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{{Short description|Autonomous region in South China}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Guanxi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Guangxi
| native_name = 广西
| other_name = Kwangsi
| native_name_lang = zh-Hans
| settlement_type = [[Autonomous regions of China|Autonomous region]]
| translit_lang1 = Chinese
| translit_lang1_type = {{nobold|[[Pinyin]]}}
| translit_lang1_info = {{tlit|zh|Guǎngxī zhuàngzú zìzhìqū}}
| translit_lang1_type1 = {{nobold|[[Jyutping]]}}
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{tlit|yue|Gwong2 sai1 Zong3 zuk6 Zi6 zi6 keoi1}}
| translit_lang1_type2 = {{nobold|Abbreviation}}
| translit_lang1_info2 = {{linktext|lang=zh|桂}} ({{tlit|zh|Guì}}; {{tlit|yue|Gwai3}})
| translit_lang2 = Zhuang
| translit_lang2_type = {{nobold|[[Standard Zhuang]]}}
| translit_lang2_info = {{lang|za|Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih}}
| translit_lang2_type1 = {{nobold|Abbreviation}}
| translit_lang2_info1 = {{lang|za|Gvei}}
| image_map = Guangxi in China (+all claims hatched).svg
| mapsize = 275px
| map_caption = Location of Guangxi within China
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = China
| named_for = {{ubl|{{lang|zh|广}} {{tlit|zh|guǎng}} – 'wide'|{{lang|zh|西}} {{tlit|zh|xī}} – 'west'|{{literally|western expanse}}}}
| seat_type = Capital {{nwr|{{normal|(and largest city)}}}}
| seat = [[Nanning]]
| parts_type = Divisions
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 14 [[Prefectures of China|prefectures]]
| p2 = 109 [[Counties of China|counties]]
| p3 = 1396 [[Townships of China|townships]]
| government_type = [[Autonomous regions of China|Autonomous region]]
| governing_body = Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional People's Congress
| leader_title = [[Party Secretary of Guangxi|Party Secretary]]
| leader_name = [[Chen Gang (politician, born 1965)|Chen Gang]]
| leader_title1 = Congress Chairman
| leader_name1 = [[Chen Gang (politician, born 1965)|Chen Gang]]
| leader_title2 = [[Chairman of Guangxi|Government Chairman]]
| leader_name2 = [[Wei Tao (politician)|Wei Tao]]
| leader_title3 = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3 = [[Sun Dawei]]
| leader_title4 = [[National People's Congress]] Representation
| leader_name4 = 89 deputies
| area_total_km2 = 237600
| area_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by area|9th]]
| elevation_max_m = 2141
| elevation_max_point = [[Kitten Mountain]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2021|title=Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html|access-date=11 May 2021|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]}}</ref>
| population_total = 50,126,804
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|11th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population density|20th]]
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = Ethnic composition
| demographics1_info1 = {{ubl|[[Han people|Han]] – 62%|[[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] – 31%|[[Yao people|Yao]] – 3%|[[Miao people|Miao]] – 1%|[[Dong people|Dong]] – 0.7%|[[Mulao people|Mulao]] – 0.4%|[[Maonan people|Maonan]] – 0.2%}}
| demographics1_title2 = Languages and dialects
| demographics1_info2 = [[Standard Zhuang|Zhuang]], [[Yue Chinese|Yue languages]] (mainly [[Cantonese]]), [[Southwestern Mandarin]], [[Pinghua]]
| iso_code = CN-GX
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{normal|(2023)}}<ref name="GDPdata">{{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China|China NBS]]|date=March 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024}} see also {{cite web|url=http://tjj.gxzf.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/qqgb/t18207923.shtml |title=zh: 2023年广西壮族自治区国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=guangxi.gov.cn|date=March 30, 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024}} The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar {{cite press release | url=https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202402/t20240228_1947918.html| title=Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development| publisher=China NBS|date=February 29, 2024|access-date=June 22, 2024}}</ref>
| blank_info_sec1 = [[CN¥]] 2,720 billion ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|19th]])
<br />[[US$]] 386 billion
| blank1_name_sec1 = GDP per capita
| blank1_info_sec1 = CN¥ 54,005 ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|29th]])
<br />US$ 7,664
| blank2_name_sec1 = GDP per growth
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 4.1%
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2022)
| blank4_info_sec2 = 0.751<ref name="SHDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices (8.0)- China |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Global Data Lab}}</ref> ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by HDI|26th]]) – {{color|#090|high}}
| website = (in Chinese) [http://www.gxzf.gov.cn/ Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]
| official_name = Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = 1_li_jiang_guilin_yangshuo_2011.jpg
| photo2a = Guilin 2006 19-61.jpg
| photo2b = Chengyangqiao, Guangxi, China.jpg
| photo3a = ReedFluteCave.jpg
| photo3b = Ban Gioc - Detian Falls2.jpg
| position = center
| size = 280
| color = #F5F5F5
| border = 0
| color_border = white
| text = {{Center|Clockwise from the top:{{flatlist|
* [[Li River]]
* [[Chengyang Bridge]]
* [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Detian Falls]]
* [[Reed Flute Cave]]
* [[Sun and Moon Pagodas]]}}
}}
}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Guangxi (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = Guangxi in [[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified]] (top) and [[Traditional Chinese characters|traditional]] (bottom) characters
