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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}}
[[New York City]] has been described as the cultural capital of the world.<ref name="NYCWorld'sGreatestCity">{{cite web|url= https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/new-york-voted-best-city-in-the-world-in-massive-worldwide-survey-031119 |title=Citing its diversity and culture, NYC was voted best city in the world in new g Gleason|publisher=TimeOut|date= March 11, 2019|access-date=May 19, 2019|quote= After compiling the thoughts of over 30,000 people, both from our NYC readership and half-a-world away, New York was voted the greatest city on the planet for 2019. In a hint as to why this happened, and why now, it also lead the categories of most diverse metropolis and best culture.}}</ref><ref name= "cultural4">{{cite web |url= http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/Culture/intro.htm |title=Introduction to Chapter 14: New York City (NYC) Culture |publisher= The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY 2011 |access-date=July 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505181316/http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/culture/intro.htm |archive-date=May 5, 2013 }}</ref><ref name = "cultural5">{{Cite book |url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/371497 |title=New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940–1965 / edited by Leonard Wallock ; essays by Dore Ashton ... [et al.] |publisher=National Library of Australia|access-date= July 1, 2018|isbn=978-0-8478-0990-5 |year=1988 }}</ref> Its [[urban culture]] is reflected in its size and [[ethnic diversity]]. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world.<ref name= "QueensMostLinguisticallyDiverse">{{Cite web |first=Gus |last=Lubin |date=February 15, 2017 |title=Queens has more languages than anywhere in the world—here's where they're found |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/queens-languages-map-2017-2 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |publisher=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> Many American cultural movements first emerged in the city. Large numbers of [[Irish Americans in New York City|Irish]], [[Italians in New York City|Italian]], [[Jews in New York City|Jewish]], [[Russian Americans in New York City|Russian]], and eventually [[African Americans in New York City|African]], [[Hispanics and Latinos in New York City|Latino]], and [[Asians in New York City|Asian Americans]] also migrated to New York throughout the 20th century and continuing into the 21st century, significantly influencing the city's culture and image. The city became the center of [[stand-up comedy]] in the early 20th century.<ref name="McGraw Warner 2014">{{cite web | last1=McGraw | first1=Peter | last2=Warner | first2=Joel | title= Was Stand-Up Comedy Invented by a Black Vaudevillian? | website=Slate Magazine | date=2 April 2014 | url=https://slate.com/culture/2014/04/who-invented-stand-up-the-origins-of-a-peculiarly-american-form-of-comedy.html | access-date=12 May 2023}}</ref> The city was the top venue for [[jazz]] in the 1940s, [[expressionism]] in the 1950s and home to [[Hip hop culture|hip hop]], [[punk rock]], and the [[Beat Generation]]. Along with [[London]]'s [[West End theatre|West End]], New York City is the global center of [[musical theatre]], often referred to as "[[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]" after the [[Broadway (Manhattan)|major thoroughfare]] in Manhattan. The [[Stonewall Inn]] in [[Greenwich Village]], [[Lower Manhattan]], is a designated U.S. [[National Historic Landmark]] and [[Stonewall National Monument|National Monument]], as the site of the June 1969 [[Stonewall riots]] and the cradle of the modern [[gay rights]] movement.<ref name=GayGreenwichVillage1>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/|title=Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers|author=Julia Goicichea|publisher=The Culture Trip|date=August 16, 2017|access-date=February 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="GayGreenwichVillage2">{{cite news |last=Rosenberg |first=Eli |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html |access-date=June 25, 2022 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm |title=Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562 |publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior |access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref>
The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the [[Harlem Renaissance]] in literature and visual art; [[abstract expressionism]] (also known as the [[New York School (art)|New York School]]) in painting; and [[hip hop music|hip hop]],<ref name="auto">{{cite book |first=David |last=Toop |title=Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop |publisher=Serpents Tail |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-85242-243-1}}</ref> [[punk rock|punk]], [[salsa music|salsa]], [[Freestyle music|freestyle]], [[Tin Pan Alley]], certain forms of [[jazz]], and (along with [[Philadelphia]]) [[disco]] in music. New York has been considered the dance capital of the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/capital |title=capital |publisher=Dictionary.com |access-date=July 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/freetodance/about/episodes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010709075306/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/freetodance/about/episodes.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 9, 2001 |title=Free To Dance – About The Film |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |access-date=July 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alvinailey.org/about/visit-us/group-visits |title=Group Visits |publisher=Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation, Inc |access-date=July 10, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513030823/http://www.alvinailey.org/about/visit-us/group-visits |archive-date=May 13, 2011}}</ref> The city is also frequently the setting for [[novel]]s, movies (see [[List of films set in New York City]]), and television programs. [[New York Fashion Week]] is one of the world's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bradford |first1=Julie |title=Fashion Journalism |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2xeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |access-date=July 18, 2015 |isbn=978-1-136-47536-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Susan |last=Dillon |title=The Fundamentals of Fashion Management |publisher=A&C Black |year=2011 |page=115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XFMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |access-date=July 18, 2015 |isbn=978-2-940411-58-0}}</ref>
New York has also frequently been ranked the top [[fashion capital]] of the world on the annual list compiled by the [[Global Language Monitor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languagemonitor.com/category/fashion/fashion-capitals/ |title=New York retakes Top Global Fashion Capital Title from London, edging past Paris |publisher=Languagemonitor.com |access-date=February 11, 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423211506/http://www.languagemonitor.com/category/fashion/fashion-capitals/ |archive-date=April 23, 2014 }}</ref> Artists have been drawn into the city by opportunity, as the city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the [[National Endowment for the Arts]], and New York is the center of the [[art sale|global art market]], which grew up along with national and international media centers.<ref name="Creative NY">{{cite news|title=Creative New York|author=Center for an Urban Future|date=December 2005|url=http://www.nycfuture.org/images_pdfs/pdfs/CREATIVE_NEW_YORK.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2015|archive-date=January 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128170345/http://www.nycfuture.org/images_pdfs/pdfs/CREATIVE_NEW_YORK.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Pace==
One of the most common traits attributed to New York is its fast pace,<ref name=FastPaceNYC1>{{cite web|url=https://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/new-york/new-york-city/experiences/news/15-things-not-to-do-in-new-york-city|title=15 Things NOT to Do in New York City|author=Kelsy Chauvin|publisher=Fodor's|date=March 15, 2019|access-date=March 23, 2019|quote=There are more than 8.6 million citizens of New York City, and they’re pretty much all in a hurry. They’re also shrewd, outspoken, and proudly able to survive in a metropolis that tends to punish the meek. The buzzing subway system alone is a symbol of how this city works: part ballet, part battlefield. Residents and visitors alike can see why New York is considered the greatest city in the world.}}</ref><ref name=FastPaceNYC2>{{cite news |last=Poliak |first=Shira |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2009-11-19/features/0911180065_1_new-yorkers-fast-paced-big-apple |title=Adjusting To New York City |newspaper=Sun Sentinel |access-date=November 1, 2015 |quote=Additionally, the fast-paced lifestyle of New York City demands adjusting. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203093200/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2009-11-19/features/0911180065_1_new-yorkers-fast-paced-big-apple |archive-date=December 3, 2015 }}</ref> which spawned the term [[wikt:New York minute|"New York minute"]].<ref name=NewYorkMinuteDefinition>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/new%20york%20minute |title=Dictionary – Full Definition of NEW YORK MINUTE |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=May 19, 2019}}</ref> Journalist [[Walt Whitman]] characterized New York's streets as being traversed by "hurrying, feverish, electric crowds".<ref name=FastPaceNYC3>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfsmDAAAQBAJ&q=hurrying+feverish+electric+crowds+new+york&pg=PA50 |title=Walking New York: Reflections of American Writers from Walt Whitman to Teju Cole |pages=46, 50, 131 |author=Stephen Miller |access-date=May 10, 2017|isbn=978-0-8232-7425-3 |year=2016 |publisher=Fordham University Press }}</ref>
==Department of Cultural Affairs==
[[Image:NYC Gay Pride Parade Spectators.jpg|thumb|Millions of spectators gather every June to attend the [[NYC Pride March]].]]
{{Main|New York City Department of Cultural Affairs}}
The Department of Cultural Affairs (DCLA), a branch of the [[government of New York City]], is the largest public funder of the arts in the United States. DCLA's funding budget is larger than that of the [[National Endowment for the Arts]], the federal government's national arts funding mechanism.<ref name="Creative NY" /> DCLA provides funding and support services to about 1,400 art and cultural organizations in the five [[borough (New York City)|boroughs]], including 375 museums, 96 orchestras, 24 performing arts centers, 7 botanical gardens, 5 zoos and 1 aquarium.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arts Funding, Transformed|author=Gotham Gazette|date=January 2007|url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/arts/20070131/1/2091/|access-date=February 19, 2007}}</ref> Recipients span many disciplines, including the visual, literary and performing arts; public-oriented science and humanities institutions including zoos, botanical gardens and historic and preservation societies; and creative artists at all skill levels who live and work within the city's five boroughs. DCLA also administers the Percent for Art program, which funds public art at building sites. In fiscal year 2007, DCLA's expense budget, used for funding programming at non-profits, was $151.9 million. Its capital budget, used to support projects at 196 cultural organizations throughout the city ranging from roof replacement to new construction, is roughly $867 million for the period between 2007 and 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=FY07 Budget for the Department of Cultural Affairs|author=New York City Department of Cultural Affairs|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcla/html/news/news.shtml|access-date=February 14, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061115062146/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcla/html/news/news.shtml <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = November 15, 2006}}</ref>
==Arts==
===Music===
[[File:Metropolitan Opera House, Lincoln Center, January 30, 2025.jpg|thumb|325px|The [[Metropolitan Opera House (Lincoln Center)|Metropolitan Opera House]] at [[Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts|Lincoln Center]]]]
{{Main|Music of New York City}}
{{See also|Tin Pan Alley|East Coast hip hop|List of songs about New York City}}
Beginning with the rise of popular sheet music in the early 20th century, New York's Broadway musical theater and [[Tin Pan Alley]]'s [[songwriter|songcraft]], New York became a major center for the American [[music industry]].<ref name="Unterberger">{{cite book|last=Unterberger|first=Richie|title=The Rough Guide to Music USA|publisher=Rough Guides|year=1999|isbn=978-1-85828-421-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/musicusaroughgui0000unte}}, pgs. 1–65</ref> Since then the city has served as an important center for many different musical topics and genres.
