca-denver-showing-a-trio-of-exhibits-devoted-to-women-on-the-edge-11552206|title=Women on the Edge Tie Together a Trio of MCA Denver Shows|last=Paglia|first=Michael|date=2019-11-20|website=Westword|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>
* 2021: ''Francesca Woodman:Alternate Stories.'' Marian Goodman Gallery, New York, NY.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AnOther |date=2021-11-01 |title=Brilliant Things to Do This November |url=https://www.anothermag.com/design-living/13691/brilliant-things-to-do-this-november |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=AnOther |language=en}}</ref>
* 2024: ''Francesca Woodman and Julia Margaret Cameron: Portraits to Dream In'', National Portrait Gallery, London, UK.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jansen, Charlotte |date=March 20, 2024 |title=Woodman and Cameron: Portraits to Dream In - groundbreaking female photographers a century apart |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2024/mar/20/woodman-and-cameron-portraits-to-dream-in-national-portrait-gallery-london |website=Guardian |access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>
* 2025: ''Francesca Woodman Works from the Verbund Collection'', Albertina Museum, Vienna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Francesca Woodman |url=https://www.albertina.at/en/exhibitions/francesca-woodman/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=The ALBERTINA Museum Vienna |language=en}}</ref>
===The films ''The Fancy'' and ''The Woodmans''===
[[File:TheWoodmansMoviePoster2011.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Poster for the 2011 film ''The Woodmans'' including part of "Polka Dots" photograph]]
In 2000, an experimental video ''The Fancy'', by [[Elisabeth Subrin]], examined Woodman's life and work, "pos[ing] questions about biographical form, history and fantasy, female subjectivity, and issues of authorship and intellectual property."<ref name=Subrin2000>Subrin, Elisabeth. ''The Fancy'' (video). Chicago: Video Data Bank (distributor), 2000. [http://worldcat.org/oclc/45301667 OCLC 45301667.]</ref><ref>[http://www.vdb.org/smackn.acgi$tapedetail?FANCY Video Data Bank page on ''The Fancy''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430225015/http://www.vdb.org/smackn.acgi$tapedetail?FANCY |date=2007-04-30 }} Accessed 2007-09-07.</ref> Reviewers noted that the video juxtaposes "formalism, biography, and psychoanalysis"<ref>Greene, Rachel. Elisabeth Subrin, ''The Fancy'' (review). ''Bomb'' 2001 Fall;77:22.</ref> and "hints at conspiracy, calling attention to the Woodman family's unwillingness to make the bulk of her body of photography available…."<ref name=Armour2000>Armour, Nicole. Disappearing acts. ''Film Comment'' 2000 Nov/Dec;36(6):55-57.</ref>
A feature-length documentary ''The Woodmans'', was released theatrically by Lorber Films<ref>Kino Lorber. [http://www.kinolorber.com/film.php?id=1183 ''The Woodmans''. Directed by C. Scott Willis. A Lorber Films Release.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232927/http://www.kinolorber.com/film.php?id=1183 |date=2016-03-03 }} 2010. Accessed 2011-11-15.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1610516/|title=The Woodmans (2010)|website=IMDb}}</ref> on the thirtieth anniversary of her death, 18 January 2011. The director "had unrestricted access to all of Francesca’s photographs, private diaries, and experimental videos".<ref name=ITVU>[[Independent Television Service]]. [http://www.itvs.org/films/woodmans/photos-and-press-kit ''The Woodmans'', the Haunting Story of Late Photographer Francesca Woodman and Her Family, Premieres on PBS’s ''Independent Lens'' on Thursday, December 22, 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010002811/http://www.itvs.org/films/woodmans/photos-and-press-kit |date=October 10, 2016 }} (press release). 2011-09-21. Accessed 2011-11-15.