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{{Short description|Subregion of the Asian continent}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Infobox continent
|title = East Asia
|image = East Asia (orthographic projection).svg
|area = {{convert|11840000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ([[List of continents by area|3rd]])
|population = 1.6 billion (2023; [[List of continents by population|2nd]])
|density = {{convert|141.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|GDP_nominal = $25.7 trillion (2024)<ref name="IMF"/>
|GDP_PPP = $47.6 trillion (2024)<ref name="IMF"/>
|GDP_per_capita = $16,000 (nominal)<ref name="IMF"/>
|demonym = [[East Asian people|East Asian]]
|countries = {{collapsible list
| list_style = text-align:left;
| title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|6 countries]]<ref name="Kort 2005 7" /><ref name="RAND"/><ref name="NO">{{cite web |title=Countries of Asia |url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/asia.htm#East-Asia |website=nationsonline.org |publisher=Nations Online |access-date=12 August 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010701135048/http://www.nationsonline.org:80/oneworld/asia.htm |archive-date=2001-07-01 }}</ref>
| 1 = {{flag|China}}
| 2 = {{flag|Japan}}
| 3 = {{flag|Mongolia}}
| 4 = {{flag|North Korea}}
| 5 = {{flag|South Korea}}
| 6 = {{flag|Taiwan}}
}}
|dependencies = {{collapsible list
| list_style = text-align:left;
| title = [[Special administrative regions of China|Two special administrative regions of China]]
| 1 = {{HKG}}
| 2 = {{MAC}}
}}
|languages =
{{Plainlist|
* [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
* [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
* [[Korean language|Korean]]
* [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
* [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]]
* [[Languages of East Asia|Others]]
}}
|time = [[UTC+7]], [[UTC+8]] & [[UTC+9]]
|cities = [[List of cities in East, South and Southeast Asia by population|List of urban areas]]:<br>{{hlist|[[Beijing]] |[[Busan]]|[[Chengdu]]|[[Daegu]]|[[Guangzhou]]|[[Hangzhou]]|[[Hong Kong]]|[[Kaohsiung]]|[[Macau]]|[[Nagoya]]|[[Nanjing]]|[[Osaka]]|[[Seoul]]|[[Shanghai]] |[[Shenzhen]]|[[Taipei]] |[[Tokyo]] |[[Yokohama]]}}
|m49 = <code>030</code> – Eastern Asia<br /><code>142</code> – [[Asia]]<br /><code>001</code> – [[World]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| t = 東亞/東亞細亞
| s = 东亚/东亚细亚
| order = st
| p = Dōngyǎ/Dōngyà ''or'' Dōng Yǎxìyǎ/Dōng Yàxìyà
| w = Tung1-ya3
| j = dung1 aa3
| poj = Tang-a
| gan = Tung1 nga3
| wuu = ton<sup>平</sup> ia<sup>去</sup>
| h = dung<sup>24</sup> a<sup>31</sup>
| tib = ཨེ་ཤ་ཡ་ཤར་མ་
| mon = Зүүн Ази <br />{{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢ}}
| monr = Dzuun Azi
| uig = شەرقىي ئاسىي
| kana = ひがしアジア/とうあ
| shinjitai = 東亜細亜（東アジア）/東亜
| kyujitai = 東亞細亞/東亞
| revhep = Higashi Ajia/Tō-A
| kunrei = Higasi Azia/Tou-A
| hanja = 東아시아/東亞細亞/東亞
| hangul = 동아시아/동아세아/동아
| rr = Dong Asia/Dong Asea/Dong A
| uly = sherqiy asiy
}}
'''East Asia''' is a geocultural region of [[Asia]]. It includes [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Mongolia]], [[North Korea]], [[South Korea]], and [[Taiwan]],<ref name="Kort 2005 7">{{Cite book |last=Kort |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofeastas0000kort/page/7 |title=The Handbook Of East Asia |publisher=Lerner |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-761-32672-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofeastas0000kort/page/7 7]}}</ref><ref name="RAND">{{cite web |title=East Asia |url=https://www.rand.org/topics/east-asia.html |website=rand.org |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |access-date=12 August 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102093024/http://www.rand.org:80/topics/east-asia.html |archive-date=2011-01-02 }}</ref> plus two [[special administrative regions of China]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]. The economies of [[Economy of China|China]], [[Economy of Japan|Japan]], [[Economy of South Korea|South Korea]], and [[Economy of Taiwan|Taiwan]] are among the world's largest and most prosperous. East Asia borders [[North Asia]] to the north, [[Southeast Asia]] to the south, [[South Asia]] to the southwest, and [[Central Asia]] to the west. To its east is the [[Pacific Ocean]].
East Asia, especially [[History of China|Chinese civilization]], is regarded as one of the earliest [[Cradle of civilization#China|cradles of civilization]]. Other ancient civilizations in East Asia that still exist as independent countries in the present day include the [[History of Japan|Japanese]], [[History of Korea|Korean]], and [[History of Mongolia|Mongolian]] civilizations. Various other civilizations existed as independent polities in East Asia in the past but have since been absorbed into neighbouring civilizations in the present day, such as [[History of Tibet|Tibet]], [[History of Manchuria|Manchuria]], and [[History of the Ryukyu Islands|Ryukyu]] ([[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]]), among many others. Taiwan has a relatively young [[History of Taiwan|history]] in the region after the [[Prehistory of Taiwan|prehistoric era]]; originally, it was a major site of [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] civilisation prior to colonisation by European colonial powers and China from the 17th century onward. For thousands of years, China was the leading civilization in the region, exerting influence on its neighbours.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zaharna |first1=R. S. |title=Relational, Networked and Collaborative Approaches to Public Diplomacy: The Connective Mindshift |last2=Arsenault |first2=Amelia |last3=Fisher |first3=Ali |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-63607-0 |page=93}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Holcombe |first=Charles |title=A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-107-54489-5 |page=13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Szonyi |first=Michael |title=A Companion to Chinese History |publisher=Wiley–Blackwell |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-118-62460-9 |page=90}}</ref> Historically, societies in East Asia have fallen within the [[Chinese cultural sphere|Chinese sphere of influence]], and East Asian vocabularies and scripts are often derived from [[Classical Chinese]] and [[Chinese character|Chinese script]]. The [[Chinese calendar]] serves as the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived.
Major [[East Asian religions|religions in East Asia]] include [[East Asian Buddhism|Buddhism]] (mostly [[Mahayana Buddhism|Mahayana]]),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Selin |first=Helaine |title=Nature Across Cultures: Views of Nature and the Environment in Non-Western Cultures |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-9-048-16271-0 |page=350}}</ref> [[Confucianism]] and [[Neo-Confucianism]], [[Taoism]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Laozi |author-link=Laozi |title=Tao Te Ching: The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way |last2=Mair |first2=Victor H. |author-link2=Victor H. Mair |publisher=[[Quality Paperback Book Club]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-965-06475-0 |___location=New York |pages=x}}</ref> [[Ancestor veneration in China|ancestral worship]], and [[Chinese folk religion]] in Mainland China, [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] and [[Taiwan]], [[Shinto]] in Japan, and [[Christianity in Korea|Christianity]] and [[Korean shamanism|Musok]] in Korea.<ref name="Salkind 2008 56">{{Cite book |last=Salkind |first=Neil J. |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeduc00salk |title=Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-412-91688-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeduc00salk/page/n85 56] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Chongho |title=Korean Shamanism: The Cultural Paradox |publisher=Ashgate |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-754-63185-9}}</ref><ref>Andreas Anangguru Yewangoe, "Theologia crucis in Asia", 1987 Rodopi</ref> [[Mongolian shamanism|Tengerism]] and [[Tibetan Buddhism]] are prevalent among [[Mongols]] and [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] while other religions such as [[Manchu shamanism|Shamanism]] are widespread among the indigenous populations of northeastern China such as the [[Manchu people|Manchus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heissig |first=Walther |title=The Religions of Mongolia |publisher=Kegan Paul International |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-710-30685-2 |page=46 |translator-last=Samuel |translator-first=Geoffrey}}</ref> The major [[Languages of East Asia|languages in East Asia]] include [[Mandarin Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[Korean language|Korean]]. The major [[East Asian people|ethnic groups of East Asia]] include the [[Han Chinese|Han]] in China and Taiwan, [[Yamato people|Yamato]] in Japan, [[Koreans]] in North and South Korea, and [[Mongol people|Mongol]]s in Mongolia. There are 76 officially-recognized [[Minority group|minority]] or [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] ethnic groups in East Asia; [[List of ethnic groups in China|55 native to mainland China]] (including [[Hui people|Hui]], Manchus, [[Mongols in China|Chinese Mongols]], Tibetans, [[Uyghurs]], and [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] in the [[Autonomous regions of China|frontier regions]]), 16 native to the [[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]] (collectively known as [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]]), one native to the [[Geography of Japan|major Japanese island]] of [[Hokkaido]] (the [[Ainu people|Ainu]]) and four native to [[Demographics of Mongolia#Ethnicity and languages|Mongolia]] ([[Turkic peoples]]). The [[Ryukyuan people]] are an unrecognized ethnic group indigenous to the [[Ryukyu Islands]] in southern Japan, which stretch from [[Kyushu]] to Taiwan. There are also several unrecognized indigenous ethnic groups in mainland China and Taiwan.
East Asians comprise around {{#expr:{{replace|{{UN_Population|Eastern Asia}}|,||}}/1e9 round 1}} billion people, making up about 33% of the population in continental Asia and 20% of the global population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Yuchen |last2=Lu |first2=Dongsheng |last3=Chung |first3=Yeun-Jun |last4=Xu |first4=Shuhua |year=2018 |title=Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations |journal=Hereditas |volume=155 |page=19 |doi=10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 |pmc=5889524 |pmid=29636655 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=August 2023}} The region is home to major world metropolises such as [[Beijing]]–[[Tianjin]], [[Busan]]–[[Daegu]]–[[Ulsan]]–[[Changwon]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Osaka]]–[[Kyoto]]–[[Kobe]], [[Seoul]], [[Shanghai]], [[Shenzhen]], [[Taipei]], and [[Tokyo]]. Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world's most populated places, the population in [[Mongolia]] and [[Western China]], both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density|lowest population density of a sovereign state]]. The overall population density of the region is {{convert|133|PD/km2}}, about three times the world average of {{convert|45|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{When|date=May 2020}}{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}
==History==
{{Main|History of East Asia}}
=== Ancient era ===
China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian civilization from where other parts of East Asia were formed. The various other regions in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs. Historian [[Ping-ti Ho]] referred to China as the cradle of Eastern civilization, in parallel with the [[Cradle of civilization|cradle of Middle Eastern civilization]] along the [[Fertile Crescent]] encompassing [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Ancient Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holcombe |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYKlDQAAQBAJ&q=east+asia+history&pg=PA12 |title=A History of East Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-107-11873-7}}</ref> as well as the [[Cradle of civilization|cradle of Western civilization]] encompassing [[Ancient Greece]].