| picupright = 0.45
| s = {{linktext|广西}}
| t = {{linktext|廣西}}
| p = {{Audio|Guangxi.ogg|Guǎngxī|help=no}}
| w = {{tonesup|Kuang3-hsi1}}
| gr = Goangshi
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|g|uang|3|.|x|i|1}}
| bpmf = {{bpmfsp|ㄍㄨㄤˇ|ㄒㄧ}}
| myr = Gwǎngsyī
| j = Gwong2 sai1
| y = Gwóngsāi
| ci = {{IPA|yue|kʷɔ̌ːŋ.sɐ́i|}}
| wuu = Kuaon<sup>上</sup>si<sup>平</sup>
| poj = Kńg-sai
| buc = Guōng-să̤
| teo = Kuáng-sai
| h = Kóng-sî
| altname = Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
| s2 = 广西壮族自治区
| t2 = 廣西壯族自治區<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://stroke-order.learningweb.moe.edu.tw/advExplain1.do?big5=B9AD |title=常用國字標準字體筆順學習網 |access-date=7 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221000921/http://stroke-order.learningweb.moe.edu.tw/advExplain1.do?big5=B9AD |archive-date=21 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| p2 = Guǎngxī zhuàngzú zìzhìqū
| w2 = {{tonesup|Kuang3-hsi1 Chuang4-tsu2 Tzŭ4-chih4-chʻü1}}
| bpmf2 = {{bpmfsp|ㄍㄨㄤˇ|ㄒㄧ|ㄓㄨㄤˋ|ㄗㄨˊ|ㄗˋ|ㄓˋ|ㄑㄩ}}
| gr2 = Goangshi Juanqtzwu Tzyhjyhchiu
| myr2 = Gwǎngsyī Jwàngdzú Dz̀jr̀chyū
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|g|uang|3|.|x|i|1|-|zh|uang|4|.|z|u|2|-|zi|4|.|zhi|4|.|qu|1}}
| j2 = Gwong2 sai1 Zong3 zuk6 Zi6 zi6 keoi1
| ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|gw|ong|2|.|s|ai|1|-|z|ong|3|.|z|uk|6|-|z|i|6|.|z|i|6|.|k|eoi|1}}
| y2 = Gwóngsāi Jongjuhk Jihjihkēui
| wuu2 = Kuaon<sup>上</sup>si<sup>平</sup> tsaon<sup>去</sup>zoh<sup>入</sup> zy<sup>去</sup>zy<sup>去</sup>chiu<sup>平</sup>
| poj2 = Kńg-sai Chàng-cho̍k Chū-tī-khu
| teo2 = Kuáng-sai Tsàng-tsôk Tsĕu-tī-khu
| buc2 = Guōng-să̤ Cáung-cŭk Cê̤ṳ-dê-kṳ̆
| h2 = Kóng-sî Tsong-tshu̍k Tshṳ-tshṳ-khî
| zha = Gvangjsih
| zha57 = Gvaŋзsiƅ
| qn = Quảng Tây
| sd = 广西佈僮自治区
| order = st
| showflag = p
| chuhan = 廣西
| chunom = 區自治民族壯廣西
}}
'''Guangxi''',<!-- details in infobox; do not add beyond Simplified Chinese and Zhuang -->{{efn|{{IPAc-en|g|w|ɑː|ŋ||ˈ|ʃ|iː}}, {{respell|gwahng|SHEE}}; {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Guangxi.ogg|g|wang|3|.|x|i|1}}; [[Chinese postal romanization|alternately romanized]] as '''Kwangsi''' or '''Kwanghsi'''; {{lang-zh|s=广西}}; {{langx|za|Gvangjsih|italics=yes}}}} officially the '''Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region''', is an [[Autonomous regions of China|autonomous region]] of the [[China|People's Republic of China]], located in [[South China]] and bordering [[Vietnam]] ([[Tuyên Quang Province|Tuyên Quang]], [[Cao Bằng Province|Cao Bằng]], [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]], and [[Quảng Ninh Province]]s) and the [[Gulf of Tonkin]]. Formerly a [[Provinces of China|province]], Guangxi became an autonomous region in 1958. Its current capital is [[Nanning]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8TjAAAAMAAJ&q=nanning+city|title=The Yearbook of China's Cities|date=2006|publisher=Yearbook of China's Cities Publishing House|pages=327}}</ref>
Guangxi's ___location, in mountainous terrain in the far south of China, has placed it on the frontier of Chinese civilization throughout much of [[History of China|Chinese history]]. The current name "Guang" means "expanse" and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in 226 AD. It was given [[Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty|provincial level status]] during the [[Yuan dynasty]], but even into the 20th century, it was considered an open, wild territory. The abbreviation of the region is {{lang-zh|c = {{linktext|桂}} |labels = no }} ([[Hanyu pinyin]]: {{transliteration|zh|Guì}}; Zhuang: {{lang|za|Gvei}}), which comes from the name of the city of [[Guilin]], the provincial capital during both the [[Ming]] and [[Qing]] dynasties.
Guangxi contains the largest population of China's ethnic minorities after [[Yunnan]], in particular, the [[Zhuang people]], who make up 34% of the population. Various regional languages and dialects such as [[Pinghua]], [[Zhuang languages|Zhuang]], [[Kam language|Kam]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], and [[Min Chinese|Min]] are spoken alongside [[Mandarin Chinese]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinadiscovery.com/ethnic-minority-culture-tour/guangxi-minorities.html|title=Zhuang Minority & Yao Minority in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region|website=www.chinadiscovery.com|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913222806/http://www.chinadiscovery.com/ethnic-minority-culture-tour/guangxi-minorities.html|archive-date=13 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Name ==
"{{lang|zh-Latn|Guǎng}}" ({{lang-zh|t=廣|s=广}}) means 'expanse' or 'vast', and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226.<ref>{{cite book |title=Regional China: A Business and Economic Handbook |year=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |author=Rongxing Gao |page=77 |isbn=9781137287670}}</ref> Guangxi and neighboring [[Guangdong]] literally mean 'expanse west' and 'expanse east'. Together, Guangxi and Guangdong are called {{lang|zh-Latn|[[Liangguang]]}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Liangkwang}}; {{lang-zh|first=t|t=兩廣|s=两广||cy=léuhng gwóng |p=liǎng guǎng|l=Two Expanses}}, {{langx|vi|Lưỡng Quảng}}). During the [[Song dynasty]], the Two Guangs were formally separated as {{lang|zh-Latn|Guǎngnán Xīlù}} ({{lang-zh|first=t|t=廣南西路|s=广南西路|l=vast south west region |labels=no}}) and {{lang|zh-Latn|Guǎngnán Dōnglù}} ({{lang-zh|first=t|t=廣南東路|s=广南东路|l=vast south east region |labels=no}}), which became abbreviated as {{lang|zh-Latn|Guǎngxī Lù}} ({{lang-zh|first=t|t=廣西路|s=广西路 |labels=no}}) and {{lang|zh-Latn|Guǎngdōng Lù}} ({{lang-zh|first=t|t=廣東路|s=广东路 |labels=no}}).