New York's status as a center for European [[classical music]] can be traced way back to the early 19th century. The [[New York Philharmonic]], formed in 1842, did much to help establish the city's musical reputation. The first two major New York composers were [[William Henry Fry|William Fry]] and [[George Frederick Bristow]], who in 1854 famously criticized the Philharmonic for choosing European composers over American ones.<ref name="Struble">{{cite book|last=Struble|first=John Warthen|title=The History of American Classical Music|publisher=Checkmark Books|year=1996|isbn=0-8160-3493-1}}</ref> Bristow was committed to developing an American classical music tradition. His most important work was the ''Rip Van Winkle'' opera, which most influentially used an American folktale rather than European imitations.<ref name="Struble" />
The best-known New York composer, indeed, the best-known American classical composer of any kind, was [[George Gershwin]]. Gershwin was a songwriter with Tin Pan Alley and the Broadway theatres, and his works synthesized elements of many styles, including the music of New York's Yiddish theatre, vaudeville, ragtime, operetta, jazz and the post-Romantic music of European composers. Gershwin's work gave American classical music unprecedented international recognition.<ref>{{cite book|last=Struble|first=John Warthen|title=The History of American Classical Music|publisher=Checkmark Books|year=1996|isbn=0-8160-3493-1}}, p 122.</ref> Following Gershwin, the next major American composer was [[Aaron Copland]] from Brooklyn, who used elements of American folk music and jazz in his compositions. His works included the ''[[Organ Symphony]]'', which earned him comparisons to [[Igor Stravinsky]], and the music for the ballet ''[[Appalachian Spring]]'' and the ''[[Copland Piano Variations]]''.<ref name="Struble" />
The [[New York blues]] was a type of blues music characterized by significant jazz influences and a more modernized, urban feel than the country blues. Prominent musicians from this field include [[Lionel Hampton]] and [[Big Joe Turner]]. In New York, jazz became fused with [[stride (music)|stride]] (an advanced form of [[ragtime]]) and became highly evolved. Among the first major New York jazz musicians was [[Fletcher Henderson]], whose jazz orchestra, first appearing in 1923, helped invent [[swing music]]. The swing style that developed from New York's big jazz bands was catchy and very danceable, and was originally played largely by black orchestras. Later, white bands led by musicians like [[Jimmy Dorsey]] and [[Benny Goodman]] began to dominate and produced a number of instrumentalists that had a profound effect on the later evolution of jazz. Star vocalists also emerged, mainly women like the bluesy [[Billie Holiday]] and the [[scat singing|scat singer]] [[Ella Fitzgerald]].<ref name="Unterberger" />
Beginning in the 1940s, New York was the center of a [[roots revival]] in [[American folk music]]. Many New Yorkers developed a renewed interest in blues, [[Old-time music|Appalachian folk music]] and other roots styles. [[Greenwich Village]], in Lower Manhattan, became a hotbed of American folk music as well as leftist political activism. The performers associated with the Greenwich Village scene had sporadic mainstream success in the 1940s and 1950s; some, like [[Pete Seeger]] and the [[Almanac Singers]], did well, but most were confined to local coffeehouses and other venues. Performers like [[Dave Van Ronk]] and [[Joan Baez]] helped expand the scene by appealing to university students. In the early 1960s, Baez was instrumental in introducing the up-and-coming young folk artist [[Bob Dylan]] to her audience and he quickly achieved national prominence. By the mid-1960s, folk and rock were merging, with Bob Dylan taking the lead in July 1965, releasing "[[Like a Rolling Stone]]", with a distinctive, revolutionary rock sound for its time, steeped in tawdry New York imagery, followed by an electric performance in late July at the Newport Folk Festival. Dylan plugged an entire generation into the milieu of the singer-songwriter, often writing from an urban, distinctly New York point of view. By the mid to late 1960s, bands and singer-songwriters began to proliferate the underground New York art and music scene. The release of ''[[The Velvet Underground & Nico]]'' in 1967, featuring singer-songerwriter [[Lou Reed]] and German singer and collaborator [[Nico]] was described as "most prophetic rock album ever made" by ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' in 2003.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=500 Greatest Albums of All Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-156826/the-velvet-underground-and-nico-the-velvet-underground-52023/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=May 21, 2019 |date=May 31, 2012}}</ref>
Other New York based singer-songwriters began to emerge, using the urban landscape as their canvass, a backdrop for lyrics in the confessional style of poets like [[Anne Sexton]] and [[Sylvia Plath]]. In July 1969, ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine ran a feature story, "The Girls-Letting Go," describing the groundbreaking music of [[Joni Mitchell]], [[Laura Nyro]], [[Lotti Golden]] and [[Melanie Safka|Melanie]], as a new breed of female troubadour: "what is common to them are the personalized songs they write, like voyages of self discovery, brimming with keen observation and startling in the impact of their poetry." The work of these early New York based singer-songwriters, from Laura Nyro's ''[[New York Tendaberry]]'' (1969), to Lotti Golden's [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]] diaries on ''[[Motor-Cycle (album)|Motor-Cycle]]'' her 1969 debut on [[Atlantic Records]], has served as inspiration to generations of female singer-songwriters in the rock, folk and jazz traditions.<ref name=Saal>Saal, Hubert (July 14, 1969). " The Girl's-Letting Go". Newsweek, pp. 68,71.</ref><ref>JoniMitchell.com Library: The Girls—Letting Go: Newsweek, July 14, 1969 [http://jonimitchell.com/library/view.cfm?id=2664&from=search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611114249/http://jonimitchell.com/library/view.cfm?id=2664&from=search|date=June 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>JoniMitchell.com Library: The Girls—Letting Go: Newsweek, July 14, 1969, Original Article pdf [http://jonimitchell.com/library/originals/jmOriginal_2664.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806195519/http://jonimitchell.com/library/originals/jmOriginal_2664.pdf|date=August 6, 2016}}</ref>
[[Disco]] music developed from the funk, soul and jazz of the 1960s, becoming a distinct genre of music, eschewing the raw sound of a four piece garage band and embracing a new technology that employed driving synthesizers with booming a bass drum that defined the disco sound with a steady quarter note beat, or [[Four on the floor (music)]]. It was not unusual for producers to contract local symphony and philharmonic orchestras as well as session musicians to further refine the sound. Disco, a musical idiom that was strongly associated with minorities (primarily black and gay audiences), became a phenomenon in dance clubs and discothèques in the 1970s. Many of the major disco nightclubs were in New York, including [[Paradise Garage]], [[Danceteria]] and [[Studio 54]], attracting notable followers from the art world, such as [[Andy Warhol]], the fashion industry like [[Karl Lagerfeld]], as well as socialites, musicians and intellectuals. This tradition continued in the 1980s with [[Area (nightclub)|Area]], [[Nightclub|Danceteria]], and [[The Limelight|Limelight]].<ref>{{cite book|
title=Consumption: critical concepts in the social sciences |
author=Miller, Daniel |
publisher=Taylor & Francis|
isbn=978-0-415-24269-1 |
page=447 |
url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAe6U6y-i1EC&q=Downtown+Musto&pg=PA427|
year=2001}}</ref>
In the 1970s, [[punk rock]] emerged in New York's downtown music scene with seminal bands such as the [[New York Dolls]], [[Ramones]] and [[Patti Smith]]. [[Anthrax (American band)|Anthrax]] and [[Kiss (band)|KISS]] were the best known [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] and [[glam rock]] performers from the city. The downtown scene developed into the "[[New wave music|new wave]]" style of rock music at downtown clubs like [[CBGB]]'s. The 1970s were also when the Salsa and Latin Jazz movements grew and branched out to the world. Labels such as the "Fania All Stars", musicians like Tito Puente and Celia Cruz and Ralph Mercado, the creator of the RM&M record label, all contributed to stars like Hector LaVoe, Ruben Blades and many others. The New Yorican Sound, differed somewhat from Salsa that came from Puerto Rico, it was being sung by Puerto Rican Americans from New York and had the swagger of the Big Apple.