Chinese civilization emerged early, and prefigured other East Asian civilisations. Throughout history, imperial China would exert cultural, economic, technological, and political influence on its neighbours.<ref name="Ball 2005 104">{{Cite book |last=Ball |first=Desmond |title=The Transformation of Security in the Asia/Pacific Region |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-714-64661-9 |page=104}}</ref><ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121">{{Cite book |last1=Chua |first1=Amy |title=The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America |last2=Rubenfeld |first2=Jed |publisher=Penguin |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-594-20546-0 |page=121}}</ref><ref name="Kang 2012 33–34" /> Succeeding Chinese dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally, economically, politically and militarily for over two millennia.<ref name="Kang 2012 33–34">{{Cite book |last=Kang |first=David C. |title=East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-2-311-5319-5 |pages=33–34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goucher |first1=Candice |title=World History: Journeys from Past to Present |last2=Walton |first2=Linda |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-415-67002-9 |page=232}}</ref><ref name="2000years">{{Cite book |last=Smolnikov |first=Sergey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3LJZDwAAQBAJ&q=pax+sinica+han+dynasty&pg=PA112 |title=Great Power Conduct and Credibility in World Politics |publisher=Springer |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-319-71885-9}}</ref> The [[tributary system of China]] shaped much of East Asia's history for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lone |first=Stewart |url=https://archive.org/details/dailylivescivili00lone |title=Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War |publisher=Greenwood |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-33684-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dailylivescivili00lone/page/n29 3] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Warren I. Cohen 2000">{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Warren I. |author-link=Warren I. Cohen |title=East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-231-10108-2 |___location=New York}}</ref><ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121" /> Imperial China's cultural preeminence not only led the country to become East Asia's first literate nation in the entire region, it also supplied Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chinese |last=Norman |first=Jerry |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-29653-3 |page=17}}</ref>
Under [[Emperor Wu of Han]], the [[Han dynasty]] made China the regional powerhouse in East Asia, projecting much of its imperial influence onto its neighbours.<ref name="Kang 2012 33–34" />{{sfn|Cohen|2000|page=60}} Han China hosted the largest unified population in East Asia, the most literate and urbanised as well as being the most economically developed, as well as the most technologically and culturally advanced civilization in the region at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chua |first=Amy |title=Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance—and Why They Fall |publisher=Anchor |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-400-07741-0 |page=62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leibo |first=Steve |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781610488853/page/19 |title=East and Southeast Asia 2012 |publisher=Stryker-Post |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-610-48885-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781610488853/page/19 19]}}</ref> Cultural and religious interaction between the Chinese and other regional East Asian dynasties and kingdoms occurred. China's impact and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty's [[Han conquest of Gojoseon|northeastern expansion]] in 108 BC when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and established a province called [[Lelang Commandery|Lelang]]. Chinese influences were transmitted and soon took root in Korea through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system, monetary system, rice culture, philosophical schools of thought, and Confucian political institutions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tsai |first=Henry |title=Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-765-62328-7 |page=3}}</ref> Jomon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet-rice cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea. Starting in the fourth century AD, Japan adopted [[Chinese characters]], which remain integral to the [[Japanese writing system]]. Utilizing the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities, maintain historical records and give form to various ideas, thoughts, and philosophies.
=== Medieval era ===
[[File:Mongols-map.png|thumb|alt=Map of Asia|Map showing the boundary of the 13th-century [[Mongol Empire]] compared to today's [[Mongols]]]]During the [[Tang dynasty]], China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to [[Chinese influence on Japanese culture|Japan]] and [[Chinese influence on Korean culture|Korea]].<ref name="lockard1999p2-3">{{Cite journal |last=Lockard |first=Craig |year=1999 |title=Tang Civilization and the Chinese Centuries |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ealac/moerman/fall2000/edit/pdfs/wk5/tangci.pdf |journal=Encarta Historical Essays |pages=2–3, 7}}</ref> The establishment of the medieval Tang dynasty rekindled the impetus of Chinese expansionism across the geopolitical confines of East Asia. Similar to its [[Han dynasty|Han]] predecessor, Tang China reasserted itself as the center of East Asian geopolitical influence during the early medieval period which spearheaded and marked another [[Chinese golden age|golden age in Chinese history]]. During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.<ref name="lockard1999p2-3" /><ref name="lockard1999p7">{{harvnb|Lockard|1999|p=7}}</ref> In addition, Tang China also managed to maintain control over northern Vietnam and [[Goguryeo–Tang War|northern Korea]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Injae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&q=goguryeo+tang+war&pg=PA29 |title=Korean History in Maps |last2=Miller |first2=Owen |last3=Park |first3=Jinhoon |last4=Yi |first4=Hyun-Hae |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-09846-6 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as [[Confucianism]], the use of [[Chinese characters]], [[Chinese architecture|architecture]], state institutions, [[Chinese philosophy|political philosophies]], religion, urban planning, and various [[History of science and technology in China|scientific and technological]] methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang China and succeeding Chinese dynasties.<ref name="lockard1999p2-3" /><ref name="lockard1999p7" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fagan |first=Brian M. |title=The Oxford Companion to Archaeology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-195-07618-9 |page=362}}</ref> Drawing inspiration from the Tang political system, Prince [[Emperor Tenji|Naka no oe]] launched the [[Taika Reform]] in 645 AD where he radically transformed Japan's political bureaucracy into a more centralised bureaucratic empire.<ref name="lockard1999p8">{{harvnb|Lockard|1999|p=8}}</ref> The Japanese also adopted [[Mahayana|Mahayana]] Buddhism, Chinese style architecture, and the imperial court's rituals and ceremonies, including the orchestral music and state dances had Tang influences. Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture such as [[Tang poetry|poetry]], [[Chinese calligraphy|calligraphy]], and [[Landscape painting#China|landscape painting]] became widespread.<ref name="lockard1999p8" /> During the [[Nara period]], Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese culture as well as political and social philosophy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lockard |first=Craig A. |title=Societies Networks And Transitions: Volume B From 600 To 1750 |publisher=Wadsworth |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-439-08540-0 |pages=290–291}}</ref><ref name="Tang6">{{Cite book |last1=Embree |first1=Ainslie |url=https://archive.org/details/asiainwesternwor00ains |title=Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching |last2=Gluck |first2=Carol |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-563-24265-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/asiainwesternwor00ains/page/352 352] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The Japanese created laws adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to the [[kimono]], which was inspired from Chinese ''[[hanfu]]'' during the 8th century.
=== Modern era ===
[[File:Carte Generale de l'Empire Chinois et du Japon.png|thumb|The 17th century [[Qing conquest of the Ming]] and expansion of the empire|left]]
For many centuries, most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries, China stood as East Asia's most advanced civilization and foremost military and economic power, exerting its influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking greatly shaped the region up until the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Lind |first=Jennifer |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Life in China's Asia: What Regional Hegemony Would Look Like |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-02-13/life-chinas-asia |magazine=Foreign Affairs |volume=97 |issue=March/April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lockard|1999}}</ref><ref name="Ellington 2009 21">{{Cite book |last=Ellington |first=Lucien |title=Japan |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-598-84163-3 |series=Nations in Focus |page=21}}</ref> From 3rd century through the 18th century, diplomatic and trade relations between China and other East Asian countries and the steppe kingdoms was governed through a tributary system.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|pages=13–14}} Under this system, the Chinese emperor received tribute from other rulers and in return received political benefits (like recognition or non-aggression agreements) or physical gifts, like porcelain and silks.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=14}} Through this system, the Chinese emperor conferred legitimacy on other rulers.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=14}}
As East Asia's connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late 19th century, China's power began to decline.<ref name="Ball 2005 104" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=John M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC |title=A Short History of the World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-195-11504-X |page=272}}</ref> By the mid-19th century, the weakening [[Qing dynasty]] became fraught with political corruption, obstacles and stagnation that was incapable of rejuvenating itself as a world power in contrast to the industrializing Imperial European colonial powers and a rapidly modernizing Japan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayes |first=Louis D. |title=Political Systems of East Asia: China, Korea, and Japan |publisher=Greenlight |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-765-61786-6 |page=xi}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hayes|2009|p=15}}</ref> The United States Commodore [[Matthew C. Perry]] would [[Bakumatsu|open Japan to Western influence]], and the country would expand in earnest after the 1860s.<ref name="Tindall 2009 926">{{Cite book |last1=Tindall |first1=George Brown |title=America: A Narrative History |last2=Shi |first2=David E. |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-393-934083 |page=926}}</ref><ref name="April 2007 163">{{Cite book |last1=April |first1=K. |url=https://archive.org/details/diversitynewreal00apri |title=Diversity: New Realities in a Changing World |last2=Shockley |first2=M. |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-230-00133-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/diversitynewreal00apri/page/n187 163] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cohen|2000|p=3}}</ref> Around the same time, the [[Meiji Restoration]] in Japan sparked rapid societal transformation from an isolated feudal state into East Asia's first industrialised nation.<ref name="Batty 2005">{{Cite AV media |title=Japan's War in Colour |date=2005-01-17 |last=Batty |first=David |type=documentary |publisher=TWI}}</ref><ref name="April 2007 163" /> The modern and militarily powerful Japan would galvanise its position in the Orient as East Asia's greatest power with a global mission poised to advance to lead the entire world.<ref name="Batty 2005" /><ref name="Goldman 2000 3">{{Cite book |title=Diversity: New Realities in a Changing World |last1= Goldman |first1= Merie |last2=Gordon |first2=Andrew |publisher=Harvard University Press |year= 2000 |isbn=978-0-674-00097-1 |page=3}}</ref> By the early 1900s, the [[Empire of Japan]] succeeded in asserting itself as East Asia's most dominant geopolitical force.<ref name="Goldman 2000 3" />
[[File:East Asia and Oceania 1914-en.svg|thumb|[[Western imperialism in Asia|Colonies]] and [[spheres of influence]] in East Asia and Oceania, circa 1914]]
With its newly found international status, Japan would begin to challenge the European colonial powers and inextricably took on a more active role within the East Asian geopolitical order and world affairs at large.{{sfn|Cohen|2000|p=273}} Flexing its nascent political and military might, Japan soundly defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] as well as defeating Russia in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] in 1905; the first major military victory in the modern era of an East Asian power over a European one.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hua |first1=Shiping |title=East Asian Development Model: Twenty-first century perspectives |last2=Hu |first2=Amelia |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-415-73727-2 |pages=78–79}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Yong Wook |title=China's Rise and Regional Integration in East Asia: Hegemony or community? |last2=Key |first2=Young Son |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-313-35082-5 |page=45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546176/Sino-Japanese-War|title=Sino-Japanese War (1894–95)|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Tindall 2009 926" />
During World War I, European military presence in East Asia decreased.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Hirata |first=Koji |title=Making Mao's Steelworks: Industrial Manchuria and the Transnational Origins of Chinese Socialism |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-38227-4 |series=Cambridge Studies in the History of the People's Republic of China series |___location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|page=34}} Japan viewed this as an opportunity to increase its power in China and shortly after the war began, occupied [[German concessions in China|Germany's concessions]] in [[Shandong]].<ref name=":03" />{{Rp|page=34}} In December 1914, Japan made its [[Twenty-One Demands]] to China.<ref name=":03" />{{Rp|page=34}} The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] under [[Yuan Shikai]] conceded to most of the demands in 1915, and subsequent treaties and agreements further increased Japan's semi-colonial power in China.<ref name=":03" />{{Rp|page=34}}
