Empress Xiaoshurui: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Empress Consort of the Jiaqing Emperor}}

{{Infobox_Monarch | name =Empress Xiao Shu Rui

{{Infobox royalty

| title =Hitara, the Qing Dynasty Duan-He Empress of China

| embed =

| image =[[Image:清仁宗孝淑睿皇后朝服像.JPG|center]]|}}

| name = Empress Xiaoshurui

| title =

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| image = 《孝淑睿皇后朝服像》.jpg

| image_size = 200px

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| succession = [[List of consorts of rulers of China#Qing dynasty|Empress consort of the Qing dynasty]]

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| reign = 12 February 1796 – 5 March 1797

| reign-type = Tenure

| coronation =

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| predecessor = [[Empress Nara]] (繼后那拉氏)

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| successor = [[Empress Xiaoherui]] (孝和睿皇后)

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| regent =

| reg-type =

| birth_name =

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1760|10|2|df=y}}<br>(乾隆二十五年 八月 二十四日)

| birth_place =

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1797|3|5|1760|10|2|df=y}}<br>(嘉慶二年 二月 七日)

| death_place = [[Forbidden City]], [[Beijing]]

| burial_place = Chang Mausoleum, [[Western Qing tombs]]

| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Jiaqing Emperor]]|1774|1797}}

| consort =

| issue = Second daughter<br>[[Daoguang Emperor]]<br>Princess Zhuangjing of the First Rank

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| full name =

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| posthumous name = '''Empress Xiaoshu''' Duanhe Renzhuang Ciyi Dunyu Zhaosu Guangtian Yousheng '''Rui''' ('''孝淑'''端和仁莊慈懿敦裕昭肅光天佑聖'''睿皇后''')

| temple name =

| house = [[Hitara]] (喜塔臘)

| house-type =

| father = He'erjing'e (和爾經額)

| mother = Lady Wanggiya (王佳氏)

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{{Infobox Chinese

'''Empress Xiao Shu Rui''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 孝淑睿皇后喜塔拉氏)，(? - [[1797]]). Xiao Shu Rui came from the [[Manchu]] Hitara (Xitara) clan. She was the first Empress Consort of the Qing Dyasty [[Jiaqing Emperor]] of China. Hitara married the Jia Qing Emperor in 1774 during the [[Qianlong Emperor]]'s reign.

| t = 孝淑睿皇后

| s = 孝淑睿皇后

| p = Xiàoshūruì Huánghòu

| mnc = ᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠩᡤᠠ<br/>ᠨᡝᠮᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ<br /> ᠰᡠᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ<br/>ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ

| mnc_rom = hiyoošungga nemgiyan sunggiyen hūwangheo

}}

'''Empress Xiaoshurui''' (孝淑睿皇后), of the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] [[Eight Banners|Plain White Banner]] [[Hitara|Hitara clan]] (喜塔臘氏) was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and first empress consort of [[Jiaqing Emperor|Yongyan, the Jiaqing Emperor]]. She was empress consort of Qing from 1796 until her death in 1797, having been empress for barely a year.

Hitara gave birth to two sons and a daughter, the first son died soon after birth, and her second son, Minning (旻宁), later became the [[Daoguang Emperor]]. Her daughter died in 1811 and was given the posthumous title of princess of the first rank Zhuang Jing.

==Life==

After the the enthronement of the [[Jiaqing Emperor]], Hitara was elevated to become an Empress. However, Hitara died of illness after being only one year of Empress Concort. After her death Hitara was given the title of ''Empress Xiao Shu'' and the title of ''Empress Xiao Shu Rui'' after the death of the Jia Qing Emperor in 1820. Later, Hitara was interred in the Chang Ling Mausoleum.

===Family background===

Empress Xiaoshurui's personal name was not recorded in history.

* Father: He'erjing'e ({{lang|zh|和爾經額}}), served as a second rank literary official ({{lang|zh|總管}}) in the [[Imperial Household Department]] and a second rank military official ({{lang|zh|副都統}}), and held the title of a third class duke ({{lang|zh|三等公}})

Hitara's full posthumous title is:

** Paternal grandfather: Chang'an ({{lang|zh|常安}})

*''Empress Xiao Shu Duan He Ren Zhuang Ci Yi Dun Yu Zhao Su Guang Tian You Sheng Rui''

** Paternal grandmother: Lady Ligiya

*[[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 孝淑端和仁庄慈懿敦裕昭肃光天佑圣睿皇后

* Mother: Lady Wanggiya

* Siblings: One elder brother (Shengzhu 盛柱) and two younger brother (Mengzhu 孟柱, Lingzhu 齡柱)

===Qianlong era===

{{start box}}

The future Empress Xiaoshurui was born on the 24th day of the eighth [[Lunar calendar|lunar]] month in the 25th year of the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor]], which translates to 2 October 1760 in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

{{succession box|title=Empress of China|before=[[Xiao Yi Chun|Weigiya, the Empress Xiao Yi Chun]] ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 孝仪纯皇后魏佳氏)|after=[[Xiao He Rui|Niuhuru, the Empress Xiao He Rui]] ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 孝和睿皇后钮祜禄氏)|years=[[1774]] - [[1797]]}}

{{end box}}

On 5 June 1774, Lady Hitara married [[Jiaqing Emperor|Yongyan]], the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor, and became his primary consort. She gave birth on 2 June 1780 to his second daughter, who would die prematurely on 6 September 1783, on 16 September 1782 to his second son, [[Daoguang Emperor|Minning]], and on 20 October 1784 to his fourth daughter, Princess Zhuangjing of the First Rank. According to Qing dynasty imperial medical records, Empress Xiaoshurui was of good health, but after giving consecutive birth of child, her body started having health problems.