Guangxi was also previously spelled as ''Kwangsi'' in [[Chinese postal romanization|postal]] and [[Wade–Giles]] romanizations. The spelling of the province was replaced by the pinyin spelling of ''Guangxi'' in 1958 and has been widely used internationally after 1986.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} The official name was also known as ''Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region'' in a number of Western publications outside of China published in the 1950s to 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=0288 - The Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region, a major rice growing area in S...Back |url=https://archive.sacu.org/archive/photo-cards/blue-box/n/1960650-0288-the-kwangsi-chuang-autonomous-region-a-major-rice-growing-area-in-sback |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Society for Anglo-Chinese Understanding |language=en}}</ref>
== History ==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2021}}
Originally inhabited by a mixture of tribal groups known to the Chinese as the [[Baiyue]] ("Hundred Yue", {{langx|vi|Bách Việt}}), the region first became part of China during the [[Qin dynasty]]. In 214 BC, the [[Han Chinese]] general [[Zhao Tuo]] ({{langx|vi|Triệu Đà}}) claimed most of southern China for [[Qin Shi Huang]] before the emperor's death. The ensuing civil war permitted Zhao to establish a separate kingdom at [[Panyu District|Panyu]] known as [[Nanyue]] ("Southern Yue"). Alternatively submissive to and independent of [[Han dynasty]] control, Southern Yue expanded colonization and [[sinicization]] under its policy of "Harmonizing and Gathering the Hundred Yue" ({{lang|zh|和集百越}}) until [[Han–Nanyue War|its collapse in 111 BC]] during the [[southward expansion of the Han dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracing Bai-Yue Ancestry in Aboriginal Li People on Hainan Island |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/39/10/msac210/6731089 |access-date=2023-01-23 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|date=2022 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msac210 |last1=Chen |first1=Hao |last2=Lin |first2=Rong |last3=Lu |first3=Yan |last4=Zhang |first4=Rui |last5=Gao |first5=Yang |last6=He |first6=Yungang |last7=Xu |first7=Shuhua |volume=39 |issue=10 |article-number=msac210 |pmid=36173765 |pmc=9585476 }}</ref>
The name "Guangxi" can be traced to the "Expansive" or "Wide" province ({{lang|zh-Hant|廣州}}) of the [[Eastern Wu]], which controlled southeastern China during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period. [[Guilin Commandery|Guilin]] formed one of its commanderies.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
Under the [[Tang dynasty]], the Zhuang moved to support [[Piluoge]]'s kingdom of [[Nanzhao]] in [[Yunnan]], which successfully repulsed imperial armies in 751 and 754. Guangxi was then divided into an area of Zhuang ascendancy west of Nanning and an area of Han ascendancy east of Nanning.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
After the collapse of the Southern Zhao, [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]] established the [[Southern Han]] (Nanhan) in Xingwangfu (modern [[Guangdong]]). Although this state gained minimal control over Guangxi, it was plagued by instability and annexed by the [[Song dynasty]] in 971. The name "Guangxi" itself can be traced to the Song, who administered the area as the Guangnanxi ("West Southern Expanse"<!--NOT "Southwestern Expanse" ("xinan" in Chinese)-->) [[Circuit (administrative division)|Circuit]]. Harassed by both Song and the [[Jiaozhi]] in modern [[Vietnam]], the Zhuang leader [[Nong Zhigao]] led a revolt in 1052 for which he is still remembered by the Zhuang people. His independent kingdom was short-lived, however, and the tattooed Song general [[Di Qing]] returned Guangxi to China.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
The [[Yuan dynasty]] established control over Yunnan during its conquest of the [[Dali Kingdom]] in 1253 and eliminated the [[Southern Song]] following the [[Battle of Yamen]] in 1279. Rather than ruling [[Lingnan]] as a subject territory or military district, the Mongolians then established Guangxi ("Western Expanse") as a proper province. The area nonetheless continued to be unruly, leading the [[Ming dynasty]] to employ the different local groups against one another. At the [[Battle of Big Rattan Gorge]] between the Zhuang and the [[Yao people|Yao]] in 1465, 20,000 deaths were reported.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, parts of Guangxi were ruled by the powerful [[Cen (surname)|Cen]] ({{lang|zh|岑}}) clan. The Cen were of Zhuang ethnicity and were recognized as ''[[tusi]]'' or local rulers by the Chinese emperors.
The [[Qing dynasty]] left the region alone until the imposition of direct rule in 1726, but the 19th century was one of constant unrest. A [[Yao people|Yao]] revolt in 1831 was followed by the [[Jintian Uprising]], the beginning of the [[Taiping Rebellion]], in January 1851 and the [[Da Cheng Rebellion]] in April 1854. The execution of St. [[Auguste Chapdelaine]] by local officials in Guangxi provoked the [[Second Opium War]] in 1858 and the legalization of foreign interference in the interior. Although [[Louis Brière de l'Isle]] was unable to invade its depot at [[Longzhou County|Longzhou]], the [[Guangxi Army]] saw a great deal of action in the 1884 [[Sino-French War]]. Largely ineffective within Vietnam, it was still able to repulse the French from China itself at the [[Battle of Bang Bo (Zhennan Pass)|Battle of Zhennan Pass]] (modern [[Friendship Pass]]) on 23 March 1885.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
Following the [[Wuchang Uprising]], Guangxi seceded from the Qing Empire on 6 November 1911. The Qing governor, [[Shen Bingdan]], initially remained in place but was subsequently removed by a mutiny commanded by General [[Lu Rongting]]. General Lu's [[Old Guangxi clique]] overran [[Hunan]] and [[Guangdong]] as well and helped lead the [[National Protection War]] against [[Yuan Shikai]]'s attempt to re-establish an imperial government. Zhuang's loyalty made his [[Self-Government Army]] cohesive but reluctant to move far beyond its own provinces. Subsequent feuding with [[Sun Yat-sen]] led to defeat in the 1920 and 1921 [[Guangdong–Guangxi War]]. After a brief occupation by [[Chen Jiongming]]'s Cantonese forces, Guangxi fell into disunity and profound banditry for several years<ref>Bonavia, David. ''China's Warlords.'' New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. {{ISBN|0-19-586179-5}}.</ref> until [[Li Zongren]]'s [[Guangxi Pacification Army]] established the [[New Guangxi clique]] dominated by Li, [[Huang Shaohong]], and [[Bai Chongxi]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
Successful action in Hunan against [[Wu Peifu]] led to the Zhuang GPA becoming known as the "Flying Army" and the "Army of Steel". After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Li also repulsed [[Tang Jiyao]]'s [[Yunnan–Guangxi War|revolt]] and joined the [[Northern Expedition]] establishing control over other warlords by the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. His was one of the few [[Kuomintang]] units free from serious [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) influence and was therefore employed by [[Chiang Kai-shek]] for the [[Shanghai massacre of 1927]]. Within the People's Republic of China, Guangxi is also noted for the [[Baise Uprising]], a failed CCP revolt led by [[Chen Zhaoli]] and [[Deng Xiaoping]] in 1929.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