Japan hegemony was the heart of an empire that would include [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Taiwan]] and [[Japanese occupation of Korea|Korea]].<ref name="Batty 2005" /> During World War II, Japanese expansionism with its imperialist aspirations through the [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]] would incorporate Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China and Manchuria, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia under its control establishing itself as a maritime colonial power in East Asia.<ref>{{harvnb|Tindall|Shi|2009|p=1147}}</ref>
=== Contemporary era ===
{{See also|Pacific Century}}
After a century of exploitation by the European and Japanese colonialists, post-colonial East Asia saw the [[Defeat of Japan|defeat]] and [[occupation of Japan]] by the victorious Allies. The end of World War II did not result in east Asian countries obtaining independence or national unification.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |title=The Cold War in East Asia |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-65179-1 |___location=Abingdon, Oxon}}</ref>{{Rp|page=4}} Independence and national unification were primary concerns for the first generation of east Asian post-World War II leaders.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=4}}
The [[Chinese Civil War]] resumed after the defeat of the Japanese, with the Communists defeating the Nationalist Republic of China government. The [[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan]] and the [[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China was proclaimed]] on 1 October 1949.
Post-war, the [[Division of Korea|Korean peninsula was partitioned]], leading to the development of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea ([[North Korea]]) and the Republic of Korea ([[South Korea]]). The [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) increased regional and international tensions.<ref name=":12222">{{Cite book |last1=Liff |first1=Adam P. |title=The Taiwan Question in Xi Jinping's Era: Beijing's Evolving Taiwan Policy and Taiwan's Internal and External Dynamics |last2=Lee |first2=Chaewon |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2024 |isbn=9781032861661 |editor-last=Zhao |editor-first=Suisheng |editor-link=Suisheng Zhao |___location=London and New York |pages= |chapter=Korea-Taiwan "Unofficial" Relations after 30 Years (1992-2022): Reassessing Seoul's "One China" Policy |doi=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=163}} The northeast part of East Asia hardened along communist and anti-communist lines.<ref name=":12222" />{{Rp|page=163}} South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States have increased their ties.<ref name=":12222" />{{Rp|page=163}}
During the latter half of the 20th century, the region would see the [[Japanese post-war economic miracle|post war economic miracle of Japan]], which ushered in three decades of unprecedented growth, only to experience an [[Lost Decade (Japan)|economic slowdown during the 1990s]], but nonetheless Japan continues to remain a global economic power. East Asia would also see the [[Economy of Hong Kong|economic rise of Hong Kong]], [[Miracle of the Han River|South Korea]], and [[Taiwan Miracle|Taiwan]], in addition to the respective handovers of [[handover of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] and [[Handover of Macau|Macau]] near the end of the 20th century.
The onset of the 21st century in East Asia led to the integration of [[Economy of Mainland China|Mainland China into the global economy]] through its entry in the [[China and the World Trade Organization|World Trade Organization]] while also enhancing its [[China's peaceful rise|emerging international status]] as a potential world power reinforced with its aim of restoring its historical established significance and enduring international prominence in the world economy.<ref name="Kort 2005 7" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Northrup |first1=Cynthia Clark |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_d8h7/page/297 |title=Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present |last2=Bentley |first2=Jerry H. |last3=Eckes |first3=Alfred E. Jr. |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-765-68058-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_d8h7/page/297 297]}}</ref><ref name="Paul 2012 114">{{Cite book |last=Paul |first=Erik |title=Neoliberal Australia and US Imperialism in East Asia |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-137-27277-5 |page=114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maddison |first=Angus |author-link=Angus Maddison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-JGGp2suQUC&q=angus+maddison |title=Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-191-64758-1 |page=379}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dahlman |first1=Carl J |last2=Aubert |first2=Jean-Eric |title=China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century. WBI Development Studies |url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED460052&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED460052 |access-date=26 July 2014 |publisher=Institute of Education Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Angus Maddison. Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run. Development Centre Studies. |url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Maddison98.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Maddison98.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=15 September 2017 |page=29}}</ref><ref>[http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED460052&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED460052 Dahlman, Carl J; Aubert, Jean-Eric. ''China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century'']. WBI Development Studies. [[World Bank]] publications. Accessed January 30, 2008.</ref><ref>[[Angus Maddison]]. [http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107091e.pdf ''Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015212817/http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107091e.pdf |date=2014-10-15 }}. Development Centre Studies. Accessed 2007. p.29 See the "Table 1.3. Levels of Chinese and European GDP Per Capita, 1–1700 AD" in page 29, Chinese GDP Per Capita was 450 and European GDP Per Capital was 422 in 960AD. Chinese GDP Per Capita was 600 while European was 576. During this time, Chinese per capita income rose by about a third.</ref>
As of at least 2022, the region is more peaceful, integrated, wealthy, and stable than at any time in the previous 150 years.<ref name=":Ma&Kang">{{Cite book |last1=Ma |first1=Xinru |title=Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations |last2=Kang |first2=David C. |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-55597-5 |series=Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics |___location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=183}}
==Definitions==
[[File:Central Asia borders4.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Three sets of possible boundaries for the [[Central Asia]] region that overlap with conceptions of East Asia<!--DO NOT REMOVE There is an overlap between the concepts of East Asia and Central Asia that needs to be illustrated here.-->]]
In common usage, the term "East Asia" typically refers to a region including [[Greater China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]] and [[Mongolia]].<ref name="Paul 2012 114" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 10, 2016 |title=Introducing East Asian Peoples |url=https://www.imb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Introducing_EAP_Booklet_09_2016_10.pdf |website=International Mission Board}}</ref><ref>[[Gilbert Rozman]] (2004), ''Northeast Asia's stunted regionalism: bilateral distrust in the shadow of globalization''. Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–4</ref><ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/09/us-technology-patents-idUSTRE7184CN20110209 Northeast Asia dominates patent filing growth]." Retrieved on August 8, 2001.</ref><ref>"[http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/schott1001-1.pdf Paper: Economic Integration in Northeast Asia]." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190723/http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/schott1001-1.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} Retrieved on August 8, 2011.</ref>{{sfn|Hua|Hu|2014|p=3}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ness |first1=Immanuel |title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |last2=Bellwood |first2=Peter |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-118-97059-1 |page=217}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kort|2005|pages=7–9}}</ref>
[[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]] represent the three core countries and civilizations of traditional East Asia, as they once had a shared written language, a shared culture, and a shared Confucian societal value system (involving shared Confucian philosophical tenets) once instituted by Imperial China.<ref name="Prescott 2015 3">{{Cite book |title = East Asia in the World: An Introduction |last=Prescott |first= Anne |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-0765643223 |pages =3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ikeo |first=Aiko |title=Economic Development in Twentieth-Century East Asia: The International Context |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-415-14900-6 |page=1}}</ref><ref name="Yoshimatsu 2014 1">{{Cite book |last=Yoshimatsu |first=H. |title=Comparing Institution-Building in East Asia: Power Politics, Governance, and Critical Junctures |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-137-37054-9 |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Mikyoung |title=Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-415-83513-8}}</ref><ref name="Hazen 2005 1">{{Cite book |last1=Hazen |first1=Dan |title=Building Area Studies Collections |last2=Spohrer |first2=James H. |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-447-05512-3 |page=130}}</ref> Other usages define China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan as countries that constitute East Asia based on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties, particularly with [[Chinese influence on Japanese culture|Japan]] and [[Chinese influence on Korean culture|Korea]] in having retained strong cultural influences that originated from China.<ref name="Prescott 2015 3"/><ref name="Hazen 2005 1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grabowski |first1=Richard |title=Economic Development: A Regional, Institutional, and Historical Approach |last2=Self |first2=Sharmistha |last3=Shields |first3=William |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-765-63353-8 |edition=2nd |publication-date=September 25, 2012 |page=59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Currie |first=Lorenzo |title=Through the Eyes of the Pack |publisher=Xlibris Corp |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-493-14517-1 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Asato |first=Noriko |title=Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-598-84842-7 |page=1}}</ref> Some scholars include [[Vietnam]] as part of East Asia as it has been considered part of the greater [[Chinese cultural sphere]]. Though Confucianism continues to play an important role in Vietnamese culture, Chinese characters are no longer used in its written language and many scholarly organizations classify Vietnam as a Southeast Asian country.<ref name="Prescott 2015 6">{{harvnb|Prescott|2015|p=6}}</ref><ref name="Miller 2007 xi">{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=David Y. |title=Modern East Asia: An Introductory History |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-765-61822-1 |page=xi}}</ref><ref name="afe.easia.columbia.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/ct_china.htm|title=Central Themes for a Unit on China r Educators |publisher=Columbia University|website=afe.easia.columbia.edu|access-date=2018-12-01}} "Within the Pacific region, China is potentially a major economic and political force. Its relations with Japan, Korea, and its Southeast Asian neighbours, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines, will be determined by how they perceive this power will be used."</ref> Mongolia is geographically north of Mainland China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.<ref name="Prescott 2015 6" /><ref name="Miller 2007 xi" /> [[Xinjiang]] and [[Tibet]] are sometimes seen as part of Central Asia (see also [[Greater Central Asia]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cummings |first=Sally N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRafuiRUJaMC&q=humboldt+central+asia+definition&pg=PT28 |title=Understanding Central Asia: Politics and Contested Transformations |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-134-43319-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Saez |first1=Lawrence |title=The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): An emerging collaboration architecture |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-67108-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTzKWI42uR4C&q=humboldt+central+asia+Afghanistan&pg=PA35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cornell |first=Svante E. |url=http://silkroadstudies.org/resources/1811CA-Regional.pdf |title=Modernization and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: A New Spring? |publisher=Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies}}</ref>
Broader and looser definitions by international agencies and organisations such as the [[World Bank]] refer to East Asia as the "three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e. [[mainland China]], Japan, and South Korea", as well as Mongolia, North Korea, the [[Russian Far East]], and [[Siberia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Aminian |first1=Nathalie |last2=Fung |first2=K. C. |last3=Ng |first3=Francis |title=Integration of Markets vs. Integration by Agreements |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/03/04/000158349_20080304084358/Rendered/PDF/wps4546.pdf |website=Policy Research Working Paper |publisher=[[World Bank]] |number=4546}}</ref> The [[Council on Foreign Relations]] includes the Russia Far East, Mongolia, and [[Nepal]].<ref name="Northeast Asia">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/region/478/northeast_asia.html|title=Northeast Asia|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|access-date=August 10, 2009}}</ref> The World Bank also acknowledges the roles of Chinese special administrative regions [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], as well as [[Taiwan]], a country with limited recognition. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as "China, Japan, the [[Korean Peninsula|Korea]]s, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of the [[Russia|Russian Federation]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia |title=Japan and Russia in Northeast Asia: Partners in the 21st Century |publisher=Greenwood |year=1999 |page=248}}</ref>
[[File:Map of East Asia.png|thumb|upright=1.15|The countries of East Asia also form the core of Northeast Asia, which itself is a broader region.]]
