Group Embedded Figures Test: Difference between revisions

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The '''Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT)''' is a timed [[Psychological testing|psychological assessment]] consisting of 18 items pertaining to [[field dependence]] and field independence.<ref name=":0">Demick, J. (2014). ''Group Embedded Figures Test Manual''. Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden, Inc.</ref> The GEFT was constructed by [[Herman Witkin|Herman A Witkin]], Philip K. Oltman, Evelyn Raskin, and Stephen A. Karp with the goal to provide an adaptation of the [[Embedded-figure test|Embedded Figures Test]] (EFT) for group testing.<ref name=":1">Witkin, H. A., Oltman, P. K., Raskin, E., & Karp, S. A. (1971). ''A manual for the Group Embedded Figures Test''. Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden, Inc.</ref> The EFT was developed by Witkin to assess [[cognitive style]] and analytical ability by measuring field dependence and field independence<ref name=":1" /> with figures suggested by Kurt Gottschaldt, a German psychologist and influencer of [[Gestalt psychology]] and theory.<ref>Gottschaldt, K. (1926). Uber den einfluss der erfahrung auf die wahrnehmung von figuren I: Uber den einfluss gehaufter einpragung von figuren auf ihre sichtbarheit in unfassenden konfigurationen. Psycholgishe Forschungen, 8, 261-317.</ref> The GEFT measurement places an individual on a spectrum between field dependence and field independence.<ref name=":1" />

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The '''Group Embedded Figures Test''' ('''GEFT)''') is a timed [[Psychological testing|psychological assessment]] consisting of 18 items pertaining to [[field dependence]] and field independence.<ref name=":0">Demick, J. (2014). ''Group Embedded Figures Test Manual''. Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden, Inc.</ref> The GEFT was constructed by [[Herman Witkin|Herman A Witkin]], Philip K. Oltman, Evelyn Raskin, and Stephen A. Karp with the goal to provide an adaptation of the [[Embedded-figure test|Embedded Figures Test]] (EFT) for group testing.<ref name=":1">Witkin, H. A., Oltman, P. K., Raskin, E., & Karp, S. A. (1971). ''A manual for the Group Embedded Figures Test''. Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden, Inc.</ref> The EFT was developed by Witkin to assess [[cognitive style]] and analytical ability by measuring field dependence and field independence<ref name=":1" /> with figures suggested by Kurt Gottschaldt, a German psychologist and influencer of [[Gestalt psychology]] and theory.<ref>Gottschaldt, K. (1926). Uber den einfluss der erfahrung auf die wahrnehmung von figuren I: Uber den einfluss gehaufter einpragung von figuren auf ihre sichtbarheit in unfassenden konfigurationen. Psycholgishe Forschungen, 8, 261-317.</ref> The GEFT measurement places an individual on a spectrum between field dependence and field independence.<ref name=":1" />

The GEFT contains 18 complex figures each in which the respondent must identify a simple form.<ref name=":1" /> The respondent does so by tracing the simple form within the complex figure (1) with pencil (for paper-pencil administration)<ref name=":1" /> or (2) by clicking and dragging their mouse cursor (for online administration).<ref name=":0" /> The GEFT is a timed test elapsing 20-minutes and can be administered to an individual or groups of older children (age 10+), [[Adolescence|adolescents]], and [[adult]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mindgarden.com/105-group-embedded-figures-test-a-measure-of-cognitive-style#horizontalTab2|title=Group Embedded Figures Test - Product Specs|website=www.mindgarden.com|access-date=4 December 2017}}</ref> The GEFT is protected by [[Copyright|copyright law]] and is published by Mind Garden, Inc.

The GEFT was [[Validity (statistics)|validated]] against the "parent" form of the test, the EFT, and the [[Rod and frame test|Rod-and-Frame Test]] (RFT) administered with the portable apparatus (PRFT).<ref>Witkin, H. A., Dyk, R. B. , Faterson, H. F., Goodenough, D. R., & Karp, S. A. (1962). ''Psychological differentiation: Studies in development.'' New York: Wiley.</ref><ref>Faterson, H. F. & Witkin, H. A. (1970). Longitudinal study of development of the body concept. ''Developmental Psychology, 2,'' 429-438.</ref> Since Witkin, et al. published the GEFT, other researchers have generated additional data, reporting both higher<ref>Torres, R. M. & Cano, J. (1994). Learning styles of students in a college of agriculture. ''Journal of Agricultural Education, 35''(4), 61-66.</ref><ref>Carter, H., & Loo, R. (1980). Group Embedded Figures Test: Psychometric data. ''Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91''(3f), 1221-1229.</ref> and lower<ref>Renna, M., & Zenhausern, R. (1976). The Group Embedded Figures Test: Normative data. ''Perceptual and Motor Skills, 43''(3f), 1176-1178.</ref> normative samples.

The GEFT was validated for exclusive administration via paper and pencil until 2014, when an online version was developed by Jack Demick, a Researchresearch Associateassociate at [[Harvard University]] and a [[Clinical psychology|clinical]] and [[Developmental psychology|developmental]] psychologist. Since then, a [[Reliability (statistics)|reliability]] and validity study of the GEFT Online was conducted and showed strong [[Correlation and dependence|correlation]] between the paper-and-pencil GEFT and the GEFT Online ([[Pearson correlation coefficient|r]]=.78),<ref>Demick, J., Trent, N., Chapman, I. & Most, R. (2014). Establishing reliability and validity of the online Group Embedded Figures Test. Manuscript in preparation.</ref> which is identical to the [[Repeatability|test-retest]] reliability for the paper-and-pencil GEFT.<ref>Kepner, M. D., & Neimark, E. D. (1984). Test-retest reliability and differential patterns of score change on the Group Embedded Figures Test. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46''(6), 1405-1413.</ref>

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Psychological testingtests and scales]]

[[Category:Psychological testing]]