[[Hip hop culture|Hip hop]] first emerged in the Bronx in the early 1970s at neighborhood [[block party|block parties]] when DJs, like [[DJ Kool Herc]], began isolating percussion breaks in [[funk]] and [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] songs and rapping while the audience danced. For many years, New York was the only city with a major hip-hop scene, and all of the early recordings came from New York.<ref name="auto" /> People like [[Kurtis Blow]] and [[LL Cool J]] brought hip hop to the mainstream for the first time, while so-called [[East Coast hip hop|East Coast rap]] was defined in the 1980s by artists including [[Eric B. & Rakim]], [[Kurtis Blow]] and [[Run-D.M.C.]] Major New York stars emerged to go on and produce multi-platinum records, including [[Sean Combs|Puff Daddy]], [[Jay-Z]] and [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], along with acts like [[Wu-Tang Clan]], [[Nas]], [[Big L]], and [[Busta Rhymes]].
New York is also one of only five cities in the United States with permanent professional resident companies in all of the major performing arts disciplines: The [[Metropolitan Opera]], [[New York Philharmonic]], [[New York City Ballet]], and [[the Public Theater]]. The [[Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts]], actually a complex of buildings housing 12 separate companies, is the largest arts institution in the world. It is also home to the internationally renowned [[Jazz at Lincoln Center]]. Other notable performance halls include [[Carnegie Hall]], [[Radio City Music Hall]], and the [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]].
With nearly 8 million people riding the city's subway system each day, New York's transit network is also a major venue for musicians. Each week, more than 100 musicians and ensembles – ranging in genre from [[classical music|classical]] to Cajun, [[Bluegrass music|bluegrass]], [[Music of Africa|African]], [[South America]]n and [[jazz]] – give over 150 performances sanctioned by New York Transit at 25 locations throughout the subway system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Music Under New York|author=Metropolitan Transportation Authority|year=2007|url=http://web.mta.info/mta/aft/muny/|access-date=July 15, 2016|archive-date=July 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728061402/http://web.mta.info/mta/aft/muny/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Visual art===
The 1913 [[Armory Show]] in New York, an exhibition which brought European modernist artists' work to the U.S., both shocked the public and influenced art making in the United States for the remainder of the twentieth century. The exhibition had a twofold effect of communicating to American artists that artmaking was about expression, not only aesthetics or [[Realism (arts)|realism]], and at the same time showing that Europe had abandoned its conservative model of ranking artists according to a strict academic hierarchy. This encouraged American artists to find a personal voice, and a modernist movement, responding to [[American studies|American civilization]], emerged in New York. [[Alfred Stieglitz]] (1864–1946), photographer, [[Charles Demuth]] (1883–1935) and [[Marsden Hartley]] (1877–1943), both painters, helped establish an American viewpoint in the fine arts. Stieglitz promoted cubists and abstract painters at his 291 Gallery on 5th Avenue. The [[Museum of Modern Art]], founded in 1929, became a showcase for American and international contemporary art. By the end of World War II, Paris had declined as the world's art center while New York emerged as the center of contemporary fine art in both the United States and the world.
In the years after World War II, a group of young New York artists known as the [[New York School (art)|New York School]] formed the first truly original school of painting in America that exerted a major influence on foreign artists: [[abstract expressionism]]. Among the movement's leaders were [[Jackson Pollock]] (1912–1956), [[Willem de Kooning]] (1904–1997), and [[Mark Rothko]] (1903–1970). The abstract expressionists abandoned formal composition and representation of real objects to concentrate on instinctual arrangements of space and color and to demonstrate the effects of the physical action of painting on the canvas.<ref name="google.com1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4WP-3ppltgC&q=%22shapolsky+gallery%22+spring&pg=PA131|title=Artists' Estates: Reputations in Trust|author1=Magda Salvesen |author2=Diane Cousineau |publisher=Rutgers University Press|year= 2005|isbn=0813536049}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIdIAQAAIAAJ&q=%22shapolsky+gallery%22|title=American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s: An Illustrated Survey: with Artists' Statements, Artwork and Biographies|first=Marika|last=Herskovic|publisher=New York School Press|year= 2003|isbn=0967799414}}</ref>
New York's vibrant visual art scene in the 1950s and 1960s also defined the American [[pop art]] movement. Members of this next artistic generation favored a different form of abstraction: works of mixed media. Among them were [[Jasper Johns]] (1930– ), who used photos, newsprint, and discarded objects in his compositions. Pop artists, such as [[Andy Warhol]] (1930–1987), [[Larry Rivers]] (1923–2002), and [[Roy Lichtenstein]] (1923–1997), reproduced, with satiric care, everyday objects and images of American popular culture—Coca-Cola bottles, soup cans, comic strips.
Today New York is a global center for the international art market. The Upper East Side has many art galleries,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uppereast.com/art-galleries|title=Upper East Side Art Galleries|work=uppereast.com|access-date=June 14, 2015|archive-date=January 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126000906/http://www.uppereast.com/art-galleries|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeout.com/newyork/art/best-uptown-art-galleries|title=Best Uptown art galleries|year=2018|work=Time Out New York}}</ref> and the downtown neighborhood of [[Chelsea, Manhattan|Chelsea]] is known for its more than 200 art galleries that are home to modern art from both upcoming and established artists.<ref>[http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/stylish-traveler-chelsea-girls-september-2005 "Stylish Traveler: Chelsea Girls"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524083444/http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/stylish-traveler-chelsea-girls-september-2005 |date=May 24, 2011 }}, ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'', September 2005. Accessed May 14, 2007. "With more than 200 galleries, Chelsea has plenty of variety."</ref><ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/about/pr122004.shtml "City Planning Begins Public Review for West Chelsea Rezoning to Permit Housing Development and Create Mechanism for Preserving and Creating Access to the High Line"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611184958/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/about/pr122004.shtml |date=June 11, 2007 }}, [[New York City Department of City Planning]] press release dated December 20, 2004. Accessed May 29, 2007. "Some 200 galleries have opened their doors in recent years, making West Chelsea a destination for art lovers from around the City and the world."</ref> The industry is also present in neighborhoods known for their art galleries such as [[DUMBO, Brooklyn|DUMBO]], where dealers representing both established and up-and-coming artists compete for sales with bigger exhibition spaces, better locations, and stronger connections to museums and collectors. Wall Street money and funds from philanthropists flow steadily into the art market, often prompting artists to move from gallery to gallery in pursuit of riches and fame.
Enriching and countering this mainstream commercial movement is the constant flux of underground movements, such as hip-hop art and graffiti, which engendered such artists as [[Keith Haring]] and [[Jean-Michel Basquiat]], and continue to add visual texture and life to the atmosphere of the city.
[[Long Island City]], [[Queens]] is a rapidly flourishing art scene in New York, serving as home to the largest concentration of arts institutions outside of Manhattan. Its abundance of industrial warehouses provide ample studio and exhibition space for many renowned artists, museums and galleries.
====Public art====
{{See also|Public art|Public Art Fund|Graffiti in New York City}}
New York has a law that requires no less than 1% of the first twenty million dollars of a building project, plus no less than one half of 1% of the amount exceeding twenty million dollars be allocated for art work in any public building that is owned by the city. The maximum allocation for any site is $400,000.
Many major artists have created public works in the city, including [[Jeff Koons]], [[Louise Bourgeois]], [[Nam June Paik]], and Jim Power the "Mosaic Man." [[Anish Kapoor]]'s ''Sky Mirror'', a highly reflective stainless steel dish nearly three stories tall, was on view at Rockefeller Center in September and October 2006.
In 2005 [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude]] installed ''[[The Gates]]'', a site-specific art project inspired by traditional Japanese [[torii]] gates. The installation consisted of 7,503 metal "gates" along 23 miles (37 km) of pathways in Central Park. From each gate hung a flag-shaped piece of saffron-colored nylon fabric.
The subway system also hosts several public art projects, including intricate tile mosaics and station signage.
Subversive public art trends have also coursed through New York. Toward the end of the 1960s the modern American [[graffiti]] subculture began to form in [[Philadelphia]], {{convert|95|mi|km}} south of New York.<ref name=NYMagGraf>{{cite news|title=A History of Graffiti in Its Own Words|publisher=New York Magazine|date=July 10, 2006|url=http://nymag.com/guides/summer/17406/|access-date=February 19, 2007}}</ref> By 1970, the center of graffiti innovation moved from Philadelphia to New York, where the graffiti art subculture inspired an artistic style and social philosophy dubbed "[[Zoo York (Central Park)|Zoo York]]."<ref name=NYMagGraf /> The name originated from a subway tunnel running underneath the [[Central Park Zoo]] that was the haunt of very early "oldschool" graffiti writers like [[ALI (graffiti artist)|ALI]] (Marc André Edmonds), founder of The Soul Artists. The subway tunnel became a scene where crews of Manhattan graffiti artists gathered at night. With greater law enforcement and aggressive cleaning of subway trains in the 1980s and 1990s, the graffiti movement in New York eventually faded from the subway.
==
{{See also|New York in film|List of films set in New York City}}
New York's film industry is smaller than that of [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Hollywood]], but its billions of dollars in revenue makes it an important part of the city's economy and places it as the second largest center for the film industry in the United States.<ref name="FilmStats">{{cite news|title=New York City Film Statistics|author=Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre, and Broadcasting|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/stats.shtml|access-date=February 19, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070217213409/http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/stats.shtml <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = February 17, 2007}}</ref>
New York was an epicenter of filmmaking in the earliest days of the American film industry, but the better year-round weather of Hollywood eventually saw California becoming the home of American cinema. The Kaufman-Astoria film studio in Queens, built during the [[silent film]] era, was used by the [[Marx Brothers]] and [[W. C. Fields]]. As cinema moved west, much of the motion picture infrastructure in New York was used for the burgeoning television industry. Kaufman-Astoria eventually became the set for ''[[The Cosby Show]]'' and ''[[Sesame Street]]''.