[[File:UN Asia Geoscheme.png|thumb|The [[United Nations Statistics Division]] (UNSD) [[United Nations geoscheme|geoscheme]] for Asia works with subregions defined in terms of UN [[political geography]] statistics.<ref name=m49>{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Methodology |website= unstats.un.org |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ |access-date= 2023-12-10}}</ref> The UNSD geoscheme is based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2015-05-06 |title=United Nations Statistics Division – Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49) |url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |access-date=2010-07-24 |publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division]]}}</ref>
{{legend|#0000E0|[[North Asia]]}}
{{legend|#E000E0|[[Central Asia]]}}
{{legend|#00E000|[[Western Asia]]}}
{{legend|#E00000|[[South Asia]]}}
{{legend|#FFFF20|'''East Asia'''}}
{{legend|#FFC000|[[Southeast Asia]]}}]]
The [[United Nations Statistics Division|UNSD]] definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,<ref name="auto" /> but others commonly use the same definition of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.<ref name="encarta-east-asia">{{cite web |url = http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861672714/East_Asia.html |title = East Asia |access-date = 2008-01-12 |work = [[Encarta]] |publisher = Microsoft |quote = the countries and regions of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Mongolia, South Korea, North Korea and Japan. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091109184354/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861672714/East_Asia.html |archive-date=2009-11-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="UN regions">{{Cite web |date=11 February 2013 |title=Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |access-date=28 May 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref>
Certain Japanese islands are associated with Oceania due to non-continental geology, distance from mainland Asia or biogeographical similarities with [[Micronesia]].<ref name="realm">{{Cite book |last=Todd |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific |title=Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama |publisher=Angus & Robertson |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-207-127618- |page=190}}</ref><ref name="class">{{cite web |last1=Udvardy |first1=Miklos D. F. |title=A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World |url=https://fnad.org/Documentos/A%20Classification%20of%20the%20Biogeographical%20Provinces%20of%20the%20World%20Miklos%20D.F.%20Udvardy.pdf |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218131430/http://www.fnad.org/Documentos/A%20Classification%20of%20the%20Biogeographical%20Provinces%20of%20the%20World%20Miklos%20D.F.%20Udvardy.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some groups, such as the [[World Health Organization]], categorize China, Japan and Korea with Australia and the rest of Oceania. The World Health Organization label this region the "Western Pacific", with East Asia not being used in their concept of major world regions. Their definition of this region further includes Mongolia and the adjacent area of [[Cambodia]], as well as the countries of the South East Asia Archipelago (excluding [[East Timor]], [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Indonesia]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Countries-and-areas-in-WHOs-Western-Pacific-Region_fig1_256404088 |title=IMAGE: Countries and areas in WHO's Western Pacific Region |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>
===Alternative definitions===
{{See also|Pacific Asia}}
In the context of business and economics, "East Asia" is sometimes used to refer to the geographical area covering ten [[Southeast Asia]]n countries in [[ASEAN]], [[Greater China]], Japan, and Korea. However, in this context, the term "[[Far East]]" is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. On rare occasions, the term is also sometimes taken to include [[India]] and other South Asian countries that are not situated within the bounds of the Asia-Pacific, although the term [[Indo-Pacific]] is more commonly used for such a definition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2021 |title=Forget Asia-Pacific, it's Indo-Pacific now. Where is that? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/forget-asia-pacific-it-s-the-indo-pacific-we-live-in-now-where-is-that-exactly-20210810-p58hku.html}}</ref>
Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the term [[Northeast Asia]] to refer to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with the region of [[Southeast Asia]] covering the ten [[ASEAN]] countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".<ref>{{cite book|first=Christopher M. |last=Dent|year=2008|title=East Asian regionalism|url=https://archive.org/details/eastasianregiona00dent|url-access=limited|publisher=Routledge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/eastasianregiona00dent/page/n22 1]–8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Harvie |first1=Charles |title=New East Asian regionalism |last2=Fukunari |first2=Kimura |last3=Lee |first3=Hyun-Hoon |publisher=Edward Elgar |year=2005 |pages=3–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Katzenstein |first1=Peter J. |title=Beyond Japan: the dynamics of East Asian regionalism |last2=Takashi |first2=Shiraishi |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2006 |___location=Ithaca |pages=1–33}}</ref> The [[Council on Foreign Relations]] of the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.<ref name="Northeast Asia"/>
==Climate==
[[File:East Asia map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|East Asia map of [[Köppen climate classification]].]]
East Asia is home to many climatic zones. It also has unique weather patterns such as the [[East Asian rainy season]] and the [[East Asian Monsoon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=An |first=Z |date=April 2000 |title=Asynchronous Holocene optimum of the East Asian monsoon |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=743–762 |bibcode=2000QSRv...19..743A |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00031-1}}</ref>
===Climate change===
{{Main|Climate change in Asia}}
[[File:Kang 2018 NCP irrigation RCPs.png|thumb|Climate change is expected to exacerbate [[heat stress]] over at the [[North China Plain]], which is particularly vulnerable as widespread [[irrigation]] results in very moist air. There is a risk that agricultural labourers will be physically unable to work outdoors on hot summer days at the end of the century, particularly under the scenario of greatest emissions and warming.<ref name="Kang2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Suchul |last2=Eltahir |first2=Elfatih A. B. |date=31 July 2018 |title=North China Plain threatened by deadly heatwaves due to climate change and irrigation |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=3528 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-38906-7 |doi-access=free |pmid=37402712 |pmc=10319847 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.3528K }}</ref>]]
Like the rest of the world, East Asia has been getting warmer due to climate change, and there had been a measurable increase in the frequency and severity of [[heatwave]]s.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1464}} The region is also expected to see the intensification of its monsoon, leading to more flooding.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10">Shaw, R., Y. Luo, T. S. Cheong, S. Abdul Halim, S. Chaturvedi, M. Hashizume, G. E. Insarov, Y. Ishikawa, M. Jafari, A. Kitoh, J. Pulhin, C. Singh, K. Vasant, and Z. Zhang, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter10.pdf Chapter 10: Asia]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012.</ref>{{rp|1459}} China has notably embarked on the [[sponge cities]] program, where cities are designed to increase the area of [[urban green space]]s and [[permeable paving]]s in order to help deal with [[flash flood]]s caused by greater precipitation extremes.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1504}} Under high-warming scenarios, "critical health thresholds" for heat stress during the 21st century will be at times breached,<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1465}} in areas like the [[North China Plain]].<ref name="Kang2018" />
China, Japan and the Republic of Korea are expected to see some of the largest economic losses caused by sea level rise.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> The city of [[Guangzhou]] is projected to experience the single largest ''annual'' economic losses from sea level rise in the world, potentially reaching US$254 million by 2050. Under the highest climate change scenario and in the absence of adaptation, cumulative economic losses caused by sea level rise in Guangzhou would exceed US$1 trillion by 2100.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> [[Shanghai]] is also expected to experience annual losses of around 1% of the local GDP in the absence of adaptation.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> The [[Yangtze River]] basin is a sensitive and biodiverse ecosystem, yet around 20% of its species may be lost throughout the century under {{convert|2|C-change|F-change}} and ~43% under {{convert|4.5|C-change|F-change}}.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1476}}
==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of East Asia}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!class="unsortable" | [[Customs territory]]
! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|GDP nominal]]<br />millions of USD (2024)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2024|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=imf.org}}</ref>
! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP nominal per capita]]<br />USD (2024)<ref name="IMF"/>
! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP PPP]]<br />millions of USD (2024)<ref name="IMF"/>
! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP PPP per capita]]<br />USD (2024)<ref name="IMF"/>
|-
| {{PRC}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 18,532,633
| style="text-align:right;" | 13,136
| style="text-align:right;" | 35,291,015
| style="text-align:right;" | 25,015
|-
| {{HKG}}{{efn|Listed as "Hong Kong SAR" by IMF}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 406,775
| style="text-align:right;" | 53,606
| style="text-align:right;" | 570,082
| style="text-align:right;" | 75,128
|-
| {{MAC}}{{efn|Listed as "Macao SAR" by IMF}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 54,677
| style="text-align:right;" | 78,962
| style="text-align:right;" | 92,885
| style="text-align:right;" | 125,510
|-
| {{JPN}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,110,452
| style="text-align:right;" | 33,138
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,720,962
| style="text-align:right;" | 54,184
|-
| {{MNG}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 21,943
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,182
| style="text-align:right;" | 58,580
| style="text-align:right;" | 16,504
|-
| {{PRK}}
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
|-
| {{KOR}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,760,947
| style="text-align:right;" | 34,165
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,057,995
| style="text-align:right;" | 59,330
|-
| {{TWN}}{{efn|Listed as "[[Taiwan, China|Taiwan, Province of China]]" by IMF}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 802,958
| style="text-align:right;" | 34,432
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,792,349
| style="text-align:right;" | 76,858
|-
! East Asia
! $25,690,385
! $15,612
! $47,583,868
! $28,916
|}
==Territorial and regional data==
China, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan are all unrecognised by at least one other East Asian state because of severe ongoing political tensions in the region, specifically the [[division of Korea]] and the [[political status of Taiwan]].