</ref> Although the film won "Best New York Documentary" at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]], Woodman's parents decided not to attend the [[premiere]].<ref>Messer, Ron. [https://collider.com/c-scott-willis-interview-the-woodmans-tribeca-film-festival/ C. Scott Willis Interview THE WOODMANS – 2010 Tribeca Film Festival] . Collider.com, 2010-05-10. Accessed 2011-11-15.</ref> Reactions to the film have been largely favorable. On the film review site [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 94% of 17 critics' reviews were positive, and 83% of 793 user ratings were positive.<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_woodmans/ The Woodmans (2010).] RottenTomatoes.com. Accessed 2011-11-15.</ref> It was broadcast on the [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] series ''[[Independent Lens]]'' on December 22, 2011.<ref name=ITVU/><ref>Public Broadcasting Service, ''Independent Lens'' §where it won the 2012 Emmy Award for Outstanding Arts & Culture Programming. [https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/documentaries/woodmans/ ''The Woodmans''.] Accessed 2011-11-15.</ref>
=== Popular opinion ===
Public opinion has generally been favorable towards Woodman's work. At the 1998 exhibition in Paris, many people had "strong reactions" to her "interesting" photographs.<ref name=Riding1998/> A number of people have found Woodman's individual photos (for example "Self-portrait at 13"<ref name=Moakley2003>Moakley, Paul. Watch closely: Gigi Giannuzzi on Francesca Woodman. ''Photo District News'', 2003 August.</ref>) or her photography in general<ref>[http://gryphonsfeather.typepad.com/gryphons_feather_studio/2005/10/famous_five_tag.html Gryphon's Feather Studio blog entry, 2005 October 21.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061126060837/http://gryphonsfeather.typepad.com/gryphons_feather_studio/2005/10/famous_five_tag.html |date=2006-11-26 }} Accessed 2007-09-07.</ref> inspirational.
== Influences ==
Among other factors, critics and historians have written that Woodman was influenced by the following literary genre, myth, artistic movement, and photographers:
* [[Gothic fiction]]. She is reported to have identified with Victorian heroines.{{Sfn|Townsend|2006|pages=20–27}} Many of the stories feature a female figure who is often forced into solitude, then turns mad. The Gothic style is full of symbols of tombs, mirrors, demons and angels.<ref name="The Art Story">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theartstory.org/artist-woodman-francesca.htm|title=Francesca Woodman Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works|work=The Art Story|access-date=2018-04-05|language=en-US}}</ref>
* The myth of [[Apollo and Daphne]], as evidenced by photographs in which Woodman is entangled in tree roots or wears [[birch]] bark on her arms.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Tutter, Adele | title = Metamorphosis and the aesthetics of loss: II. Lady of the woods – The transformative lens of Francesca Woodman | doi = 10.1111/j.1745-8315.2011.00457.x | pmid = 22212040 | journal = [[International Journal of Psychoanalysis]]
| volume = 92 | issue = 6 | pages = 1517–1539 | year = 2011| s2cid = 205910961 }}</ref>
* [[Surrealism]].{{Sfn|Gabhart|1986|p=19}}<ref name=Conley2008>Conley, Katharine. [http://jsa.asu.edu/index.php/jsa/article/view/36/46 A Swimmer Between Two Worlds: Francesca Woodman's Maps of Interior Space.]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Journal of Surrealism and the Americas 2:2 (2008), 227–252.</ref><ref>Rus, Eva. [http://fortyninthparalleljournal.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/4-rus-surrealism-and-self-representation.pdf Surrealism and self-representation in the photography of Francesca Woodman.] ''49th Parallel: an Interdisciplinary Journal of North American Studies'', Spring 2005. Accessed 2014-09-03.</ref> She studied surrealism immensely and studied the workings of Duane Michals.<ref name="The Art Story"/> For example, Woodman "followed the movement's tradition of not explaining work"<ref name=Riding1998/> and demonstrated a "desire to crack the code of appearances."{{Sfn|Chandès|1998|p=18}}