New York has undergone a renaissance in film-making with 276 independent and studio films in production in the city in 2006, an increase from 202 in 2004 and 180 in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|title=New York City sets Record in 2006 for Highest Number of Film Production Days Ever|author=Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre and Broadcasting|date=January 18, 2007|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/020107_nyc_sets_record.shtml|access-date=February 19, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018142847/http://www.nyc.gov/html/film/html/news/020107_nyc_sets_record.shtml|archive-date=October 18, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> More than a third of professional actors in the United States are based in New York.<ref name="Creative NY" />
[[File:Martin Scorsese by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Martin Scorsese]] at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]] in 2007]]
One of the filmmakers most associated with New York is [[Woody Allen]], whose films include ''[[Annie Hall]]'' and ''[[Manhattan (1979 film)|Manhattan]]''. Other New Yorkers in film include the actor [[Robert De Niro]], who started the [[Tribeca Film Festival]] after the terrorist attacks on [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], and the directors [[Martin Scorsese]], [[Francis Ford Coppola]], [[Spike Lee]], Jim Jarmusch, Joel and Ethan Coen, and many others.
While major studio productions are based in Hollywood, New York has become a capital of independent film. The city is home to a number of important film festivals, including the Tribeca Film Festival, the [[New York Film Festival]] and the Human Rights Watch Film Festival, as well as major independent film companies like [[Miramax Films]]. New York is also home to the [[Anthology Film Archives]], which preserves and exhibits hundreds of avant-garde works from the entire span of film history.
The oldest [[public-access television]] in the United States is the [[Manhattan Neighborhood Network]], well known for its eclectic local programming that ranges from a jazz hour to discussion of labor issues to foreign language and religious programming. There are eight other [[Public, educational, and government access]] (PEG) [[cable TV]] channels in New York, including [[Brooklyn Cable Access Television]].
New York's municipally owned broadcast television service, [[NYC Media]], creates original programming that includes Emmy Award-winning shows like ''Blue Print New York'' and ''Cool in Your Code'', as well as coverage of [[Government of New York City|New York City government]]. Other popular programs on NYC TV include music shows; ''New York Noise'' showcases music videos of local, underground, and indie rock musicians as well as coverage of major music-related events in the city like the [[WFMU]] Record Fair, interviews of New York icons (like [[Ramones|The Ramones]] and [[Klaus Nomi]]), and comedian hosts (like [[Eugene Mirman]], [[Rob Huebel]], and [[Aziz Ansari]]). ''The Bridge'', similarly, chronicles old school hip hop. The channel has won 14 New York Emmys and 14 National Telly awards.
==Stage performance==
===Dance===
{{See also|Category:Dance in New York City}}
[[File:New York State Theater by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|300px|[[David H. Koch Theater|New York State Theater]]]]
The early 20th century saw the emergence of [[modern dance]] in New York, a new, distinctively American art form. Perhaps the best known figure in modern dance, [[Martha Graham]], was a pupil of pioneer [[Ruth St. Denis]]. Many of Graham's most popular works were produced in collaboration with New York's leading composers – ''Appalachian Spring'' with Aaron Copland, for example. [[Merce Cunningham]], a former ballet student and performer with Martha Graham, presented his first New York solo concert with [[John Cage]] in 1944. Influenced by Cage and embracing [[modernism|modernist ideology]] using [[postmodernism|postmodern]] processes, Cunningham introduced ''chance procedures'' and ''pure movement'' to choreography and ''Cunningham technique'' to the cannon of 20th century dance techniques. Cunningham set the seeds for [[postmodern dance]] with his non-linear, non-climactic, non-psychological abstract work. In these works each element is in and of itself expressive, and the observer determines what it communicates. [[George Balanchine]], one of the 20th century's foremost choreographers and the first pioneer of [[contemporary ballet]], formed a bridge between classical and modern ballet. Balanchine used flexed hands (and occasionally feet), turned-in legs, off-centered positions and non-classical costumes to distance himself from the classical and romantic ballet traditions. Balanchine also brought modern dancers in to dance with his company, the [[New York City Ballet]]; one such dancer was Paul Taylor, who in 1959 performed in Balanchine's piece ''Episodes''. Another significant modern choreographer, [[Twyla Tharp]], choreographed ''Push Comes To Shove'' for the [[American Ballet Theatre]] under [[Mikhail Baryshnikov]]'s artistic directorship in 1976; in 1986 she created ''In The Upper Room'' for her own company. Both these pieces were considered innovative for their use of distinctly modern movements melded with the characteristics of contemporary ballet such as the use of [[pointe shoes]] and classically trained dancers.
New York has also historically been a center for African-American modern dance. [[Alvin Ailey]], a student of [[Lester Horton]] (and later Martha Graham), spent several years working in both concert and theatre dance. In 1958 Ailey and a group of young African-American dancers formed the [[Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater]]. Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater performs annually at City Center Theater in New York. Ailey drew upon his memories of Texas, the blues, spirituals and gospel as inspiration. [[Bill T. Jones]], winner of a MacArthur "Genius" Award in 1994, choreographed for the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, among others. Another significant African-American dancer, [[Pearl Primus]], made her debut on February 24, 1943, at the [[92nd Street Y]] as a social-protest dancer. Her concerns and expression fit into the landscape of the ongoing Harlem renaissance and gained much public support, and was immediately graced with attention after her first professional solo debut. Her dances were inspired by revolutionary African-American choreographer [[Katherine Dunham]]. Primus became known for her singular ability to jump very high while dancing. She focused on matters such as oppression, racial prejudice, and violence.
[[Breakdance]], a well-known hip hop dance style, first appeared in African-American and Puerto Rican communities in the [[South Bronx]] in the early 1970s. Popular speculations of the early 1980s suggest that breakdancing, in its organized fashion seen today, began as a method for rival gangs of the ghetto to mediate and settle territorial disputes.<ref name="Breakdancing">{{cite news|title=Present at the Creation|author=National Public Radio|date=October 14, 2002|url=https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/breakdancing/|access-date=February 19, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714141200/http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/breakdancing/|archive-date=July 14, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a turn-based showcase of dance routines, the winning side was determined by the dancers who could outperform the other by displaying a set of more complicated and innovative moves.<ref name="Breakdancing" /> It later was through the highly energetic performances of the late funk legend [[James Brown]] and the rapid growth of dance teams, like the [[Rock Steady Crew]] of the Bronx, that the competitive ritual of gang warfare evolved into a pop-culture phenomenon receiving massive media attention. Parties, disco clubs, talent shows, and other public events became typical locations for breakdancers, including gang members for whom dancing served as a positive diversion from the threats of city life.
[[Tap dancing]] originated in New York in the [[Five Points, Manhattan|Five Points District]].
===Theatre===
[[File:Phoenixcrop.jpg|thumb|215px|A Phoenix rises to new life at the [[New York's Village Halloween Parade|Village Halloween Parade]] fifty days after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks]]
{{see also|Broadway theatre|Off-Broadway theatre|Off-Off-Broadway}}
The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theatre productions, and in the 1880s New York theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began to showcase a new stage form that came to be known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the feelings of immigrants to the city, these productions used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
Many musicals in New York became seminal national cultural events, like the controversial 1937 staging of [[Marc Blitzstein]]'s labor union opera ''[[The Cradle Will Rock]]'', directed by [[Orson Welles]] and produced by [[John Houseman]]. Originally to open at the [[Maxine Elliott Theatre]] with elaborate sets and a full orchestra, the production was shut down on opening night, and Welles, Housman, and Blitzstein scrambled to rent the Venice Theatre twenty blocks north. The crowds gathered to see the production walked up 7th Avenue, and by nine o'clock the Venice Theatre's 1,742 seats were sold out. Blitzstein began performing the musical solo, but after beginning the first number he was joined by cast members, who were forbidden by the Actor's Union to perform the piece "onstage", from their seats in the audience. Blitzstein and the cast performed the entire musical from the house. Many who attended the performance, including [[poet Laureate]] [[Archibald MacLeish]], thought it to be one of the most moving theatrical experiences of their lives. Performances of the musical to this day rarely use elaborate sets or an orchestra in homage to this event.
Houseman and Wells went on to found the [[Mercury Theatre]] and do [[radio drama]], in which they performed one of the most notable radio broadcasts of all time, ''[[The War of the Worlds (radio)|The War of the Worlds]]''.
Many New York playwrights, including [[Elia Kazan]] and [[Arthur Miller]], became icons in American theater.
Professional [[Yiddish theatre]] in New York, a major cultural influence in the city, began in 1882 with a troupe founded by [[Boris Thomashefsky]], an immigrant from Ukraine. The plays in the late 19th century were realistic, while in the beginning of the 20th century, they became more political and artistic in orientation. Some performers were well-respected enough to move back and forth between the Yiddish theatre and Broadway, including [[Bertha Kalich]] and [[Jacob Pavlovich Adler|Jacob Adler]]. Some of the major composers included [[Abraham Goldfaden]], Joseph Rumshinsky and [[Sholom Secunda]], while playwrights included [[David Pinski]], Solomon Libin, [[Jacob Michailovitch Gordin]] and [[Leon Kobrin]].