===Etymology===
{| class=wikitable
! rowspan=2 | Flag !! colspan=2 | Common Name !! colspan=2 | Official name !! colspan=4 | ISO 3166 Country Codes<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url = https://www.iso.org/iso-3166-country-codes.html |title=Country codes |website=iso.org}}</ref>
|-
! [[Exonym and endonym|Exonym]] !! [[Exonym and endonym|Endonym]] !! [[Exonym and endonym|Exonym]] !! [[Exonym and endonym|Endonym]] !! ISO Short Name !! Alpha-2 Code !! Alpha-3 Code !! Numeric
|-
| {{flagdeco|CHN}} || [[China]] || align=center | {{lang|zh-cn|[[wikt:中国|中国]]}} || People's Republic of China || {{lang|zh-cn|中华人民共和国}} || China || CN || CHN || 156
|-
| {{flagdeco|HKG}} || [[Hong Kong]] || align=center | {{lang|zh|[[wikt:香港|香港]]}} || Hong Kong Special Administrative Region<br />of the People's Republic of China || {{lang|zh-hk|中華人民共和國香港特別行政區}} || Hong Kong || HK || HKG || 344
|-
| {{flagdeco|MAC}} || [[Macau]] || align=center | {{lang|zh-hk|[[wikt:澳門|澳門]]}} || Macao Special Administrative Region<br />of the People's Republic of China || {{lang|zh-hk|中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區}} || Macao || MO || MAC || 446
|-
| {{flagdeco|JPN}} || [[Japan]] || align=center | {{lang|ja|[[wikt:日本|日本]]}} || Japan || {{lang|ja|日本国}} || Japan || JP || JPN || 392
|-
| {{flagdeco|MNG}} || [[Mongolia]] || align=center | {{lang|mn|[[wikt:Монгол улс|Монгол улс]] / {{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ<br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}}}} || Mongolia || {{lang|mn|Монгол Улс}} ({{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ<br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}})|| Mongolia || MN || MNG || 496
|-
| {{flagdeco|PRK}} || [[North Korea]] || align=center | {{lang|ko|[[wikt:조선|조선]]}} || Democratic People's Republic of Korea || {{lang|ko|조선민주주의인민공화국}} || Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of) || KP || PRK || 408
|-
| {{flagdeco|KOR}} || [[South Korea]] || align=center | {{lang|ko|[[wikt:한국|한국]]}} || Republic of Korea || {{lang|ko|대한민국}} || Korea (the Republic of) || KR || KOR || 410
|-
| {{flagdeco|TWN}} || [[Taiwan]] || align=center | {{lang|zh-tw|[[wikt:臺灣|臺灣]] / [[wikt:台灣|台灣]]}} || Republic of China || {{lang|zh-tw|中華民國}} || Taiwan (Province of China)<ref name=":0" />|| TW || TWN || 158
|}
== Demographics ==
[[File:Eastern Asia population pyramid 2023.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of East Asia in 2023]]
[[File:China ethnolinguistic 1967.jpg|thumb|Historical distribution map of linguistic groups in China]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! class="unsortable" | State/Territory
! [[List of countries by area|Area]] km<sup>2</sup>
! [[List of countries by population|Population]] in
thousands (2023){{UN_Population|ref}}
!% of East Asia
!% of World
! [[List of countries by population density|Population density]] <br /> per km<sup>2</sup>
! [[List of countries by Human Development Index|HDI]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update|title= Human Development Reports|website=www.hdr.undp.org|date=January 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref>
! class="unsortable" | [[Capital (political)|Capital/Administrative Centre]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flag|PRC|name=China}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 9,640,011{{efn|Includes all area which under PRC's government control {{citation needed span|(excluding "[[South Tibet]]" and disputed islands).|date=November 2021}}}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,425,671{{efn|name=un-twn|A note by the United Nations: "For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao, Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China, and [[Taiwan, China|Taiwan Province of China]]."{{UN_Population|ref}}
}}
|85.76%
|17.72%
| style="text-align:right;" | 138
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.788
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Beijing]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{HKG}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,104
| style="text-align:right;" | 7,492
|0.45%
|0.093%
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,390
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.956
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Hong Kong]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{MAC}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
| style="text-align:right;" | 704
|0.042%
|0.0087%
| style="text-align:right;" | 18,662
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.925
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Macao]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{JPN}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 377,930
| style="text-align:right;" | 123,295
|7.42%
|1.53%
| style="text-align:right;" | 337
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.920
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Tokyo]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{MNG}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,564,100
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,447
|0.2%
|0.042%
| style="text-align:right;" | 2
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.741
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Ulaanbaatar]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{PRK}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 120,538
| style="text-align:right;" | 26,161
|1.57%
|0.33%
| style="text-align:right;" | 198
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.733{{Citation needed|reason=Please cite the relevant source to the data acquired.|date=February 2023}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Pyongyang]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{KOR}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 100,210
| style="text-align:right;" | 51,784
|3.11%
|0.64%
| style="text-align:right;" | 500
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.929
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Seoul]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{TWN}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 36,197
| style="text-align:right;" | 23,923
|1.44%
|0.297%
| style="text-align:right;" | 639
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.926
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Taipei]]
|-
!East Asia
!11,840,000
!1,662,477
!'''100%'''
!'''20.66%'''
!141
!
|}
===Religion===
{{See also|East Asian religions}}{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in East Asia (est. 2020)<ref>{{cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=21 December 2022}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Irreligion|No Religion]]
| value1 = 52.02
| color1 = Gold
| label2 = Folk religion
| value2 = 19.72
| color2 = Red
| label3 = [[Buddhism]]
| value3 = 19.41
| color3 = Grey
| label4 = [[Christianity]]
| value4 = 5.71
| color4 = DodgerBlue
| label5 = [[Islam]]
| value5 = 1.76
| color5 = Green
| label7 = Other
| value7 = 1.38
| color7 = Chartreuse
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="unsortable" | Religion
! class="unsortable" | Native name
!Creator/Current Leader
!Founded Time
! class="unsortable" | Main Denomination
! class="unsortable" | Major book
! class="unsortable" | Type
! class="unsortable" | Ethnic groups
! class="unsortable" | States/territories
|-
| [[Chinese folk religion]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|中國民間信仰}} or {{lang|zh-hant|中国民间信仰}}
|Spontaneous formation
|Prehistoric period
|[[Chinese salvationist religions|Salvationist]], [[Chinese shamanism|Wuism]], [[Nuo folk religion|Nuo]]
| [[Chinese classics]], [[Huangdi Sijing]], [[baojuan|precious scrolls]], etc.
| Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism
| Han, [[Miao folk religion|Hmong]], [[Qiang folk religion|Qiang]], Tujia (worship of the same ancestor-gods)
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Taoism]]
| {{lang|zh|道教}}
| [[Zhang Daoling]], [[Wang Chongyang]] ([[Quanzhen School]])
|125 AD [[Eastern Han dynasty]]{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
| [[Zhengyi Dao|Zhengyi]], [[Quanzhen School|Quanzhen]]
| [[Tao Te Ching]]
| Pantheism, polytheism
| Han, Zhuang, Hmong, Yao, Qiang, Tujia
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[East Asian Buddhism]]/[[Chinese Buddhism]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|漢傳佛教}} or {{lang|zh-hans|汉传佛教}}
| [[Emperor Ming of Han]] (introduced to China), [[Mālānanda]] (introduced to [[Baekje]]), [[King Seong of Baekje]] (introduced to Japan)
|67 AD [[Eastern Han dynasty]]
| [[Mahayana|Mahayana]]
| [[Diamond Sutra]]
| Non-God, Dualism.