* [[André Breton]] and in particular his [[Nadja (novel)|''Nadja'']] of 1928. In a 1979 interview with Roberta Valtorta, Woodman is reported as saying "Vorrei che le parole avessero con le mie immagini lo stesso rapporto che le fotografie hanno con il testo in ''Nadja'' di André Breton" ("I would like words to have the same relationship with my images as the photographs have with the text in ''Nadja'' by André Breton".<ref>Valtorta, Roberta. Francesca Woodman. ''Progresso Fotografico'', 1979 October;86:10:46-50.</ref> Translated by Dunhill.{{Sfn|Dunhill|2012|p=8}})
* [[Man Ray]] (e.g., a series of his photographs of [[Meret Oppenheim]], and his surrealist works).<ref name=MacMillan2006/><ref name=Riches2004a/>
* [[Duane Michals]].{{Sfn|Gabhart|1986|p=54}}<ref name=MacMillan2006/> Woodman's and Michals's work share features such as blurring, angels, and handwriting in common.{{Sfn|Townsend|2006|pages=29–30}}
* [[Deborah Turbeville]].{{Sfn|Townsend|2006|pages=30–31, 39–40}}<ref name=MacMillan2006/> Woodman had "admired" Turbeville's work,{{Sfn|Chandès|1998|p=155}} and had compiled an artist's book for Turbeville (''Quaderno Raffaello'') which contained a written request for the older photographer to telephone her.{{Sfn|Keller|2011|p=184}}
* Woodman was exposed to the symbolic work of [[Max Klinger]] whilst studying in Rome from 1977 to 1978 and his influence can clearly be seen in many photographic series’, such as Eel Series, Roma (1977–78) and Angel Series, Roma (1977). In combining performance, play and self-exposure, Woodman's photographs create extreme and often disturbing psychological states. In concealing or encrypting her subjects she reminds the viewer that photographs flatten and distort, never offering the whole truth about a subject.
* Woodman worked closely with her friend George Lange, another alumnus from Rhode Island School of Design. During a major exhibition held in honor of Woodman at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Denver Director Nora Burnett stated “[They] made photographs together, they shared meals together, they experimented, explored and created together."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.risd.edu/news/stories/francesca-woodman-exhibition-at-mca-denver/|title=Portrait of a Reputation|website=www.risd.edu|language=en|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref> A critic noted that this exhibition leaves out mention of her suicide. Instead of highlighting that event, which can dominate the discussion around her art output, this exhibition focuses on her early work, including playful and even ordinary moments from her life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hyperallergic.com/533550/removing-suicide-as-the-filter-for-experiencing-francesca-woodmans-photography/|title=Removing Suicide as the Filter for Experiencing Francesca Woodman's Photography|date=2019-12-17|website=Hyperallergic|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref>
== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Works cited===
{{Refbegin|35em}}
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* {{cite book | editor-last=Chandès |editor-first=Hervé | title=Francesca Woodman | ___location=Paris and Zürich| publisher=Fondation Cartier pour l'art contemporain and Scalo | year=1998 | isbn=3-931141-96-9 | oclc=40184932}}
* {{cite thesis|first=Alison G.|last=Dunhill |year=2012 |title=Almost A Square: The Photographic Books of Francesca Woodman and Their Relationship to Surrealism|publisher=Dept. of Art History and Theory, University of Essex |url=https://books2read.com/u/m2jgDG}} At [https://essex.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/44UOES_INST/ngp9lg/alma991005906539707346 exlibrisgroup.com].