Concurrently with Yiddish theatre was the development of [[Vaudeville]] (a term thought to be a corruption of the old French word ''vaudevire'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vaudeville|title=Vaudeville - Define Vaudeville at Dictionary.com|work=Dictionary.com}}</ref> meaning an occasional or topical light popular song), a style of multi-act theatre which flourished from the 1880s through to the 1920s. An evening's schedule of performances (or "bill") could run the gamut from acrobats to mathematicians, from song-and-dance duos and Shakespeare to animal acts and opera. The usual date given for the "birth" of vaudeville is October 24, 1881, the night during which variety performer and theatre owner [[Tony Pastor]], in his effort to lure women into the male-dominated variety hall, famously staged the first bill of self-proclaimed "clean" vaudeville in New York. [[African American]] audiences had their own Vaudeville circuits, as did speakers of [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]. The [[Palace Theatre (New York City)|Palace Theatre]] on Broadway, described by its owner, [[Martin Beck (vaudeville)|Martin Beck]], as "the [[Valhalla]] of vaudeville" opened with vaudeville shows from the [[Benjamin Franklin Keith|Keith Circuit]] and lured the best and brightest in vaudeville. Its shift to a full bill of movies on November 16, 1932, is generally regarded as the death of vaudeville.
Today the 39 largest theatres (with more than 500 seats) in New York are collectively known as "[[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]" after the [[Broadway (Manhattan)|major thoroughfare]] through the [[Theater District, New York|Theater District]], and are mostly located in the [[Times Square]] vicinity. Many Broadway shows are world-famous, such as the musicals ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]'' and ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)|The Phantom of the Opera]].'' Along with those of London's [[West End theatre|West End]], theaters in New York's Broadway district are often considered to be the most professional in the English language.
Smaller theatres, termed [[off Broadway]] and [[Off-Off-Broadway|off-off-Broadway]] depending on their size, have the flexibility to produce more innovative shows for smaller audiences. An important center of the American theatre avant-garde, New York has been host to such seminal experimental theatre groups as [[The Wooster Group]] and [[Richard Foreman]]'s [[Ontological-Hysteric Theater]].
The subways of New York are also occasional venues for beauty pageants and guerrilla theater. The MTA's annual [[Miss Subways]] contest ran from 1941 to 1976 and again in 2004 (under the revised name "Ms Subways"). Past Miss Subways winners include Eleanor Nash, an FBI clerk described by her poster that hung in subway cars in 1960 as "young, beautiful and expert with a rifle." The 2004 Ms Subways winner, Caroline Sanchez-Bernat, was an actress who played a role in ''Sunday Brunch 4''. The 35-minute piece of [[performance art]] was a full enactment of a Sunday brunch — including crisp white tablecloth, spinach salad appetizer and attentive waiter in black tuxedo — performed aboard a southbound A train in 2000. With subway riders looking on, the actors chatted amiably about Christmas, exchanged gifts and signed for a package delivered by a United Parcel Service delivery man who entered the scene at the West 34th Street stop.
====Theatre companies====
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a company to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
*[[Circle Repertory Company]]
*[[Classic Stage Company]]
*[[Great Jones Repertory Company]]
*[[Ma-Yi Theater Company]]
*[[No.11 Productions]]
*[[Pick Up Performance Company]]
*[[Roundabout Theatre Company]]
===Stand-up comedy===
New York is considered by many to be the heart of [[stand-up comedy]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tarabrodin.com/company.php|title=tara brodin – company|author=Joel Adria |work=tarabrodin.com}}</ref> The city is home to a number of leading [[comedy club]]s including [[Caroline's]].
==Literature==
===Novels===
{{See also|List of books set in New York City}}
Several important movements originated in New York. One of the first American writers to gain critical acclaim in Europe, [[Washington Irving]], was a New Yorker whose ''History of New York'' (1809) became a cultural touchstone for Victorian New York. Diedrich Knickerbocker, an old-fashioned Dutch New Yorker in Irvin's satire of chatty and officious logistical history, made [[Knickerbockers (clothing)|"Knickerbocker"]] a bye-word for quaint Dutch-descended New Yorkers, with their old-fashioned ways and their long-stemmed pipers and knee-breeches long after the fashion had turned to trousers. This served as the inspiration for the [[New York Knicks]]'s moniker, whose corporate name is the "New York Knickerbockers."
[[File:LangstonHughes crop.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Langston Hughes]] was part of the Harlem Renaissance that flourished in the 1920s.]]
The [[Harlem Renaissance]] established the African-American literary canon in the United States. The zenith of this "''flowering of Negro literature''," as [[James Weldon Johnson]] called it, was between 1924, when ''Opportunity'' magazine hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance, and the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] and the start of the [[Great Depression]]. African-Americans of the northward [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] and African and Caribbean immigrants converged in [[Harlem]], which became the most famous center of Negro life in the United States at that time. A militant black editor indicated in 1920 that "the intrinsic standard of Beauty and aesthetics does not rest in the white race" and that "a new racial love, respect, and consciousness may be created." The work of black Harlem writers sought to challenge the pervading [[racism]] of the larger white community and often promoted [[Progressivism|progressive]] or [[socialism|socialist]] politics and [[racial integration]]. No singular style emerged; instead there was a mix ranging from the celebration of [[Pan-Africanism]], "high-culture" and "street culture," to new experimental forms in literature like [[modernism]], to [[Classical music]] and improvisational jazz that inspired the new form of [[jazz poetry]].
The mid-20th century saw the emergence of [[The New York Intellectuals]], a group of American writers and literary critics who advocated leftist, anti-Stalinist political ideas and who sought to integrate [[literary theory]] with [[Marxism]]. Many of the group were students at the [[City College of New York]] in the 1930s and associated with the left-wing political journal ''[[Partisan Review|The Partisan Review]]''. Writer [[Nicholas Lemann]] has described the New York Intellectuals as "the American [[Bloomsbury Group|Bloomsbury]]". Writers often considered among the New York Intellectuals include [[Robert Warshow]], [[Philip Rahv]], [[William Phillips (editor)|William Phillips]], [[Mary McCarthy (author)|Mary McCarthy]], [[Dwight Macdonald]], [[Lionel Trilling]], [[Clement Greenberg]], [[Irving Kristol]], [[Sidney Hook]], [[Irving Howe]], [[Alfred Kazin]], and [[Daniel Bell]]. The 1940s and 1950s also saw the rise in prominence of [[Ayn Rand]], who was based in New York for many years and whose novels [[The Fountainhead]] and [[Atlas Shrugged]] were both set in the city.
Parallel and counter to these mainstream groups have been such New York-centered underground movements as the [[Beat Generation|Beat]] poets and writers, including [[Allen Ginsberg]], [[Jack Kerouac]], [[Gregory Corso]] and others, continuing into the 1980s and beyond with such writers as [[Kathy Acker]] and [[Eileen Myles]]. Various movements down through the years have centered on avant-garde publishing enterprises such as [[Grove Press]] and [[Evergreen Review]], as well as unnumbered [[zine]]-style pamphlets and one-off literary productions still available in independent bookstores today. At present the underground continues to thrive in the form of [[small press]] literary publishers, including [[Soft Skull Press]], [[Fugue State Press]], [[Dennis Cooper]]'s Little House on the Bowery/Akashic Press, and many others.
Over the years many literary institutions have developed in the city, including [[PEN America]], the largest of the international literary organization's centers. The PEN America plays an important role in New York's literary community and is active in defending free speech, the promotion of literature, and the fostering of international literary fellowship. Literary journals, including ''[[The Paris Review]]'', ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', ''[[n+1]]'', ''[[The New Criterion]]'', and ''[[New York Quarterly]]'' are also important in the city's literary scene.
Contemporary writers based in the city, many of whom live in the [[Park Slope, Brooklyn|Park Slope]] neighborhood of Brooklyn, include [[Norman Mailer]], [[Barbara Garson]], [[Don DeLillo]], [[Jhumpa Lahiri]], [[Paul Auster]], [[Siri Hustvedt]], [[Jonathan Safran Foer]], [[Jonathan Lethem]], [[Thomas Pynchon]] and many others. New York has also been a flourishing scene for [[Jewish American literature]], as well as for [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]] poets and writers, who call themselves "[[nuyorican]]s" (a blending of the phrases "New York" and "Puerto Rican"). The landmark [[Nuyorican Poets Café]] is a bastion of the [[Nuyorican Movement]], an intellectual movement involving poets, writers, musicians and artists of Puerto Rican descent, mostly notably the late [[Pedro Pietri]] and [[Giannina Braschi]].
While the state has an official [[poet Laureate]], New York City does not. Instead, by tradition it hosts an annual "People's Poetry Gathering", curated by the [[City University of New York]] and city poetry groups, in which ordinary New Yorkers offer their own lines to an epic poem for the city. This technique was also used in the creation of a spontaneous poetic response by New Yorkers to the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]] attacks that became a travelling exhibition called ''Missing: Streetscape of a City in Mourning''. The poems, with 110 lines each for the 110 stories of the destroyed World Trade Center towers, were printed on black, billowing cotton banners over {{convert|25|ft|m}} in height.<ref>People's Poetry. The 9/11 poem can be read here [http://www.peoplespoetry.org/pg_spotlighttwr.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819043244/http://www.peoplespoetry.org/pg_spotlighttwr.html|date=August 19, 2006}}.</ref>
===Comic books===
The [[American comic book]] was invented in New York in the early 1930s as a way to cheaply repackage and resell newspaper [[comic strip]]s, which also experienced their major period of creative growth and development in New York papers in the first decades of the 20th century. Immigrant culture in the city was the central topic and inspiration for comics from the days of [[The Yellow Kid|Hogan's Alley]], [[the Yellow Kid]], [[The Katzenjammer Kids]] and beyond. Virtually all creators and workers employed in the early comic book industry were based in New York, from publishers to artists, many of them coming from immigrant Jewish families on the Lower East Side and in Brooklyn.