| Han, Koreans, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Tibetan Buddhism]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|藏傳佛教}} or {{lang|zh-hans|藏传佛教}}/{{bo-textonly|བོད་བརྒྱུད་ནང་བསྟན།}}
|[[Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche]]
|1800 years ago
| [[Mahayana|Mahayana]], [[Bon]]
| [[Anuttarayoga Tantra]]
| Non-God
| Tibetans, Manchus, Mongols
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
|-
| [[Shamanism]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|薩滿教}} or {{lang|mn|Бөө мөргөл}}
|Spontaneous formation
|Prehistoric period
|
| N/A
| Prehistoric, polytheism, and pantheism
| Manchus, Mongols, Oroqens
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
|-
| [[Shinto]]
| {{lang|zh|神道}}
|Spontaneous formation
|[[Yayoi period]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardacre |first=Helen |title=Shinto: a history |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-190-62171-1 |___location=New York |pages=18 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
| [[Shinto sects and schools|Shinto sects]]
| [[Kojiki]], [[Nihon Shoki]]
| Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism
| Yamato
| {{flagicon|JPN}}
|-
| [[Korean shamanism]]
| {{lang|ko|무속}} ({{lang|ko|巫俗}}) or {{lang|ko|무교}} ({{lang|ko|巫敎}})
|Spontaneous formation
|N/A
| Shamanism sects
| N/A
| Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism
| Koreans
| {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|-
| [[Ryukyuan religion]]
| {{lang|ja|琉球神道}} or {{lang|ja|ニライカナイ信仰}}
|Spontaneous formation
|N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism
| Ryukyuans
| {{flagicon|JPN}} ({{flagicon|Okinawa}})
|}
===Ethnic groups===
{{Main|East Asians|Ethnic groups of East Asia}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="unsortable" | Ethnicity
! class="unsortable" | Native name
! Population
! class="unsortable" | Language(s)
! class="unsortable" | Writing system(s)
! class="unsortable" | Major states/territories*
! class="unsortable" | Traditional attire
|-
| [[Han Chinese|Han]]/[[Chinese people|Chinese]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|漢族}} or {{lang|zh-hans|汉族}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,313,345,856<ref name="ciastat">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |title=CIA Factbook |access-date=2018-03-17 |archive-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Min Chinese|Min]], [[Wu Chinese|Wu]], [[Yue Chinese|Yue]], [[Jin Chinese|Jin]], [[Gan Chinese|Gan]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]], [[Huizhou Chinese|Huizhou]], [[Pinghua]], etc.)
| [[Simplified Han characters]], [[Traditional Han characters]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}}({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
| [[File:兩漢服人hanfu.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Yamato people|Yamato]]/[[Japanese people|Japanese]]
| {{lang|ja|大和民族}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 125,117,000<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.stat.go.jp/data/jinsui/pdf/201612.pdf | script-title =ja:人口推計 – 平成 28年 12月 報 | work = stat.go.jp}}</ref>
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| Han characters ([[Kanji]]), Katakana, Hiragana
| {{flagicon|JPN}}
| [[File:Shinto married couple.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Korean people|Korean]]
| {{lang|ko-kp|조선민족 (朝鮮民族)}} <br /> {{lang|ko-kr|한민족 (韓民族)}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 84,790,105<ref>[https://jumin.mois.go.kr/ 주민등록 인구통계]</ref><ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Korea North|access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|accessdate=1 February 2022|date=2021|___location=South Korea|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade|script-title=ko:재외동포현황|trans-title=Total number of overseas Koreans|url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/www/wpge/m_21509/contents.do}}</ref>
| [[Korean language|Korean]]
| [[Hangul]], Han characters ([[Hanja]])
| {{flagicon|ROK}} {{flagicon|PRK}}
| [[File:Hanbok (female and male).jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Bai people|Bai]]
| {{lang|zh|白族}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,091,543<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=China Statistical Yearbook 2021 |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2021/indexee.htm}}</ref>
| [[Bai language|Bai]], [[Southwestern Mandarin]]
| Simplified characters, Latin script
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:Bai 5.JPG|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Hui people|Hui]]
| {{lang|zh|回族}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 11,377,914<ref name=":1" />
| [[Northwestern Mandarin]], other Chinese Dialects, [[Huihui language]], etc.
| Simplified characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:HuiChineseMuslim3.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Mongol]]s
| {{lang|mn|Монголчууд}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ}} <br />Монгол/{{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 8,942,528
| [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
| [[Mongol script]], [[Cyrillic script]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MGL}}
| [[File:Mongolian Musician.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|壮族}}/{{lang|za|Bouxcuengh}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 19,568,546<ref name=":1" />
| [[Zhuang languages|Zhuang]], [[Southwestern Mandarin]], etc.
| Simplified Han characters, [[Latin script]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:Zhuang's beautiful maiden in Chongzuo Fusui.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Uyghurs]]
| {{lang|zh|维吾尔族}}/ئۇيغۇر
| style="text-align:right;"| 11,774,538<ref name=":1" />
| [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]
| [[Arabic alphabet]], [[Latin script]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:Uyghur-elders-sunday-market-Kashgar.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Manchu]]s
| {{lang|zh-hans|满族}}/{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 10,423,303<ref name=":1" />
| [[Northeastern Mandarin]], [[Manchu language]]
| Simplified Han characters, Mongol script
| {{flagicon|CHN}}{{flagicon|TWN}}
| [[File:Akšan.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Hmong people|Hmong]]/[[Miao people|Miao]]
| {{lang|zh|苗族}}/Ghaob Xongb/Hmub/Mongb
| style="text-align:right;" | 11,067,929<ref name=":1" />
| [[Hmong language|Hmong/Miao]], [[Southwestern Mandarin]]
| Latin script, Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:贵州黔东南苗族女性（a Miao woman in Qiandongnan，Guizhou）.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Tibetans]]
| {{lang|zh|藏族}}/{{bo-textonly|བོད་པ་}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 7,060,731<ref name=":1" />
| Tibetan, Rgyal Rong, Rgu, etc.
| [[Tibetan script]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:People of Tibet46.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Yi people|Yi]]
| {{lang|zh|彝族}}/{{lang|ii|ꆈꌠ}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 9,830,327<ref name=":1" />
| Various [[Loloish languages|Loloish]], Southwestern Mandarin
| [[Yi script]], Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:Ethnic Yi China Costume.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Tujia people|Tujia]]
| {{lang|zh|土家族}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 9,587,732<ref name=":1" />
| [[Tujia language|Northern Tujia]], Southern Tujia
| Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:Tujia women.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Kam people|Kam]]
| {{lang|zh|侗族}}/Gaeml
| style="text-align:right;" | 3,495,993<ref name=":1" />
| [[Kam language|Gaeml]]
| Simplified Han characters, Latin script
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:Ethic Dong Liping Guizhou China.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Tu people|Tu]]
| {{lang|zh|土族}}/Monguor
| style="text-align:right;" | 289,565
| [[Monguor language|Tu]], Northwestern Mandarin
| Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| [[File:Nadun Picture 1.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Daur people|Daur]]
| {{lang|zh-hans|达斡尔族}}/{{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 131,992
| [[Daur language|Daur]], Northeastern Mandarin
| Mongol script, Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MGL}}
| [[File:Daur woman smiling.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Indigenous Taiwanese]]
| {{lang|zh|臺灣原住民}}/ {{lang|zh-cn|高山族}}/ {{lang|ami|Yincomin}}/ {{lang|pwn|Kasetaivang}}/ {{lang|pyu|Inanuwayan}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 533,600
| [[Austronesian languages]] ([[Amis language|Amis]], [[Yami language|Yami]]), etc.
| Latin script, Traditional Han characters
| {{flagicon|TWN}}
|
[[File:Tao1.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Ryukyuan people|Ryukyuan]]
| {{lang|ryu|琉球民族}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,900,000
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<br />[[Ryukyuan languages|Ryukyuan]]
| Han characters ([[Kanji]]), Katakana, Hiragana
| {{flagicon|JPN}}
| [[File:Five men wearing Ryukyuan Dress.JPG|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|-
| [[Ainu people|Ainu]]
| {{lang|ain|アイヌ}}/ {{lang|ain|Aynu}}/ {{lang|ain|Айну}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 200,000
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]] <br /> [[Ainu languages|Ainu]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Gordon |editor-first=Raymond G. Jr. |year=2005 |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |edition=15th |___location=Dallas |publisher=SIL International |isbn=978-1-55671-159-6 |oclc=224749653}}</ref>
| Ainu uses both the [[Katakana]] and [[Latin script|Latin]] scripts<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ainu.htm | title=Ainu language and alphabet }}</ref>
| {{flagicon|JPN}}
| [[File:AinuSan.jpg|upright=0.45|frameless]]
|}
* Note: The order of states/territories follows the population ranking of each ethnicity, within East Asia only.
==Culture==
{{Main category|Culture of East Asia}}
===Overview===
The culture of East Asia has been [[Sinosphere|deeply influenced by China]], as it was the civilization that had the most dominant influence in the region throughout the ages that ultimately laid the foundation for East Asian civilization. The vast knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilized life in East Asia. [[Imperial China]] served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar system, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, [[Imperial examination#East|imperial examination]]s that emphasised a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and cultural value systems, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories of [[Japanese writing system|Japan]] and [[Korean writing system|Korea]].<ref name="Goscha 2016">{{Cite book |last=Goscha |first=Christopher |title=The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam: A History |publisher=Allen Lane |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-846-143106}}</ref><ref name="Kang 2012 33–34" /><ref>{{harvnb|Chua|Rubenfeld|2014|p=122}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty |last=Lewis |first=Mark Edward |publisher=Belknap |year=2012 |isbn= 978-0-674-06401-0 |page=156}}</ref><ref name="Reischauer">{{Cite journal |last=Reischauer |first=Edwin O. |year=1974 |title=The Sinic World in Perspective |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=341–348 |doi=10.2307/20038053 |jstor=20038053}}</ref><ref name="Hazen 2005 1" />
The Imperial Chinese tributary system was the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China and its East Asian tributaries, which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the ancient and medieval eras. Through the tributary system, the various dynasties of Imperial China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea and drew them into a Chinese international order.<ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121–122">{{harvnb|Chua|Rubenfeld|2014|pp=121–122}}</ref> The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's foreign policy and trade for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural dominance over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.<ref name="Warren I. Cohen 2000" /><ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121–122" /> The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of [[Greco-Roman civilization]] on classical Western civilisation.<ref name="Reischauer" /><ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121–122" /><ref name="Goscha 2016" />
Since the late 19th century, the initially unequal encounter with [[Western culture|Western influences]] has also shaped East Asia.<ref>{{Citation |last=Seo |first=Yongseok |title=Chapter 22. East Asian Response to the Globalization of Culture: Perceptional Change and Cultural Policy |date=2006-04-30 |work=Fairness, Globalization, and Public Institutions: East Asia and Beyond |pages=319–336 |editor-last=Dator |editor-first=Jim |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780824841966-023/html?lang=en |access-date=2024-12-21 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |language=en |doi=10.1515/9780824841966-023 |isbn=978-0-8248-4196-6 |editor2-last=Pratt |editor2-first=Richard C. |editor3-last=Seo |editor3-first=Yongseok|doi-access=free }}</ref>
===Festivals===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Festival
! Native Name
! Other name
! Calendar
! Date
! [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] date
! Activity
! Religious practices
! Food
! Major ethnicities
! Major states/territories
|-
| [[Chinese New Year]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|農曆新年}}/{{lang|zh-hans|农历新年}} or {{lang|zh-hant|春節}}/{{lang|zh-hans|春节}}
| Spring Festival
| [[Chinese calendar|Chinese]]
| Month 1 Day 1
| 21 Jan–20 Feb
| Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks
| Worship the King of Gods
| [[Nian gao]]
| Han, Manchus etc.