In 1937, the [[Guangxi Women's Battalion]] was founded as a response to [[Soong Mei-ling]]'s appeal for women to support the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Chung|first=Mary Keng Mun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ5VtyB0EgsC&dq=Guangxi+Women%27s+Battalion&pg=PA72|title=Chinese Women in Christian Ministry: An Intercultural Study|date=2005|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-5198-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q52yAAAAIAAJ&q=Guangxi+Women's+Battalion|title=Women of China|date=2001|publisher=Foreign Language Press|language=en}}</ref> Reports on the size of the battalion vary from 130 students,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Yihong|first=Pan|date=1997|title=Feminism and Nationalism in China's War of Resistance against Japan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40108087|journal=The International History Review|volume=19|issue=1|pages=115–130|doi=10.1080/07075332.1997.9640778|jstor=40108087|issn=0707-5332|url-access=subscription}}</ref> to 500,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morgan|first=Robin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFpsCwAAQBAJ&dq=Guangxi+Women%27s+Battalion&pg=PT161|title=Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology|date=2016-03-08|publisher=Open Road Media|isbn=978-1-5040-3324-4|language=en}}</ref> to 800.<ref name=":12" />
Being in the far south, Guangxi did not fall during the [[Chinese Civil War]], but joined the People's Republic in December 1949, two months after its founding.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline ([[Qinzhou]], Lianzhou (now [[Hepu County]]), [[Fangchenggang]] and [[Beihai]]) was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} This made Guangxi the only autonomous region which is not [[landlocked]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Developing China's West: A Critical Path to Balanced National Development|first1=Jianfa|last1=Shen|first2=Yue-man|last2=Yeung|publisher=China University Press|page=8|year=2004|isbn=9789629961572}}</ref>
The [[Guangxi Massacre]], during the [[Cultural Revolution]], involved the killing of 100,000 to 150,000 in the region in 1967 and 1968.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yhcqw.com/34/8938.html|script-title=zh:我参与处理广西文革遗留问题|last=Yan|first=Lebin|publisher=炎黄春秋|language=zh|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124094818/http://www.yhcqw.com/34/8938.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/china-cultrev-04292016134149.html|title=Interview: 'People Were Eaten by The Revolutionary Masses'|website=Radio Free Asia|date=29 April 2016 |language=en|access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref>
While some development of [[heavy industry]] occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, the region remained largely a scenic tourist destination.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}} Even the economic growth of the 1990s seemed to leave Guangxi behind. However, in recent years, there has been a growing amount of industrialization and increasing concentration on cash crops. Per capita GDP has risen as industries in Guangdong transfer production to comparatively lower-wage areas in Guangxi.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
During the [[Sino-Vietnamese War|1979 Sino-Vietnamese War]], Guangxi communities were important to the Chinese war effort.<ref name=":Wang2">{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Frances Yaping |title=The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=9780197757512}}</ref>{{Rp|page=101}} They supplied logistical support to the [[People's Liberation Army]], including food and housing.<ref name=":Wang2" />{{Rp|page=101}} [[Militia (China)|Militia]] members from Guangxi performed tasks including building roads, bridges, trenches, other logistical efforts, and caring for the wounded.<ref name=":Wang2" />{{Rp|page=101}}
== Geography ==
[[File:Map of Southern China.png|thumb|Map of southern China]]
{{Expand section|date=July 2014}}
Located in the southern part of the country, Guangxi is bordered by [[Yunnan]] to the west, [[Guizhou]] to the north, [[Hunan]] to the northeast, and [[Guangdong]] to the east and southeast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Guangxi {{!}} autonomous region, China|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guangxi|access-date=9 October 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-11|title=Overview|url=http://en.gxzf.gov.cn/2021-05/11/c_263420.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811011509/http://en.gxzf.gov.cn/2021-05/11/c_263420.htm|archive-date=2021-08-11|access-date=2021-08-10|publisher=People's Government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region}}</ref> It is also bordered by [[Vietnam]] in the southwest and the [[Gulf of Tonkin]] in the south.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Its proximity to Guangdong is reflected in its name, with "Guang" ({{Lang-zh|s=广|t=廣|p=Guǎng}}) being used in both names.<ref name=":1" />
Large portions of Guangxi are hilly and mountainous.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The northwest portion of Guangxi includes part of the [[Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau|Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau]],<ref name=":1" /> the [[Jiuwan Mountains]] and the [[Fenghuang Mountains]] both run through the north,<ref name=":1" /> the [[Nanling Mountains]] form the region's north-east border,{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} and the [[Yuecheng Mountains|Yuecheng]]<ref name=":1" /> and [[Haiyang Mountains]] both branch from the Nanling Mountains.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} Also in the north are the [[Duyao Mountains]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} The [[Duyang Mountains]] run through the west of Guangxi.<ref name=":1" /> Near the center of the region are the [[Dayao Mountains|Da Yao]] and [[Daming Mountains|Da Ming Mountains]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} On the southeastern border are the [[Yunkai Mountains]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} Guangxi's highest point is [[Kitten Mountain]], in the Yuecheng Mountains, at {{convert|2141|m}}.<ref name=":2" />
[[Karst|Karst landforms]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2006 |title=广西地形概况 |trans-title=Topographical overview of Guangxi |url=http://www.gxzf.gov.cn/gxzf_gxgk/gxgk_dlhj/dlhj_dx/200607/t20060717_36005.htm |url-status=live |website=Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region People's Government Portal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228053339/http://www.gxzf.gov.cn/gxzf_gxgk/gxgk_dlhj/dlhj_dx/200607/t20060717_36005.htm |archive-date=28 February 2009 }}</ref> characterized by steep mountains and large caverns,<ref name=":1" /> are common in Guangxi, accounting for 37.8 percent of its total land area.<ref name=":2" />
Guangxi is also home to several river systems, which flow into several different bodies of water: the [[Qin River (Guangxi)|Qin River]] and the [[Nanliu River]] both flow into the Gulf of Tonkin, several tributary rivers flow into the larger [[Xiang River]] in neighbouring Hunan province, and the [[Xi River]] system flows southeast through the autonomous region into the [[South China Sea]].<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="5" | Xi River system [[schematic]]<br />{{smaller|(italics indicates rivers outside Guangxi)}}
|-
|
|
|
| [[He River]] ({{lang|zh-hans|贺江}})
| rowspan="8" | ''[[Xi River]]''
|-
|
|
| [[Li River (Guangxi)|Li River]]
| [[Gui River]] ({{lang|zh-hans|桂江}})<ref name=":1" />
|-
| ''[[Beipan River]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Hongshui River]]<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="4" | [[Qian River]]<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="6" | [[Xun River]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
| [[Nanpan River]]
|-
| [[Rong River (Guangxi)|Rong River]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Liu River]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
| [[Long River (Guangxi)|Long River]]
|-
| [[You River (Guangxi)|You River]]<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="2" | [[Yongjiang|Yong River]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Yu River (Guangxi)|Yu River]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
| [[Zuo River]]<ref name=":1" />
|}
Along the border with Vietnam there is the [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Ban Gioc–Detian waterfall]] ({{lang-zh|=德天瀑布|p=Dé Tiān Pùbù|links=no}}), which separates the two countries.