It can be argued that [[superhero]]es, the uniquely American contribution to comic books, owe their origin to New York, despite the fact that the first superhero, [[Superman]], was created by two artists from [[Cleveland, Ohio]]. Even when not based explicitly in New York, superhero stories often make use of recognizable stand-ins for the city, such as [[Metropolis (comics)|Metropolis]] or [[Gotham City]] (Gotham being a common nickname for New York). The form and narrative conventions of superhero stories frequently dictate New York-sized cities as the settings, even generically.
[[Marvel Comics]] became famous for breaking with convention and setting their stories explicitly in a "real" New York, giving recognizable addresses for the homes of their major characters. Peter Parker, [[Spider-Man]], lived with his [[Aunt May]] in Forest Hills, Queens. The [[Baxter Building]], long-time home of [[Fantastic Four|the Fantastic Four]], was located at 42nd and Madison Avenue. In 2007, the City of New York declared April 30 May 6 "Spider-Man Week" in honor of the release of [[Spider-Man 3]]. Both of the previous Spider-Man movies made heavy use of New York as a backdrop and included crowd scenes filled with "stereotypical New Yorkers."
New York also served as an inspiration and home for much of America's non-superhero comic books, famously starting with cartoonist and Brooklyn native [[Will Eisner]]'s many depictions of everyday life among poor, working-class and immigrant New Yorkers. Today New York's alternative comics scene is thriving, including native New Yorkers [[Art Spiegelman]], [[Ben Katchor]] and [[Dean Haspiel]], graduates of the [[School of Visual Arts]] cartooning program (the first accredited cartooning program in the country) and many others.
Meanwhile, New York's comic book history has worked its way into other facets of New York culture, from the Pop Art of [[Roy Lichtenstein]] to the recent literary production of Brooklyn-based [[Jonathan Lethem]] and [[Dave Eggers]].
==Museums==
{{See also|List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City}}
The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] is one of the world's largest and most important art museums, and is located on the eastern edge of Central Park. It also comprises a building complex known as "The Cloisters" in Fort Tryon Park at the north end of Manhattan Island overlooking the Hudson River which features medieval art. The [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA) is often considered a rival to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The [[Brooklyn Museum]] is the second largest art museum in New York and one of the largest in the United States. One of the premier art institutions in the world, its permanent collection includes more than one-and-a-half million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art, and the art of many other cultures.
There are many smaller important galleries and art museums in the city. Among these is the [[Frick Collection]], one of the preeminent small art museums in the United States, with a very high-quality collection of old master paintings housed in 16 galleries within the former mansion of steel magnate [[Henry Clay Frick]]. The collection features some of the best-known paintings by major European artists, as well as numerous works of sculpture and porcelain. It also has furniture, enamel, and carpets.
[[File:MoMa NY USA 1.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The Yoshio Taniguchi building at the [[Museum of Modern Art]]]]
[[File:SUR P.S.1.jpg|thumb|left|230px|''SUR'' by Xefirotarch at the [[P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center]] in Queens]]
The [[Jewish Museum (New York)|Jewish Museum of New York]] was first established in 1904, when the Jewish Theological Seminary received a gift a 26 [[Jewish
Founded in 1969 by a group of [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] artists, educators, community activists and civic leaders, [[El Museo del Barrio]] is located at the top of [[Museum Mile, New York City|Museum Mile]] in
The [[American Museum of Natural History]] and its [[Hayden Planetarium]] focus on the sciences. There are also many smaller specialty museums, from the [[Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum
In recent years New York has seen a major building boom among its cultural institutions. [[Long Island City, Queens|Long Island City]] in Queens is an increasingly thriving ___location for the arts, home to P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center and SculptureCenter for example. [[SculptureCenter]], New York's only non-profit exhibition space dedicated to contemporary and innovative sculpture, re-located from Manhattan's Upper East Side to a former trolley repair shop in LIC, renovated by artist/designer Maya Lin in 2002. The museum commissions new work and presents challenging exhibits by emerging and established, national and international artists and hosts a diverse range of public programs including lectures, dialogues, and performances. In 2024 [[Louis Armstrong House|The Louis Armstrong House Museum]] won the prestigious [[National Medal for Museum and Library Service]].
In 2006 more than 60 arts institutions spread across the five boroughs, from smaller community organizations like the [[Museum of Contemporary African Diasporan Arts]] in Brooklyn to major institutions like [[The Morgan Library & Museum]], underwent architectural renovation or new construction. In aggregate the projects represented more than $2.8 billion in investment.<ref name="Building">{{cite news|title=Build Your Dream, Hold Your Breath|author=The New York Times|work=The New York Times |date=August 6, 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/arts/design/06rich.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&ref=arts|access-date=February 18, 2007}}</ref> The New York City Department of Cultural Affairs budget for building projects was the largest in the city's history: $865 million from 2006 through 2010, up from a $339.6 million planned budget for the 2001–4 period.<ref name="Building" /> The Alliance for the Arts, a nonpartisan, nonprofit arts advocacy and research group, reported in 2003 that the economic impact of cultural construction projects in New York — including factors like jobs created and collateral spending in the city — between 1997 and 2002 was $2.3 billion, with an anticipated impact of $2.7 billion for the period from 2003 through 2006.<ref name="Building" />
==Inventions==
New York City, like any other city across the United States and the world, has changed with its own unique inventions, among which are:
*[[Air conditioning]]
*[[Club sandwiches]]
*[[Jell-O]]
*[[Oreos]]
*[[Glow stick]]
==Cultural diversity==
===Demographics===
{{Main|Demographics of New York City}}
{| id="toc" style="float: right; margin-left: 5em; width: 40%; font-size: 90%;" cellspacing="3"
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|colspan="3"|'''Select Holy Days Officially Observed in New York City'''
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|'''
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|[[Eid al-Adha]]||Muslim||January
Line 130 ⟶ 224:
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|[[Purim]]||Jewish||March
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|[[Nowruz]]||Iranian||March
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|[[Passover]]||Jewish||April
Line 137 ⟶ 233:
|[[Shavuot]]||Jewish||June
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|[[Assumption of Mary|Feast of Assumption]]||Catholic||August
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|[[Rosh Hashanah]]||Jewish||September
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|[[Yom Kippur]]||Jewish||
|-
|[[Sukkot|Succoth]]||Jewish||October
|-
|[[Diwali]]||Hindu||October
|-
|[[Eid
|-
|[[All Saints' Day]]||Catholic||November
|-
|[[Eid al-Adha]]||Muslim||December
|}
To some observers, New York, with its large [[immigration|immigrant]] population, seems more of an international city than something specifically "American".
The cultural diversity of New York can be seen in the range of official city holidays. With the growth of New York's South Asian community, [[Diwali]], the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] Festival of Lights, was
[[File:Westindiandayparadepartier.jpg|thumb|230px|left|The [[Labor Day Carnival|West Indian Labor Day Parade]] is an annual carnival along Eastern Parkway in [[Brooklyn]].]]
As in many major cities, immigrants to New York often congregate in [[ethnic enclave]]s where they can talk and shop and work with people from their country of origin. Throughout the five boroughs the city is home to many distinct communities of [[India]]ns, [[Ireland|Irish]], [[Italy|Italians]], [[China|Chinese]], [[Korea]]ns, [[Dominican Republic|Dominicans]], [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Ricans]],[[El Salvador|Salvadorians]], [[Caribbean]]s, [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jews]], [[Latin America]]s, [[Russia]]ns and many others. Many of the largest citywide annual events are parades celebrating the heritage of New York's ethnic communities. Attendance at the biggest ones by city and state politicians is politically obligatory. These include the [[Saint Patrick's Day|St Patrick's Day Parade]], probably the top Irish heritage parade in the Americas; the [[Puerto Rican Day Parade]], which often draws up to 3 million spectators; the [[Labor Day Carnival|West Indian Labor Day Parade]], among the largest parades in North America and the largest event in New York; and the Chinese New Year Parade. New Yorkers of all stripes gather together for these spectacles. Other significant parades include the [[Gay Pride Parade (New York City)|Gay Pride Parade]], Greenwich Village Halloween Parade and the [[Coney Island Mermaid Parade]], all icons in the city's counter-culture pantheon.
New York has a larger [[Jew]]ish population than any other city in the world, larger than even [[Jerusalem]]. Approximately one million New Yorkers, or about 13%, are Jewish.<ref>{{cite news |title=The City that can Never Sleep |newspaper=NBC News |author=Michael Moran |date=August 2, 2004|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5578877 |access-date=February 16, 2007}}</ref> As a result, New York culture has borrowed certain elements of Jewish culture, such as [[bagel]]s. The city is also home to the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]], the headquarters of [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] movements, one of three American campuses of [[Hebrew Union College]] of [[Reform Judaism]], [[Yeshiva University]], and the home of the [[Anti-Defamation League]]. [[Congregation Emanu-El of New York|Temple Emanu-El]], the largest [[synagogue|Jewish house of worship]] in the world, became the first Reform congregation in America in 1845. It is also the home of such Jewish comedians as [[Woody Allen]] and [[Jerry Seinfeld]].