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|MNG}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Korean New Year]]
| {{lang|ko|설날}} or {{lang|ko|설}}
| Seollal
| [[Korean calendar|Korean]]
| Month 1 Day 1
| 21 Jan–20 Feb
| Ancestors Worship, Family Reunion, Tomb Sweeping
| N/A
| [[Tteokguk]]
| Koreans
| {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|-
| [[Losar]] or [[Tsagaan Sar]]
| {{lang|zh|藏历新年}}/{{bo-textonly|ལོ་གསར་}} or {{lang|zh|查干萨日}}/{{lang|mn|Цагаан сар}}
| White Moon
| [[Tibetan calendar|Tibetan]], [[Mongolian calendar|Mongolian]]
| Month 1 Day 1
| 25 Jan – 2 Mar
| Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks
| N/A
| [[Chhaang]] or [[Buuz]]
| Tibetans, Mongols, [[Tu people|Tu]] etc.
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
|-
| [[New Year]]
| {{lang|zh|元旦}}
| Yuan Dan
| Gregorian
| 1 Jan
| 1 Jan
| Fireworks
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|MNG}} {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Lantern Festival]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|元宵節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|元宵节}}
| Upper Yuan Festival ({{lang|zh-hans|上元节}})
| Chinese
| Month 1 Day 15
| 4 Feb – 6 Mar
| Lanterns Expo, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping
| Birthdate of the God of Sky-officer
| Yuanxiao
| Han
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Daeboreum]]
| {{lang|ko|대보름}} or {{lang|ko|정월 대보름}}
| Great Full Moon
| [[Korean calendar|Korean]]
| Month 1 Day 15
| 4 Feb – 6 Mar
| Greeting of the moon, kite-flying, [[Jwibulnori]], eating [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] ([[Bureom]])
| Bonfires (daljip taeugi)
| [[Ogok-bap]], [[namul]], nuts
| Korean
| {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|-
|[[Cold Food Festival|Hanshi Festival]]
|{{lang|zh-hant|寒食節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|寒食节}}
| Cold Food Festival
| [[Solar term]]
| Traditionally, on the 105th day after the [[Winter solstice]]. Revised to 1 day before the Qingming Festival by [[Johann Adam Schall von Bell]] (Chinese: {{zhi|c=汤若望}}) during the [[Qing dynasty]].
| April 3–5
| Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, No cooking hot meal/setting fire, Cold food only. [[Cuju]], etc. (People used to mix this one with the Qingming Festival due to their close dates)
| In Memory of a loyal Ancient named [[Jie Zhitui]] (Chinese: {{zhi|c=介子推}}), ordered by the Monarch of the [[Jin (Chinese state)]], [[Duke Wen of Jin]] (Chinese: {{zhi|c=重耳}})
| Cold Food, e.g. [[Qingtuan]]
| Han, Koreans, Mongols
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
|[[Qingming Festival]]
|{{lang|zh-hant|清明節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|清明节}} or Ханш нээх
|Tomb Sweeping Day
|[[Solar term]]
|15th day after the [[March equinox|Vernal Equinox]]. Just 1 day after the Hanshi Festival, but in much higher repute.
|April 4–6th
|Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, [[Excursion]], Planting trees, Flying kites, [[Tug of war]], [[Cuju]], etc. (Almost the same with the Hanshi Festival's, due to their close dates)
|Burning [[Hell money]] for deceased family members. Planting willow branches to keep ghosts away from houses.
|Boiled eggs
|Han, Koreans, Mongols
|{{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|MNG}} {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Dragon Boat Festival]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|端午節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|端午节}} or {{lang|ko|단오}}
| Duanwu Festival / [[Dano (Korean festival)|Dano (Surit-nal)]]
| [[Chinese calendar|Chinese]] / [[Korean calendar|Korean]]
| Month 5 Day 5
|
| Driving poisons & plague away. (China: Dragon Boat Race, Wearing coloured lines, Hanging felon herb on the front door.) / (Korea: Washing hair with iris water, [[ssireum]])
| Worship various Gods
| [[Zongzi]] / Surichwitteok (rice cake with herbs)
| Han, Koreans, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Ghost Festival]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|中元節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|中元节}} or {{lang|ko|백중}}
| Mid Yuan Festival
| Chinese
| Month 7 Day 15
|
| Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping
| Birthdate of the God of Earth-officer
|
| Han, Koreans, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Mid-Autumn Festival]]
| {{lang|zh-hant|中秋節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|中秋节}}
| {{lang|zh|中秋祭}}
| Chinese
| Month 8 Day 15
|
| Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view
| Worship the Moon Goddess
| [[Mooncake]]
| Han
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| [[Chuseok]]
| {{lang|ko|추석}} or {{lang|ko|한가위}}
| Hangawi
| [[Korean calendar|Korean]]
| Month 8 Day 15
|
| Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Enjoying Moon view
| N/A
| [[Songpyeon]], Torantang (Taro soup)
| Koreans
| {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|-
| [[Tsukimi]]
| {{lang|ja|月見}} or {{lang|ja|お月見}}
| Tsukimi or Otsukimi
| [[Gregorian Calendar|Gregorian]]
| Month 8 Day 15
|
| Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view
| Worship the Moon
| [[Dango|Tsukimi Dango]], [[Sweet Potato]]
| Yamato
| {{flagicon|JPN}} <sup>*</sup>
|-
| Double Ninth Festival
| {{lang|zh-hant|重陽節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|重阳节}}
| Double Positive Festival
| Chinese
| Month 9 Day 09
|
| Climbing Mountain, Taking care of elderly, Wearing Cornus.
| Worship various Gods
|
| Han, Korean, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
| Lower Yuan Festival
| {{lang|zh-hant|下元節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|下元节}}
| N/A
| Chinese
| Month 10 Day 15
|
| Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping
| Birthdate of the God of Water-officer
| Ciba
| Han
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| Dongzhi Festival
| {{lang|zh|冬至}} or {{lang|ko|동지}} or {{lang|ja|冬至}}
| N/A
| Gregorian
| Between Dec 21 and Dec 23
| Between Dec 21 and Dec 23
| Ancestors Worship, Rites to dispel bad spirits
| N/A
| [[Tangyuan (food)|Tangyuan]], [[Patjuk]], [[Zenzai]], [[Kabocha]]
| Han, Koreans, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| Small New Year
| {{lang|zh|小年}}
| Jizao ({{lang|zh|祭灶}})
| Chinese
| Month 12 Day 23
|
| Cleaning Houses
| Worship the God of Hearth
| [[tanggua]]
| Han, Mongols
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|MNG}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Japan switched the date to the [[Gregorian calendar]] after the Meiji Restoration.
<br>
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Not always on that Gregorian date, sometimes April 4.
=== Entertainment ===
East Asian popular culture, such as anime and manga from Japan and [[K-pop]] and [[Korean drama|K-dramas]] from South Korea, have become highly popular worldwide in the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hollingsworth |first=Julia |date=2019-12-29 |title=Why the past decade saw the rise and rise of East Asian pop culture |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/28/entertainment/east-asia-pop-culture-rise-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
=== Sports ===
[[File:Incheon AsianGames Baseball Japan Mongolia 25 (15162267778).jpg|thumb|Japan vs Mongolia in baseball at the [[2014 Asian Games]]]]
[[Baseball]] is one of the main sports in East Asia, having been introduced through mid-19th century American contact and further spread by the Japanese Empire.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cho |first=Younghan |date=2016 |title=Double binding of Japanese colonialism: trajectories of baseball in Japan, Taiwan, and Korea |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09502386.2015.1094498 |journal=Cultural Studies |language=en |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=926–948 |doi=10.1080/09502386.2015.1094498 |issn=0950-2386|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The game has gained [[Baseball in China|millions of fans in China]] since the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=杜娟 |title=MLB's China operation knocking it out the ball park |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202108/20/WS611f1093a310efa1bd66a009.html |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref>
==== East Asian Youth Games ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}
{{Main|East Asian Youth Games}}Formerly the [[East Asian Games]], it is a [[multi-sport event]] organized by the East Asian Games Association (EAGA) and held every four years since [[2019 East Asian Youth Games|2019]] among athletes from East Asian countries and territories of the [[Olympic Council of Asia]] (OCA), as well as the Pacific island of [[Guam]], which is a member of the [[Oceania National Olympic Committees]].
It is one of five Regional Games of the OCA. The others are the [[Central Asian Games]], the [[Southeast Asian Games]] (SEA Games), the [[South Asian Games]] and the [[West Asian Games]].