About one-quarter of Guangxi's area is forested.<ref name=":1" />
=== Human geography ===
Major cities in Guangxi include [[Nanning]], [[Liuzhou]], [[Guilin]], and [[Beihai]]. Notable towns include {{Interlanguage link|Longmen, Pubei County|lt=Longmen|zh|龙门镇 (浦北县)}}, [[Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County|Sanjiang]], and [[Yangshuo]].{{Clarify|date=March 2023|reason=What is the meaning of "notable" in this context?}} The [[Xi River]] system provides waterways which connect to the [[Pearl River Delta]]. Important seaports along Guangxi's short coastline on the [[Gulf of Tonkin]] include [[Beihai]], [[Qinzhou]], and [[Fangchenggang]]. [[Pinglu Canal]] was constructed to connect Xi River system and coastal Guangxi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3190716/chinas-highlights-economy-boosting-infrastructure-push-mega | title=US$10 billion canal highlights China's economy-boosting infrastructure push | date=30 August 2022 }}</ref>
=== Climate ===
Guangxi has a [[subtropical]] climate.<ref name=":2" /> Summers are generally long, hot, and humid, lasting from April to October.<ref name=":1" /> Winters are mild, and snow is rare.<ref name=":1" /> The autonomous region's average annual temperature ranges from {{Convert|17.5|°C|°F}} to {{Convert|23.5|°C|°F}},<ref name=":2" /> with January temperatures typically ranging from {{Convert|4|°C|°F}} to {{Convert|16|°C|°F}},<ref name=":1" /> and July temperatures typically ranging from {{Convert|27|°C|°F}} to {{Convert|32|°C|°F}}.<ref name=":1" />
Due to frequent rain-bearing [[monsoon]] winds, average annual precipitation is quite high in Guangxi, ranging from {{Convert|1080|mm|in}} in drier zones to {{Convert|1730|mm|in}} in wetter zones.<ref name=":1" /> The region also experiences monsoons, blowing from south-southwest from late April to the beginning of October.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} Most of the precipitation occurs between May and August.<ref name=":1" /> [[Microbursts]] can also occasionally occur in the extreme south of the region, from July to September.<ref name=":1" /> This is caused by [[typhoon]]s blowing from the [[South China Sea]].<ref name=":1" />
===Image gallery===
<gallery>
File:漓江山水.jpg|[[Li River, Guangxi]]
File:Paddy field Longsheng.JPG|[[Longsheng Rice Terrace]]
File:Yulong.JPG|[[Yulong River]]
File:Thác Bản Giốc.jpg|[[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Ban Gioc Duc Thien– Banyue Detian Falls]]
</gallery>
== Administrative divisions ==
{{main|List of administrative divisions of Guangxi|List of township-level divisions of Guangxi}}
Guangxi is divided into fourteen [[Administrative divisions of China#Prefectural level|prefecture-level divisions]]: all [[Prefecture-level city|prefecture-level cities]]:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"
! colspan="9" |'''Administrative divisions of Guangxi'''
|-
| colspan="9" style="font-size:larger" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Guangxi.svg|width={{{1|762}}}|link=|font-size=85%}}
{{Image label|x=650|y=610|scale={{{1|762}}}/1270|text='''[[Nanning]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=800|y=320|scale={{{1|762}}}/1270|text='''[[Liuzhou]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=980|y=210|scale={{{1|762}}}/1270|text='''[[Guilin]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1060|y=550|scale={{{1|762}}}/1270|text='''[[Wuzhou]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=785|y=855|scale={{{1|762}}}/1270|text='''[[Beihai]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=535|y=830|scale={{{1|762}}}/1270|text='''[[Fangchenggang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=735|y=770|scale={{{1|762}}}/1270|text='''[[Qinzhou]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=895|y=570|scale={{{1|762}}}/1270|text='''[[Guigang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=940|y=725|scale={{{1|762}}}/1270|text='''[[Yulin, Guangxi|Yulin]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=330|y=440|scale={{{1|762}}}/1270|text='''[[Baise]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1130|y=370|scale={{{1|762}}}/1270|text='''[[Hezhou]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=555|y=345|scale={{{1|762}}}/1270|text='''[[Hechi]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=805|y=490|scale={{{1|762}}}/1270|text='''[[Laibin]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=460|y=715|scale={{{1|762}}}/1270|text='''[[Chongzuo]]'''}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 |publisher=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113603/http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Division
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Area in km<sup>2</sup><ref name="nj2013">{{lang-zh}}{{cite book|language=zh-hans|author=Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |script-title=zh:《深圳统计年鉴2014》|url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm|access-date=29 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512184740/http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm|archive-date=12 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Population 2020<ref>{{cite book| author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China| author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China | script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料|date=2012|publisher=China Statistics Print|___location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2|edition=1}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Seat
!! scope="col" colspan="4" | Divisions<ref>{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] |script-title=zh:《中国民政统计年鉴2014》|date=August 2014 |publisher=China Statistics Print |isbn= 978-7-5037-7130-9}}</ref>