* {{cite book | first=Ann|last=Gabhart | title=Francesca Woodman, photographic work | ___location=Wellesley, MA |publisher=Wellesley College Museum | year=1986 | oclc=13474131 }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Keller |editor-first=Corey | title=Francesca Woodman | publisher=San Francisco Museum of Modern Art distributed by [[Distributed Art Publishers]] | ___location=San Francisco and New York | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-935202-66-0}}
** {{harvc |last=Blessing | first=Jennifer |c=The Geometry of Time: Some Notes on Francesca Woodman's Video | in=Keller | year = 2011}}
* {{cite book | first=Herman|last=Lux | title=Francesca Woodman: Photographische arbeiten = Photographic works | ___location=Zürich|publisher= Shedhalle | year=1992 | isbn=3-907830-01-6 | oclc=27972302}}
* {{cite book|last=Solomon-Godeau|first=Abigail|year=2017|title=Photography after Photography: Gender, Genre, History|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-822-37362-9}}
* {{cite book | last=Townsend|first=Chris | title=Francesca Woodman | ___location=London |publisher= Phaidon | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-7148-4430-5 | oclc=76893694}}
{{Refend}}
== Further reading ==
* Conley, Katharine. ''Surrealist Ghostliness'' (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 2013)
* Sundell, Margaret. "Vanishing Points: The Photography of Francesca Woodman." In: {{cite book | editor = de Zegher, Catherine | editor-link = Catherine de Zegher | title = Inside the visible: an elliptical traverse of 20th century art in, of, and from the feminine | publisher = Les Editions La Chambre | ___location = Ghent | year = 1996 | isbn = 90-72893-18-2 | oclc = 84213738}}
* {{cite book |author1=Buchloh, B H D |author2=Betsy Berne | title=Francesca Woodman, photographs, 1975–1980 | ___location=New York |publisher=Marian Goodman Gallery | year=2004 | isbn=0-944219-04-7 | oclc=57449808}}
* Mellby, Julie. "Francesca Woodman." In: {{cite book | editor= Warren, Lynne | title=Encyclopedia of twentieth-century photography | ___location=New York| publisher= Routledge | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-57958-393-4 | oclc=60402034}} Pages 1703–1705.
* Armstrong, Carol, "Francesca Woodman: A Ghost in the House of the 'Woman Artist'." In: {{cite book | editor = Armstrong, Carol | editor2 = Catherine de Zegher | title = Women artists at the millennium | publisher = MIT Press | ___location = Cambridge, Mass | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-262-01226-X | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/womenartistsatmi0000unse }}
* {{cite book | author = Cristofovici, Anca | title = Touching Surfaces: Photographic Aesthetics, Temporality, Aging | url = https://archive.org/details/touchingsurfaces00cris_347 | url-access = limited | publisher = Rodopi | ___location = Amsterdam | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-90-420-2513-4 |chapter=Chapter 5, Performing Corpo-Realities |pages = [https://archive.org/details/touchingsurfaces00cris_347/page/n173 157]–192 }}
* {{cite book|last=Webb|first=Sarah E.|chapter-url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=kt5b69q3pk&chunk.id=ss1.28&toc.id=&brand=ucpress|chapter=Epilogue: Mark Making, Writing, and Erasure |editor1=Frederickson, Kristen |editor2=Sarah E. Webb|title=Singular Women: Writing the Artist |publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=0-520-23164-3}}
== External links ==
{{Portal|Arts}}
* [https://woodmanfoundation.org/francesca/works Francesca Woodman's Works at Woodman Family Foundation]
* [http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/francesca-woodman-10512 Artist Rooms: Francesca Woodman] at [[Tate]] Online
* [http://photoarts.com/journal/romano/woodman/ Francesca Woodman: On Being an Angel] at ''PhotoArts Journal''
* [http://www.heenan.net/ Francesca Woodman Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114025158/http://www.heenan.net/woodman/ |date=2006-11-14 }} by Andrew Heenan
* [http://www.ilmuseodellouvre.com/?s=woodman Francesca Woodman Galleries] [''[[Italian language|Italian]]''] at [[The Louvre|Il museo del louvre]]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Woodman, Francesca}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American photographers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women photographers]]
[[Category:20th-century American Jews]]
[[Category:American surrealist artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Denver]]
[[Category:Boulder High School alumni]]
[[Category:People from Boulder, Colorado]]
[[Category:Activists from Denver]]
[[Category:Rhode Island School of Design alumni]]
[[Category:American women surrealist artists]]
[[Category:Suicides by jumping in New York City]]
[[Category:1981 suicides]]
[[Category:Artists who died by suicide]]
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