===Jiaqing era===

On 9 February 1796, the Qianlong Emperor abdicated in favour of Yongyan and became a [[Taishang Huang|Retired Emperor]], while Yongyan was enthroned as the Jiaqing Emperor. On 12 February 1796, Lady Hitara, as the emperor's primary consort, was instated as empress consort. The Empress died of illness on 5 March 1797, having been empress for barely a year. On 12 March 1797, cabinet drafted her posthumous title and submitted to Emperor Qianlong for approval. With the following approval of the title, she is honoured with the posthumous title "Empress Xiaoshu".

===Daoguang era===

The Jiaqing Emperor died on 2 September 1820 and was succeeded by Minning, who was enthroned as the Daoguang Emperor. In April or May 1821, he extended his mother's posthumous title to "Empress Xiaoshu Duanhe Renzhuang Ciyi Guangtian YouSheng Rui". In his last reign year, he extended the posthumous title with "Dunyu".

'''<big>Xianfeng era</big>'''

Her posthumous title is extended with "Zhaosu"

==Titles==

* During the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor]] (r. 1735–1796):

** Lady Hitara (from 2 October 1760)

** Primary consort ({{lang|zh|嫡福晉}}; from 5 June 1774<ref>乾隆三十九年 四月 二十七日</ref>)

* During the reign of the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] (r. 1796–1820):

** Empress ({{lang|zh|皇后}}; from 12 February 1796<ref>嘉慶元年 正月 四日</ref>)

** ''Empress Xiaoshu'' ({{lang|zh|孝淑皇后}}; from May/June 1797<ref>嘉慶二年 五月</ref>)

* During the reign of the [[Daoguang Emperor]] (r. 1820–1850):

** ''Empress Xiaoshurui'' ({{lang|zh|孝淑睿皇后}}; from April/May 1821<ref>道光元年 三月</ref>)

==Issue==

* As primary consort:

** The Jiaqing Emperor's second daughter (2 June 1780 – 6 September 1783)

** Minning ({{lang|zh|旻寧}}; 16 September 1782 – 26 February 1850), the Jiaqing Emperor's second son, enthroned on 3 October 1820 as the [[Daoguang Emperor]]

** Princess Zhuangjing of the First Rank ({{lang|zh|莊靜固倫公主}}; 20 October 1784 – 27 June 1811), the Jiaqing Emperor's fourth daughter

*** Married Manibadala ({{lang|zh|瑪尼巴達喇}}; d. 1832) of the [[Borjigin#Tumed Mongols|Tumed Borjigit]] clan in November/December 1802

** Miscarriage at three months (18 August 1785)

==In fiction and popular culture==

* Portrayed by Yuen Yi-ling in ''[[The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty]]'' (1988)

* Portrayed by [[Natalie Wong]] in ''[[Wars of In-laws]]'' (2005)

* Portrayed by [[Sarah Song]] in ''[[Curse of the Royal Harem]]'' (2011)

* Portrayed by [[Jess Sum]] in ''[[Succession War (TV series)|Succession War]]'' (2018)

==See also==

* {{section link|Ranks of imperial consorts in China|Qing}}

* [[Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty]]

==Notes==

{{Reflist}}

==References==

* {{cite book|last=Zhao|first=Erxun|author-link=Zhao Erxun|title=[[Draft History of Qing]] (Qing Shi Gao)|year=1928|language=zh}}

{{S-start}}

{{S-hou|[[Hitara|Hitara Clan]]}}

{{S-roy|cn}}

{{S-bef|before=[[Empress Nara|Empress]]<br />{{small|of the Nara clan}}}}

{{S-ttl|title=[[List of consorts of rulers of China#Qing dynasty|Empress consort of China]]|years=12 February 1796 – 5 March 1797}}

{{S-aft|after=[[Empress Xiaoherui]]<br />{{small|of the Niohuru clan}}}}

{{s-end}}

{{Qing empresses|state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Xiaoshurui, Empress}}

[[Category:1760 births]]

[[Category:1797 deaths]]

[[Category:Qing Dynastydynasty empresses|XiaoXiaoshurui, Shu RuiEmpress]]

[[Category:Manchus|XiaoConsorts Shuof the Jiaqing Emperor|Xiaoshurui, RuiEmpress]]

[[Category:Manchu nobility|Xiaoshurui, Empress]]

[[Category:18th-century Chinese women]]

[[Category:18th-century Chinese people]]

[[Category:Mothers of Chinese emperors]]