|-
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[District (China)|Districts]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[Counties of the People's Republic of China|Counties]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China|Aut. counties]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[County-level city|CL cities]]
|- style="font-weight: bold"
! 450000 !! Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
| 236,700.00 || 50,126,804 || [[Nanning]] city || 41 || 48 || 12 || 10
|-
! 450100 !! [[Nanning]] city
| 22,099.31 || 8,741,584 || [[Qingxiu District]] || 7 || 4 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|-
! 450200 !! [[Liuzhou]] city
| 18,596.64 || 4,157,934 || [[Liubei District]] || 5 || 3 || 2 ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 450300 !! [[Guilin]] city
| 27,667.28 || 4,931,137 || [[Lingui District]] || 6 || 8 || 2 || 1
|-
! 450400 !! [[Wuzhou]] city
| 12,572.44 || 2,820,977 || [[Changzhou District]] || 3 || 3 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|-
! 450500 !! [[Beihai]] city
| 3,988.67 || 1,853,227 || [[Haicheng District]] || 3 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 450600 !! [[Fangchenggang]] city
| 6,181.19 || 1,046,068 || [[Gangkou District]] || 2 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|-
! 450700 !! [[Qinzhou]] city
| 10,820.85 || 3,302,238 || [[Qinnan District]] || 2 || 2 ||bgcolor="grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 450800 !! [[Guigang]] city
| 10,605.44 || 4,316,262 || [[Gangbei District]] || 3 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|-
! 450900 !! [[Yulin, Guangxi|Yulin]] city
| 12,828.11 || 5,796,766 || [[Yuzhou District]] || 2 || 4 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|-
! 451000 !! [[Baise]] city
| 36,203.85 || 3,571,505 || [[Youjiang District]] || 2 || 7 || 1 || 2
|-
! 451100 !! [[Hezhou]] city
| 11,771.54 || 2,007,858 || [[Babu District]] || 2 || 2 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 451200 !! [[Hechi]] city
| 33,487.65 || 3,417,945 || [[Yizhou District, Hechi|Yizhou District]] || 2 || 4 || 5 ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 451300 !! [[Laibin]] city
| 13,391.59 || 2,074,611 || [[Xingbin District]] || 1 || 3 || 1 || 1
|-
! 451400 !! [[Chongzuo]] city
| 17,345.47 || 2,088,692 || [[Jiangzhou District]] || 1 || 5 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-font:90%; width:auto; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
! colspan="5" |Administrative divisions in Zhuang, Chinese, and varieties of romanizations
|-
! English !! Zhuang !! Chinese !! Pinyin
|-
| '''Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region''' || '''Gvangjish Bouxcuengh Swcigih''' || {{lang|zh-Hans|广西壮族自治区}} || {{transliteration|zh|Guǎngxī zhuàngzú Zìzhìqū}}
|-
| [[Nanning]] city || {{lang|za|Namzningz Si}} || {{lang|zh-Hans|南宁市}} || {{transliteration|zh|Nánníng Shì}}
|-
| [[Liuzhou]] city || {{lang|za|Liujcouh Si}} || {{lang|zh|柳州市}} || {{transliteration|zh|Liǔzhōu Shì}}
|-
| [[Guilin]] city || {{lang|za|Gveilinz Si}} || {{lang|zh|桂林市}} || {{transliteration|zh|Guìlín Shì}}
|-
| [[Wuzhou]] city || {{lang|za|Ngouzcouh Si}} || {{lang|zh|梧州市}} || {{transliteration|zh|Wúzhōu Shì}}
|-
| [[Beihai]] city || {{lang|za|Bwzhaij Si}} || {{lang|zh|北海市}} || {{transliteration|zh|Běihǎi Shì}}
|-
| [[Fangchenggang]] city || {{lang|za|Fangzcwngzgangj Si}} || {{lang|zh|防城港市}} || {{transliteration|zh|Fángchénggǎng Shì}}
|-
| [[Qinzhou]] city || {{lang|za|Ginhcouh Si}} || {{lang|zh-Hans|钦州市}} || {{transliteration|zh|Qīnzhōu Shì}}
|-
| [[Guigang]] city || {{lang|za|Gveigangj Si}} || {{lang|zh-Hans|贵港市}} || {{transliteration|zh|Guìgǎng Shì}}
|-
| [[Yulin, Guangxi|Yulin]] city || {{lang|za|Yoglinz Si}} || {{lang|zh|玉林市}} || {{transliteration|zh|Yùlín Shì}}
|-
| [[Baise]] city || {{lang|za|Bwzswz Si}} || {{lang|zh|百色市}} || {{transliteration|zh|Bǎisè Shì}}
|-
| [[Hezhou]] city || {{lang|za|Hocouh Si}} || {{lang|zh-Hans|贺州市}} || {{transliteration|zh|Hèzhōu Shì}}
|-
| [[Hechi]] city || {{lang|za|Hozciz Si}} || {{lang|zh|河池市}} || {{transliteration|zh|Héchí Shì}}
|-
| [[Laibin]] city || {{lang|za|Laizbinh Si}} || {{lang|zh-Hans|来宾市}} || {{transliteration|zh|Láibīn Shì}}
|-
| [[Chongzuo]] city || {{lang|za|Cungzcoj Si}} || {{lang|zh|崇左市}} || {{transliteration|zh|Chóngzuǒ Shì}}
|}
These 14 prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 111 [[county-level division]]s (41 [[District of China|district]]s, 10 [[county-level cities]], 48 [[County (People's Republic of China)|counties]], and 12 [[Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China|autonomous counties]]). At the year-end of 2021, the total population is 48.85 million.<ref>http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2018/indexch.htm {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
===Urban areas===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"
! colspan=5 | Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
|-
! # !! Cities !! style="background-color: #aaaaff;"| 2020 Urban area<ref name="2020PRCcensus">{{cite book |author=国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 |date=2022 |script-title=zh:中国2020年人口普查分县资料 |___location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-9772-9}}</ref> !! style="background-color: #aaaaff;"| 2010 Urban area<ref name="2010PRCcensus">{{cite book |author=国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 |date=2012 |script-title=zh:中国2010年人口普查分县资料 |___location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6}}</ref> !! style="background-color: #ffaaaa;" | 2020 City proper