===Festivals and parades===
[[File:USA san gennaro vendors NY.jpg|thumb|230px|Street vendors at the [[Feast of San Gennaro]] in Manhattan's [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]]]]
New York, with its many ethnic communities and cultural venues, has a large number of major parades and street festivals. [[Central Park SummerStage|SummerStage]] in Central Park is one of about 1,200 free concerts, dance, theater, and spoken word events citywide sponsored by the [[City Parks Foundation]].
The [[New York's Village Halloween Parade|Village Halloween Parade]] is an annual holiday parade and street pageant presented the night of every [[Halloween]] (October 31) in Greenwich Village. Stretching more than a mile, this cultural event draws two million spectators, fifty thousand costumed participants, dancers, artists and circus performers, dozens of floats bearing live bands and other musical and performing acts, and a worldwide television audience of one hundred million.
The [[Feast of San Gennaro]], originally a one-day religious commemoration, is now an 11-day street fair held in mid-September in Manhattan's [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]]. Centered on [[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry Street]], which is closed to traffic for the occasion, the festival generally features parades, street vendors, sausages and [[zeppole]], games, and a religious candlelit procession which begins immediately after a celebratory [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] at the Church of the Most Precious Blood. Another festival is held with the same attractions at New York's other Little Italy, in the [[Fordham, Bronx|Fordham]]/[[Belmont, Bronx|Belmont]] area in the Bronx. The streets are closed to traffic and the festivities begin early in the morning and proceed late into the night.
Other major parades include the annual [[Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade]], presented by Macy's Department Store and lasting three hours on [[Thanksgiving|Thanksgiving Day]], which features enormous inflatable balloons, and [[Puerto Rican Day Parade]] which is held along [[Fifth Avenue (Manhattan)]] from 44th Street to 86th Street. The parade also extends through other ethnic Puerto Rican neighborhoods throughout the city in Brooklyn and the Bronx.
[[File:Day122ccountdownbb.JPG|thumb|left|230px|A crowd in [[Times Square]] awaits the countdown to the start of 2006.]]
A major component of [[New Year's Eve]] celebrations in the United States is the "[[Times Square Ball|ball dropping]]" on top of [[One Times Square]] that is broadcast live on national television. A 1,070-pound, 6-foot-diameter [[Waterford Crystal]] ball, high above [[Times Square]], is lowered starting at 23:59:00 and reaching the bottom of its tower at the stroke of midnight (00:00:00). [[New York Harbor]] From 1982 to 1988, New York dropped a large apple in recognition of its nickname, "The Big Apple." [[Dick Clark]] hosted televised coverage of the event from 1972 to 2011 with his show, ''[[Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve]]''. For about four decades, until one year before his death in 1977, Canadian violinist and bandleader [[Guy Lombardo]] and his Royal Canadians serenaded the United States from the ballroom of [[the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel]] on Park Avenue. Their recording of the traditional song ''[[Auld Lang Syne]]'' still plays as the first song of the new year in Times Square.{{clear}}
==Sports==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = 2005 New York City Marathon.jpg
| width1 = 225
| caption1 = The [[New York City Marathon]] is the largest marathon in the world.<ref name = "World's Largest Marathons"/>
| alt1 = Three runners in a race down a street where onlookers are cheering behind barriers.
| image2 = Arthur ashe stadium interior.jpg
| width2 = 225
| caption2 = The [[U.S. Open (tennis)|US Open Tennis Championships]] are held every August and September in [[Flushing Meadows-Corona Park]], Queens.
| alt2 = A tennis stadium pack with fans watching a grass court.
| image3 = Citi Field 2011.JPG
| width3 = 225
| caption3 = [[Citi Field]], also in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, has been home to the [[New York Mets]] since 2009.
| alt3 = A baseball stadium from behind home plate in the evening.
}}
{{Main|Sports in New York City}}{{See also|Traditional games of New York City}}
New York is home to the [[headquarters]] of the [[National Football League]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.National_Football_League.f36bd60db3fbcb01.html|title=National Football League Company Information|publisher=Hoover's, Inc|access-date=May 18, 2013}}</ref> [[Major League Baseball]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Major_League_Baseball.690243a73fc37ae4.html|title=Major League Baseball Company Information|publisher=Hoover's, Inc|access-date=May 18, 2013}}</ref> the [[National Basketball Association]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.National_Basketball_Association_Inc.9752d99632cf8a45.html|title=National Basketball Association, Inc. Company Information|publisher=Hoover's, Inc|access-date=May 18, 2013}}</ref> the [[National Hockey League]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.National_Hockey_League.6eb8cbd895fc6ce9.html|title=National Hockey League Company Information|publisher=Hoover's, Inc|access-date=May 18, 2013}}</ref> and [[Major League Soccer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Major_League_Soccer_LLC.0432cbf68c309307.html|title=Major League Soccer, L.L.C. Company Information|publisher=Hoovers, Inc|access-date=May 18, 2013}}</ref> The New York metropolitan area hosts the [[List of American and Canadian cities by number of major professional sports franchises|most]] sports teams in these five professional leagues. Five of the ten most expensive [[stadium]]s ever built worldwide ([[MetLife Stadium]], the new [[Yankee Stadium]], [[Madison Square Garden]], [[Citi Field]], and [[Barclays Center]]) are located in the New York metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totalprosports.com/2011/10/27/11-most-expensive-stadiums-in-the-world/|title=11 Most Expensive Stadiums In The World|publisher=Total Pro Sports|author=Esteban|date=October 27, 2011|access-date=September 2, 2012|archive-date=August 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827201315/http://www.totalprosports.com/2011/10/27/11-most-expensive-stadiums-in-the-world/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Baseball===
New York has been described as the "Capital of Baseball".<ref>{{cite video |title=Baseball: A Film by Ken Burns; ''Inning 7: The Capital of Baseball'' |medium=Television Documentary |publisher=PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/baseball/capital/ |access-date=August 26, 2017 |archive-date=October 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030052342/http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/baseball/capital/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> There have been 35 Major League Baseball [[World Series]] and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is also one of only five metro areas ([[Los Angeles metropolitan area|Los Angeles]], [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago]], [[Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area|Baltimore–Washington]], and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two major league teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York teams played each other, known as the [[Subway Series]] and occurring most recently in {{wsy|2000}}. No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in {{wsy|1906}}, St. Louis in {{wsy|1944}}, and the San Francisco Bay Area in {{wsy|1989}}).
The city's two current MLB teams are the [[New York Mets]]<ref>{{cite news|title=New York Mets – TeamReport|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/05/30/new-york-mets-teamreport-123/|access-date=May 31, 2012|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=May 30, 2012}}</ref> and the [[New York Yankees]],<ref>{{cite web|title=2000S|url=http://newyork.yankees.mlb.com/nyy/history/timeline1.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128201151/http://newyork.yankees.mlb.com/nyy/history/timeline1.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 28, 2007|publisher=New York Yankees|access-date=May 31, 2012}}</ref> who compete in four games of [[interleague play]] every regular season that has also come to be called the [[Subway Series]]. The Yankees have won a record 27 championships,<ref>{{cite web|title=New York Yankees: Facts, History, Stats, and Resources|url=http://www.thefreeresource.com/new-york-yankees-facts-history-stats-and-resources|publisher=The free sources|access-date=May 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605211426/http://www.thefreeresource.com/new-york-yankees-facts-history-stats-and-resources|archive-date=June 5, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the Mets have won the World Series twice.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Mets, Colt .45s Grew Up To Beat The Bullies|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/10/08/how-mets-colt-45s-grew-up-to-beat-the-bullies/|access-date=May 31, 2012|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=October 8, 1986}}</ref> The city also was once home to the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] (now the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]), who won the World Series once,<ref>{{cite web |title=Dodgers Timeline |url=http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/la/history/timeline01.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328120326/http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/la/history/timeline01.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 28, 2007 |publisher=Los Angeles Dodgers |access-date=September 22, 2008}}</ref> and the [[New York Giants (NL)|New York Giants]] (now the [[San Francisco Giants]]), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to California in 1958.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Moments|url=http://www.dodgers-giants.com/|publisher=Dodgers Giants|access-date=May 31, 2012}}</ref> There are also two [[Minor League Baseball]] teams in the city, the [[Brooklyn Cyclones]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Major League Baseball, Police Athletic League and the Brooklyn Cyclones to host free MLB Umpire Camp|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120530&content_id=32491896&vkey=pr_mlb&c_id=mlb|access-date=May 31, 2012|newspaper=MLB Press Release|date=May 30, 2012}}</ref> and [[Staten Island FerryHawks|Staten Island Ferryhawks]].
