Propositional variable: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Variable that can either be true or false}}

In [[mathematical logic]], a '''propositional variable''' (also called a '''sentence letter,<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Howson |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Howson |title=Logic with trees: an introduction to symbolic logic |date=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-13342-5 |___location=London; New York |pages=5}}</ref>''' '''sentential variable,''' or '''sentential letter''') is aan input [[Variablevariable (mathematics)|variable]] which(that can either be '''true''' or '''false''') of a [[truth function]]. Propositional variables are the basic building-blocks of [[propositional formula]]s, used in [[propositional logic]] and [[higher-order logicslogic]]s.

==Uses==

Formulas in logic are typically built up recursively from some propositional variables, some number of [[logical connective]]s, and some [[logical quantifier]]s. Propositional variables are the [[atomic formula]]s of propositional logic.

== Uses ==

Formulas in logic are typically built up recursively from some propositional variables, some number of [[logical connective]]s, and some [[logical quantifier]]s. Propositional variables are the [[atomic formula]]s of propositional logic, and are often denoted using capital [[Latin script|roman letters]] such as <math>P</math>, <math>Q</math> and <math>R</math>.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Predicate Logic {{!}} Brilliant Math & Science Wiki|url=https://brilliant.org/wiki/predicate-logic/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=brilliant.org|language=en-us}}</ref>

;Example

In a given propositional logic, a formula can be defined as follows:

* Every propositional variable is a formula.

* Given a formula ''X'', the [[negation]] ''¬X'' is a formula.

* Given two formulas ''X'' and ''Y'', and a [[binary connective]] ''b'' (such as the [[logical conjunction]] ∧), thenthe expression ''(X b Y)'' is a formula. (Note the parentheses.)

InThrough this wayconstruction, all of the formulas of propositional logic arecan be built up from propositional variables as a basic unit. Propositional variables should not be confused with the [[metavariable]]s, which appear in the [[Propositional_logic#Example_1._Simple_axiom_system|typical axioms of [[propositional calculus]]; the latter effectively range over well-formed formulae, and are often denoted using lower-case greek letters such as <math>\alpha</math>, <math>\beta</math> and <math>\gamma</math>.

==In first orderPredicate logic ==

Propositional variables with no object variables such as ''x'' and ''y'' attached to predicate letters such as P''x'' and ''x''R''y'', having instead individual constants ''a'', ''b'', ..attached to predicate letters are propositional constants P''a'', ''a''R''b''. These propositional constants are atomic propositions, not containing propositional operators.

Propositional variables are represented as nullary [[Predicate (mathematical logic)|predicates]] in [[first order logic]].

The internal structure of propositional variables contains [[predicate symbol|predicate letters]] such as P and Q, in association with [[bound variable|bound]] individual variables (e.g., x, ''y''), individual constants such as ''a'' and ''b'' ([[singular term]]s from a [[___domain of discourse]] D), ultimately taking a form such as P''a'', ''a''R''b''.(or with parenthesis, <math>P(11)</math> and <math>R(1, 3)</math>).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-24|title=Mathematics {{!}} Predicates and Quantifiers {{!}} Set 1|url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mathematic-logic-predicates-quantifiers/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=GeeksforGeeks|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==

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Propositional logic is sometimes called [[zeroth-order logic]] due to not considering the internal structure in contrast with [[first-order logic]] which analyzes the internal structure of the atomic sentences.

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== See also ==

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

* [[Boolean algebra (logic)]]

* [[Boolean datatypedata type]]

* [[Boolean ___domain]]

{{col-break}}

* [[Boolean function]]

* [[Logical value]]

* [[Predicate variable]]

* [[Propositional logic]]

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== References ==

{{reflist}}

*Smullyan, Raymond M. ''First-Order Logic''. 1968. Dover edition, 1995. Chapter 1.1: Formulas of Propositional Logic.

== Bibliography ==

* Smullyan, Raymond M. ''First-Order Logic''. 1968. Dover edition, 1995. Chapter 1.1: Formulas of Propositional Logic.

{{Mathematical logic}}

[[Category:Propositional calculus]]

[[Category:Concepts in logic]]

[[Category:Logic symbols]]

{{logic-stub}}