|-
|1||'''[[Nanning]]'''||4,939,523||2,660,833{{efn|name=Nanning|New district established after 2010 census: [[Wuming District|Wuming (Wuming County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}} ||8,741,584
|-
|2||[[Liuzhou]]||2,204,841||1,410,712{{efn|name=Liuzhou|New district established after 2010 census: [[Liujiang District|Liujiang (Liujiang County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}} ||4,157,934
|-
|3||[[Guilin]]||1,361,244||844,290{{efn|name=Guilin|New district established after 2010 census: [[Lingui District|Lingui (Lingui County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}} ||4,931,137
|-
|4||[[Guigang]]||921,440||658,887||4,316,262
|-
|5||[[Yulin, Guangxi|Yulin]]||877,561||547,924||5,796,766
|-
|6||[[Qinzhou]]||771,052||489,139||3,302,238
|-
|7||[[Beihai]]||673,483||463,388||1,853,227
|-
|8||[[Wuzhou]]||665,910||424,734{{efn|name=Wuzhou|New district established after 2010 census: [[Longxu District|Longxu]] by splitting from parts of [[Cangwu County]]. The new district areas from Cangwu County not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}} ||2,820,977
|-
|9||[[Guiping]]||652,210||508,212||{{small|''see Guigang''}}
|-
|10||[[Beiliu]]||573,761||652,853||{{small|''see Yulin''}}
|-
|11||[[Hezhou]]||560,686||379,889{{efn|name=Hezhou|New district established after 2010 census: [[Pinggui District|Pinggui]] by splitting from parts of [[Zhongshan County]] and parts of Babu. The new district areas from Zhongshan County not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||2,007,858
|-
|12||[[Laibin]]||531,511||315,875||2,074,611
|-
|13||[[Baise]]||513,983||185,497{{efn|name=Baise|New district established after 2010 census: [[Tianyang District|Tianyang (Tianyang County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||3,571,505
|-
|14||[[Hechi]]||504,030||197,858{{efn|name=Hechi|New district established after 2010 census: [[Yizhou District, Hechi|Yizhou (Yizhou CLC)]]. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.}} ||3,417,945
|-
|15||[[Fangchenggang]]||416,752||278,955||1,046,068
|-
|16||[[Cenxi]]||397,639||337,052||{{small|''see Wuzhou''}}
|-
|17||[[Pingguo]]||277,500||bgcolor="lightgrey"|{{efn|name=Pingguo|Pingguo County is currently known as Pingguo CLC after 2010 census.}}||{{small|''see Baise''}}
|-
|18||[[Chongzuo]]||265,077||113,539||2,088,692
|-
|19||[[Dongxing, Guangxi|Dongxing]]||155,538||92,267||{{small|''see Fangchenggang''}}
|-
|20||[[Jingxi, Guangxi|Jingxi]]||150,456||bgcolor="lightgrey"|{{efn|name=Jingxi|Jingxi County is currently known as Jingxi CLC after 2010 census.}}||{{small|''see Baise''}}
|-
|21||[[Lipu, Guangxi|Lipu]]||146,753||bgcolor="lightgrey"|{{efn|name=Lipu|Lipu County is currently known as Lipu CLC after 2010 census.}}||{{small|''see Guilin''}}
|-
|22||[[Heshan, Guangxi|Heshan]]||48,873||66,118||{{small|''see Laibin''}}
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
|—||[[Yizhou District, Hechi|Yizhou]]||{{small|''see Hechi''}}||155,365{{efn|name=Hechi}}||{{small|''see Hechi''}}
|}
{{notelist}}
== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical population
|1912<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1912年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032922/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |7,879,000
|1928<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1928年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032924/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |13,648,000
|1936–37<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1936–37年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032925/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |13,385,000
|1947<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1947年全国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913053600/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm|archive-date=13 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> |14,636,000
|1954<ref name="census1954">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |archive-date=5 August 2009 }}</ref> |19,560,822
|1964<ref name="census1964">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |script-title=zh:第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |archive-date=14 September 2012 }}</ref> |20,845,017
|1982<ref name="census1982">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |archive-date=10 May 2012 }}</ref> |36,420,960
|1990<ref name="census1990">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |archive-date=19 June 2012 }}</ref> |42,245,765
|2000<ref name="census2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |script-title=zh:现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |archive-date=29 August 2012 }}</ref> |43,854,538
|2010<ref name="census2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}</ref>
|46,026,629
|2020<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/china-society-census-takeaways-idUSL4N2MY2I6|title = FACTBOX-Key takeaways from China's 2020 population census|newspaper = Reuters|date = 11 May 2021}}</ref>
|50,126,804
}}
===Ethnic groups===
The [[Han Chinese]] are the largest ethnic group in Guangxi. Han Chinese populations in Guangxi largely live along the autonomous region's southern coast and eastern portions.<ref name=":2" /> Of these, the main subgroups are those that speak [[Yue Chinese|Yue]] and [[Southwestern Mandarin]] varieties of [[Chinese language family|Chinese]]. Qinzhou and Goulou Yue are spoken in the southern and eastern regions, respectively. [[Pinghua]] is spoken in Nanning and Guilin. There are Hakka-speaking regions in [[Luchuan County]], [[Bobai County]] and in some areas bordering Vietnam.