===Football===
The city is represented in the NFL by the [[New York Giants]] and the [[New York Jets]], although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby [[East Rutherford, New Jersey]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Preparations Different for a Home-and-Home Contest|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/sports/football/for-giants-jets-game-metlife-stadium-preparations-differ.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=May 31, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 22, 2011}}</ref> which hosted [[Super Bowl XLVIII]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Owners warm up to New York/New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host |url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story?id=09000d5d8184fc83&template=with-video-with-comments&confirm=true |work=NFL.com |agency=Associated Press |date=May 26, 2010 |access-date=May 27, 2010 |quote=It's the first time the league has gone to a cold-weather site that doesn't have a dome ... the NFL will wait and see how this foray into the great outdoors in winter goes. Then the league might OK another bid}}</ref>
The [[New York Rangers]] represent the city in the NHL.<ref>{{cite news|last=Anderson|first=Dave|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/14/sports/sports-of-the-times-at-boston-garden-there-s-much-more-gold-than-green.html |title=Sports of The Times; At Boston Garden, There's Much More Gold Than Green|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 14, 1995|access-date=June 17, 2008}}</ref> The [[New York Islanders]], who originally played in [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] on [[Long Island]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Nassau Coliseum|url=http://espn.go.com/travel/stadium/_/s/nhl/id/12|work=ESPN|access-date=|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130309013532/http://espn.go.com/travel/stadium/_/s/nhl/id/12|archive-date = 9 March 2013}}</ref> and moved to the Barclays Center in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mazzeo |first=Mike |title=Islanders Moving to Brooklyn |url=https://www.espn.com/new-york/nhl/story/_/id/8545550/new-york-islanders-following-nets-brooklyn |date=October 24, 2012 |access-date=October 24, 2012}}</ref> Also within the metropolitan area are the [[New Jersey Devils]], who play in nearby [[Newark, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Devils' dance with Kings in Stanley Cup Finals gives Newark a spotlight|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/05/devils_dance_with_kings_in_sta.html|access-date=May 31, 2012|newspaper=Nj.com|date=May 31, 2012}}</ref>
===Basketball===
The city's NBA teams include the [[Brooklyn Nets]] and the [[New York Knicks]], while the city's [[Women's National Basketball Association]] team is the [[New York Liberty]]. The first national college-level basketball championship, the [[National Invitation Tournament]], was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nit.org/history/nit-postseason.html |title=Postseason Overview |publisher=National Invitation Tournament |access-date=September 1, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724155001/http://www.nit.org/history/nit-postseason.html |archive-date =July 24, 2008}}</ref>
The Basketdolls is a recreational basketball league established in June 2024 in [[New York City]]. Founded by Devin Myers, the organization operates primarily in Brooklyn's [[Bushwick]] neighborhood and serves transgender participants. The league conducted its inaugural season from June 1 to September 2024, hosting 15 meetings at various public courts throughout New York City. As of 2024, the organization conducts its activities primarily on public basketball courts throughout New York City's [[five boroughs]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Meet the Basketdolls, a trans basketball league that started in NYC|url=https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/meet-the-basketdolls-a-trans-basketball-league-that-started-in-nyc |website= The Gothamist |date=October 3, 2024 |access-date=January 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250116221233/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/meet-the-basketdolls-a-trans-basketball-league-that-started-in-nyc |archive-date=January 16, 2025}}</ref>
===Soccer===
In soccer, New York is represented by [[New York City FC]] of MLS, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/mls/story/manchester-city-join-forces-with-new-york-yankees-to-own-an-mls-club-052113|title=Man City, Yankees to own MLS club|agency=Associated Press, Fox Sports Interactive Media|date=May 21, 2013|access-date=May 21, 2013}}</ref> The [[New York Red Bulls]] play their home games at [[Red Bull Arena (Harrison)|Red Bull Arena]] in nearby [[Harrison, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2010/03/picture-perfect_opening_for_20.html|title=Picture-perfect opening for $200M Red Bull Arena in Harrison|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=March 20, 2010}}</ref> Historically, the city is known for the [[New York Cosmos (1970–85)|New York Cosmos]], the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of [[Pelé]], one of the world's most famous soccer players.
===Tennis===
Queens is host of the [[U.S. Open (tennis)|U.S. Open Tennis Championships]], one of the four annual [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Champions (year by year history)|url=http://2010.usopen.org/en_US/about/history/years.html|publisher=US Open|access-date=May 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615081648/http://2010.usopen.org/en_US/about/history/years.html|archive-date=June 15, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Track and field===
The [[New York City Marathon|New York Marathon]] is one of the world's largest, and the 2004–2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006.<ref name = "World's Largest Marathons">[http://www.aims-association.org/statistics/World's_Largest_Marathons.html World's Largest Marathons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721212612/http://www.aims-association.org/statistics/World%27s_Largest_Marathons.html |date=July 21, 2013 }}, [[Association of International Marathons and Road Races]] (AIMS). Retrieved June 28, 2007.</ref> The [[Millrose Games]] is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the [[Wanamaker Mile]].
===Boxing===
Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at [[Madison Square Garden]] each year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Boxer Johnny Tapia's 'crazy life' ends|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/us/new-mexico-dead-boxer/index.html|access-date=May 28, 2012|newspaper=CNN|date=May 31, 2012}}</ref>
===Additional sports===
Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. [[Stickball]], a street version of baseball, was popularized by youths in the 1930s. A street in [[Clason Point, Bronx|Clason Point]] in the Bronx has been renamed Stickball Boulevard, as tribute to New York's most known street sport.<ref>{{cite video |people=Sas, Adrian (Producer) |date=2006 |url=http://nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/video/index.html?key=16&search= |title=It's my Park: Cricket |medium=TV-Series |___location=New York City |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks & Recreation]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927214100/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/video/index.html?key=16 |archive-date=September 27, 2009 }}</ref>
==In popular culture==
{{main category|New York City in popular culture}}
Because of its sheer size and cultural influence, New York has been the subject of many different, and often contradictory, portrayals in mass media. From the sophisticated and worldly metropolis seen in many [[Woody Allen]] films, to the hellish and chaotic urban jungle depicted in such movies as [[Martin Scorsese]]'s ''[[Taxi Driver]]'', New York has served as the backdrop for virtually every conceivable viewpoint on big city life.
In the early years of film, New York was characterized as urbane and sophisticated. By the city's crisis period in the 1970s and early 1980s, however, films like ''[[Midnight Cowboy]]'', ''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]'', ''[[Dog Day Afternoon]]'', ''[[Taxi Driver]]'', ''[[Marathon Man (film)|Marathon Man]]'', ''[[Cruising (film)|Cruising]]'', ''[[Dressed to Kill (1980 film)|Dressed to Kill]]'', and ''[[Death Wish (1974 film)|Death Wish]]'' showed New York as full of chaos and violence. With the city's renaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; ''[[Friends]]'', ''[[Seinfeld]]'', and ''[[Sex and the City]]'' showed life in the city to be glamorous and interesting. Nonetheless, a disproportionate number of crime dramas, such as ''[[Law & Order]]'', continue to make criminality in the city as their subject even as New York has become the [[United States cities by crime rate|safest large city]] in the United States in the 2000s and 2010s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Offense Tabulations: Crime in the United States|author=Federal Bureau of Investigation|year=2004|url=https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/offenses_reported/offense_tabulations/index.html|access-date=February 18, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070214042451/http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/offenses_reported/offense_tabulations/index.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = February 14, 2007}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|New York City}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[The Bronx#Culture and institutions|Culture of The Bronx]]
* [[Culture of Brooklyn]]
* [[Manhattan#Culture|Culture of Manhattan]]
* [[Queens#Culture|Culture of Queens]]
* [[Staten Island#Culture|Culture of Staten Island]]
* [[Alliance for the Arts]]
* [[LGBT culture in New York City]]
* [[List of nightclubs in New York City]]
* [[List of people from New York City]]
* [[Media in New York City]]
* [[New York City arts organizations]]
* [[Public Art Fund]]
* [[Transgender culture of New York City]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book | editor1=Voorsanger, Catherine Hoover|editor2= Howat, John K.| title= ''Art and the empire city: New York, 1825–1861'' | ___location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=2000 | isbn=9780870999574 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/56268/rec/16}}
==External links==
* [http://www.nyc-arts.org NYC Arts] and [http://nyc-arts.tumblr.com/ Tumblr]
* [http://www.citylore.org/ City Lore]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180130180200/http://yellowposts.com/explore/New%20York%20City New York City] On YellowPosts
* [http://www.ctmd.org/ Center for Traditional Music and Dance (CTMD)]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/yokoonoofficial/sets/72157616066769760 New York in the 70s] Yoko Ono's Flickr album of Tannenbaum's images<!-- she wrote preface --> <br />{{cite book |url= http://www.sohoblues.com/soho_blues.html |title= New York in the 70s |first= Alan |last= Tannenbaum |author-link= Alan Tannenbaum |date= 2011 |isbn= 9781590207024 }}
'''Partial list of major international cultural centers in New York City:'''
* [[File:Flag of Austria.svg|20px]] [http://www.acfny.org/ Austrian Cultural Forum New York]
* [[File:Flag of India.svg|20px]] [http://www.bhavanus.com/ Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]
* [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|20px]] [http://nyork.cervantes.es/ Instituto Cervantes-Nueva York]
* [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|20px]] [http://www.chinesedance.org/ New York Chinese Cultural Center]
* [[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [http://www.fiaf.org/ French Institute Alliance Francaise]
* [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] [http://www.goethe.de/ins/us/ney/enindex.htm Goethe-Institut New York]
* [[File:Flag of Hungary.svg|20px]] [http://newyork.balassiintezet.hu/index.php/en/ Hungarian Cultural Institute]
* [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] [http://www.iicnewyork.esteri.it/IIC_Newyork Italian Cultural Institute]
* [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] [http://www.polishculture-nyc.org Polish Cultural Institute]
* [[File:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] [http://www.icrny.org/ Romanian Cultural Institute New York]
* [[File:Flag of Sweden.svg|20px]] [http://www.scandinaviahouse.org Scandinavia House]
* [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|20px]] [http://www.swissinstitute.net/ Swiss Institute]
* [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] [http://www.tenri.org/ Tenri Cultural Institute]
* [[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|20px]] [http://www.ukrainianmuseum.org/ The Ukrainian Museum]
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