== Collaboration ==
===Free trade agreements===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Name of agreement
! Parties
! Leaders at the time
! Negotiation begins
! Signing date
! Starting time
! Current status
|-
| China–South Korea FTA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
| [[Xi Jinping]], [[Park Geun-hye]]
| May, 2012
| Jun 01, 2015
| Dec 30, 2015
| Enforced
|-
| China–Japan–South Korea FTA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
| [[Xi Jinping]], [[Shinzō Abe]], [[Park Geun-hye]]
| Mar 26, 2013
| N/A
| N/A
| 10 round negotiation
|-
| Japan-Mongolia EPA
| {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
| [[Shinzō Abe]], [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]]
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Feb 10, 2015
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Enforced
|-
| China-Mongolia FTA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
| [[Xi Jinping]], [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]]
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Officially proposed
|-
| China-HK CEPA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|HKG}}
| [[Jiang Zemin]], [[Tung Chee-hwa]]
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Jun 29, 2003
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Enforced
|-
| China-Macau CEPA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MAC}}
| [[Jiang Zemin]], [[Edmund Ho|Edmund Ho Hau-wah]]
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Oct 18, 2003
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Enforced
|-
| Hong Kong-Macau CEPA
| {{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}
| [[Carrie Lam]], [[Fernando Chui]]
| Oct 09, 2015
| N/A
| N/A
| Negotiating
|-
| [[Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement|ECFA]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
| [[Hu Jintao]], [[Ma Ying-jeou]]
| Jan 26, 2010
| Jun 29, 2010
| Aug 17, 2010
| Enforced
|-
| CSSTA (Based on ECFA)
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
| [[Xi Jinping]], [[Ma Ying-jeou]]
| Mar, 2011
| Jun 21, 2013
| N/A
| Abolished
|-
| CSGTA (Based on ECFA)
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
| [[Hu Jintao]], [[Ma Ying-jeou]]
| Feb 22, 2011
| N/A
| N/A
| Suspended
|}
===Military alliances===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Parties within the region
|-
| [[Sino-North Korean Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance|Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|PRK}}
|-
| [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|JPN}}
|-
| [[Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–South Korea)|Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|}
==Major cities==
{{Main|Cities of East Asia}}
{{Largest population centres
| name = Largest urban areas of East Asia
| country = East Asia
| stat_ref = <ref name="UN-World-Cities-2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf|title=The World's Cities in 2016|last=United Nations|date=March 12, 2017|website=United Nations}}</ref><ref name="korea1">{{cite web|url=http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/jsp/stat/ppl_stat_jf.jsp|script-title=ko:통계표명 : 주민등록 인구통계|publisher=Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs|language=ko|access-date=4 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303195830/http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/jsp/stat/ppl_stat_jf.jsp|archive-date=3 March 2011}}</ref>
| list_by_pop = <!-- link to the list of cities in the given country, if possible sorted by population -->
| div_name = Country
| div_link = <!-- the template will automatically create a link for "div_name of country" (e.g. Provinces of Chile), if this doesn't work you can use this field -->
| city_1 = Tokyo| div_1 = Japan| pop_1 = 38,140,000| img_1 = Tokyo Skyline20210123.jpg
| city_2 = Seoul| div_2 = South Korea| pop_2 = 25,520,000| img_2 = Seoul (South Korea).jpg
| city_3 = Shanghai| div_3 = China| pop_3 = 24,484,000| img_3 =
| city_4 = Beijing| div_4 = China| pop_4 = 21,240,000| img_4 = Beijing Sunset2.jpg
| city_5 = Osaka| div_5 = Japan| pop_5 = 20,337,000
| city_6 = Chongqing| div_6 = China| pop_6 = 13,744,000
| city_7 = Guangzhou| div_7 = China| pop_7 = 13,070,000
| city_8 = Tianjin| div_8 = China| pop_8 = 11,558,000
| city_9 = Shenzhen| div_9 = China| pop_9 = 10,828,000
| city_10 = Chengdu| div_10 = China| pop_10 = 10,104,000
}}
<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="110" perrow="3">
File:Shinjuku skyline, Tokyo - Sony A7R (11831328835).jpg|[[Tokyo]] is the capital of Japan and the world's largest city, both in [[List of metropolitan areas by population|metropolitan population]] and [[List of cities by GDP#List of cities in the world by GDP|economy]].
File:Beijing Guomao CBD.jpg|[[Beijing]] is the capital of China. It has a history of over 3300 years.
File:Namdaemun-ro, Seoul.jpg|[[Seoul]] is the capital of South Korea.
File:Osaka Umeda Sky Building Panoramablick 05.jpg|[[Osaka]] is the second-largest metropolitan area in Japan.
File:Guangzhou Night.jpg|[[Guangzhou]] is one of the most important economic centers in southern China.
File:Nagoya Night View.jpg|[[Nagoya]] is the third-largest metropolitan area in Japan. Nagoya is a major port city and the ___location of [[Lexus]] headquarters.
File:Kyoto, Japan (Unsplash UIN-pFfJ7c).jpg|[[Kyoto]] was the imperial capital of Japan for eleven centuries.
File:UB downtown.jpg|[[Ulaanbaatar]] is the capital of Mongolia, with a population of 1.6 million as of 2021.
File:Taipei Night Skyline from Hongludi 20240113.jpg|[[Taipei|Taipei City]] is the capital of Taiwan, with a population of 2.6 million.
File:Hong Kong Harbour Night 2019-06-11.jpg|[[Hong Kong]] is one of the [[Financial centre|global financial centres]] and is known as a cosmopolitan metropolis.
File:Gwangandaegyo_Bridge_in_Busan,_South_Korea_(iau2207b).jpg|[[Busan]] is the second largest city in South Korea and a financial centre along with Seoul
File:Pyongyang City - Ryugyong Hotel in Background (13913572409).jpg|[[Pyongyang]] is the capital of North Korea, and a major city on the [[Korean Peninsula]].
File:Xi'an Gulou.jpg|[[Xi'an]] or [[Chang'an]] is the oldest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China.
File:Pass over Eastern Asia to Philippine Sea and Guam.ogv|Pass of the ISS over Mongolia, looking out west towards the Pacific Ocean, China, and Japan. As the video progresses, major cities along the Chinese coast and the Japanese islands on the [[Philippine Sea]] are visible. The island of [[Guam]] can be seen further down the pass into the Philippine Sea, and the pass ends just to the east of New Zealand.
</gallery>
==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|China|Hong Kong|Japan|North Korea|South Korea|Taiwan
}}
<!-- {{main|Outline of East Asia|Index of East Asia-related articles}} -->
* [[East Asia–United States relations]]
* [[East Asian Community]]
* [[China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit]]
* [[East Asia Summit]]
* [[
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Church, Peter. ''A short history of South-East Asia'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
* Chung, Eunbin. ''Pride, Not Prejudice: National Identity as a Pacifying Force in East Asia'' (University of Michigan Press, 2022) [https://issforum.org/to/jrt14-14 online reviews by six scholars]
* Clyde, Paul H., and Burton F. Beers. ''The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830–1975'' (1975) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283180 online 3rd edition 1958]
* Crofts, Alfred. ''A history of the Far East'' (1958) [https://archive.org/details/historyoffareast0000crof online free to borrow]
* Dennett, Tyler. ''Americans in Eastern Asia'' (1922) [https://archive.org/details/americansineast01denngoog/page/n644 online free]
* Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Anne Walthall. ''East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history'' (Cengage Learning, 2013).
* Embree, Ainslie T., ed. ''Encyclopedia of Asian history'' (1988)
** [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0003unse/page/n5/mode/2up vol. 1 online]; [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0002unse/page/n5/mode/2up vol 2 online]; [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0003unse_l9c1/page/n5/mode/2up vol 3 online]; [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0000embr vol 4 online]
* Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig. ''East Asia: The great tradition'' and ''East Asia: The modern transformation'' (1960) [2 vol 1960] [https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28Reischauer%2C%20Fairbank%2C%29 online free to borrow], famous textbook.
* Flynn, Matthew J. ''China Contested: Western Powers in East Asia'' (2006), for secondary schools
* Gelber, Harry. ''The dragon and the foreign devils: China and the world, 1100 BC to the present'' (2011).
* Green, Michael J. ''By more than providence: grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783'' (2017) a major scholarly survey [https://www.amazon.com/More-Than-Providence-American-East-Relations/dp/0231180438/ excerpt]
* Hall, D.G.E. ''History of South East Asia'' (Macmillan International Higher Education, 1981).
* Holcombe, Charles. ''A History of East Asia'' (2d ed. Cambridge UP, 2017). [https://www.amazon.com/History-East-Asia-Civilization-Twenty-First/dp/1107544890/ excerpt]
* Iriye, Akira. ''After Imperialism; The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921–1931.'' (1965).
* Jensen, Richard, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. ''Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century'' (Praeger, 2003), 304 pp [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/trans-pacific-relations-america-europe-and-asia-in-the-twentieth-century-edited-by-jensenrichard-and-davidannjonsugitayoneyuki-westport-conn-praeger-2003-xvi-304-pp-6995-cloth/22A4DB3E0B917B3AE00A780351F3B775 online review]
* Keay, John. ''Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong'' (Scribner, 1997). [https://archive.org/details/empiresendhistor00keay online free to borrow]
* Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds. ''Encyclopedia of Modern Asia''. (6 vol. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002).
* Mackerras, Colin. ''Eastern Asia: an introductory history'' (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992).
* Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. ''Modern Far Eastern International Relations.'' (2nd ed 1955) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125746 1950 edition online free], 780pp; focus on 1900–1950.
* Miller, David Y. ''Modern East Asia: An Introductory History'' (Routledge, 2007)
* Murphey, Rhoads. ''East Asia: A New History'' (1996)
* Norman, Henry. ''The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya'' (1904) [https://archive.org/details/peoplesandpolit05normgoog online]
* Paine, S. C. M. ''The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949'' (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Wars-Asia-1911-1949-S-Paine/dp/1107697476/ excerpt]
* Prescott, Anne. ''East Asia in the World: An Introduction'' (Routledge, 2015)
* Ring, George C. ''Religions of the Far East: Their History to the Present Day'' (Kessinger Publishing, 2006).
* Szpilman, Christopher W. A., Sven Saaler. "Japan and Asia" in ''Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History'' (2017) [https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315746678.ch3 online]
* Steiger, G. Nye. ''A history of the Far East'' (1936).
* Vinacke, Harold M. ''A History of the Far East in Modern Times'' (1964) [https://archive.org/download/dli.bengal.10689.12563/10689.12563_text.pdf online free]
* Vogel, Ezra. ''China and Japan: Facing History'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/China-Japan-Ezra-F-Vogel/dp/0674916573/ excerpt]
* Woodcock, George. ''The British in the Far East'' (1969) [https://archive.org/details/britishinfareast0000wood online]
==External links==
{{commons category|East Asia}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikivoyage|East Asia}}
{{
{{East Asian topics |state = expanded}}
{{Geographic ___location
| Centre = East Asia
| North = [[North Asia]]
| Northeast = [[North Asia]]<br />[[Pacific Ocean]]
| East = [[Pacific Ocean]]
| Southeast = [[South China Sea]]
| South = [[South Asia]]<br />[[Southeast Asia]]
| Southwest = [[South Asia]]
| West = [[Central Asia]]
| Northwest = [[North Asia]]<br />[[Central Asia]]
}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:East Asia| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]
[[Category:Asia-Pacific]]
[[Category:Articles containing Mongolian script text]]
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