Guangxi has over 16 million [[Zhuang people|Zhuangs]], the largest minority ethnicity in China. Over 90 percent of Zhuang in China live in Guangxi, especially in the central and western regions. High concentrations of Zhuang people can be found in [[Nanning]], [[Liuzhou]], [[Chongzuo]], [[Baise]], [[Hechi]], and [[Laibin]].<ref name=":2" /> The highest concentration of ethnic Zhuang people is found in the [[county-level city]] of [[Jingxi, Guangxi|Jingxi]], with a 2021 publication by the People's Government of Guangxi stating that Jingxi's population is 99.7% Zhuang.<ref name=":2" />
The autonomous region also has sizable populations of indigenous [[Yao people|Yao]], [[Miao people|Miao]], [[Kam people|Kam]], [[Mulao people|Mulam]], [[Maonan people|Maonan]], [[Hui people|Hui]], [[Bouyei people|Bouyei]], [[Gin people|Gin]], [[Yi people|Yi]], [[Sui people|Sui]] and [[Gelao people|Gelao]] peoples.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rLBvrlKI7QC&dq=bouyei+guangxi&pg=PA65|title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Cultures|page=65|date=2005|first=Edward Lawrence|last=Davis|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415777162}}</ref> Other [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic minorities]] in Guangxi include the [[Manchu people|Manchu]], [[Mongols|Mongol]], [[Koreans|Korean]], [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]], [[Hlai people|Hlai]], and [[Tujia people|Tujia]] people.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:right"
|+ Ethnic makeup of the Guanxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (2020 Seventh National Census)<ref>{{cite web |author1=国务院第七次全国人口普查领导小组办公室 |title=中国人口普查年鉴-2020 |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/pcsj/rkpc/7rp/zk/indexch.htm |access-date=2023-07-26 |archive-date=2023-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512190635/http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/pcsj/rkpc/7rp/zk/indexch.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Ethnicity
! width="55" | [[Han Chinese]] !! width="55" | [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] !! width="55" | [[Yao people|Yao]] !! width="55" | [[Miao people|Miao]] !! width="55" | [[Kam people|Dong]] !! width="55" | [[Mulao people|Mulao]] !! width="55" | [[Maonan people|Maonan]] !! width="55" | [[Hui people|Hui]] !! width="55" | [[Bouyei people|Bouyei]] !! width="55" | [[Gin people|Gin]] !! width="55" | Other nationalities
|-
! Population
| 31,318,824 || 15,721,956 || 1,683,038 || 578,122 || 362,580 || 180,185 || 73,199 || 35,347 || 31,303 || 29,326 || 112,924
|-
! Percentage (%)
| 62.48 || 31.36 || 3.36 || 1.15 || 0.72 || 0.36 || 0.15 || 0.07 || 0.06 || 0.06 || 0.23
|-
! Proportion of minority population (%)
| － || 83.59 || 8.95 || 3.07 || 1.93 || 0.96 || 0.39 || 0.19 || 0.17 || 0.16 || 0.60
|}
===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Guangxi<ref name="Wang2015">China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: [https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 |date=25 September 2015 }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)<ref name="Wang2015"/> to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into [[Chinese lineage associations|lineage "churches"]] and [[ancestral shrine]]s). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.}}
|label1 = [[Chinese ancestral religion]]
|value1 = 40.48
|color1 = FireBrick
|label2 = [[Christianity]]
|value2 = 0.26
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = Other religions or not religious people{{refn|group=note|This may include:
* [[Buddhism|Buddhists]];
* [[Confucianism|Confucians]];
* [[Chinese folk religion|Deity worshippers]];
* [[Taoism|Taoists]];
* Members of [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]];
* Indigenous religions of the ethnic minorities;
* Small minorities of [[Muslim]]s;
* And people not bound to, nor practicing any, institutional or diffuse religion.}}
|value3 = 59.26
|color3 = Honeydew
}}
The predominant religions in Guangxi among the [[Han Chinese]] are [[Chinese folk religion]]s, [[Taoism|Taoist traditions]] and [[Chinese Buddhism]]. The large [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] population mostly practices the [[Zhuang folk religion]] centered around the worship of their ancestral god ''Buluotuo'' (布洛陀). According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 40.48% of the population believes and is involved in [[Chinese ancestral religion|ancestor veneration]], while 0.26% of the population identifies as Christian.<ref name="Wang2015"/>
The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 59.26% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in [[Chinese folk religion|worship of nature deities]], Buddhism, [[Confucianism]], Taoism, [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]]. The [[Yao people|Yao]], another numerous ethnic group inhabiting the province, mostly practices a form of [[Yao Taoism|indigenised and conservative Taoism]].
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| width = 150
| image1 = Gongcheng Wenmiao 2012.09.29 16-20-19.jpg
| caption1 = ''[[Wen and wu|Wenmiao]]'' (Temple of the God of Culture, [[Confucius]]) in [[Gongcheng Yao Autonomous County|Gongcheng]].
| image2 = Gongcheng Zhou Wei Ci 2012.09.29 15-24-11.jpg
| caption2 = Shrine of Zhou Wei in Gongcheng.
| image3 = Gongcheng Wumiao 2012.09.29 16-46-14.jpg
| caption3 = ''[[Wen and wu|Wumiao]]'' (Temple of the God of War, [[Guan Yu|Guandi]]) in Gongcheng.
}}Today, there are 21 [[mosques]] in Guangxi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Famous Islam Mosques in China, How Many Muslim Mosques in China?|url=https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/china-islamic-mosque.htm|access-date=2021-08-13|website=www.topchinatravel.com}}</ref> This may include:
* [[Nanning Mosque]]
* [[Chongshan Street Mosque|Guilin Chongshan Mosque]]
* Guilin Ancient Mosque
* Liuzhou Mosque
* Baise Mosque {{clear}}
== Politics ==
{{further|Nationalist Government}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
; Secretaries-General of the [[Kuomintang|KMT]] Guangxi Provincial Senate <ref>{{cite web|url=http://lib.gxdfz.org.cn/view-a4-142.html|title=The advisory and legislative organs of Guangxi Province in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China|date=23 May 2021|access-date=22 May 2021|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522233156/http://lib.gxdfz.org.cn/view-a4-142.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#[[Ou Wenxiong]] ({{lang|zh-hans|區文雄}}): 1938–1942
#[[Huang Kunshan]] ({{lang|zh-hans|黃崑山}}): 1942–1946
#[[Sun Renlin]] ({{lang|zh-hans|孫仁林}}): 1946–1949
{{col-2}}
; Chairmen of the Senate
#[[Li Renren]] ({{lang|zh-hans|李任仁}}): 1938–1942
#[[Huang Xuchu]] ({{lang|zh-hans|黃旭初}}): 1942–1949
{{col-end}}
{{further|List of current Chinese provincial leaders}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
; Secretaries of the [[Communist Party of China|CPC]] Guangxi Committee
#[[Zhang Yunyi]]: 1949–1953
#[[Chen Manyuan]] ({{lang|zh-hans|陈漫远}}): 1953–1957
#[[Liu Jianxun]] ({{lang|zh-hans|刘建勋}}): 1957–1961
#[[Wei Guoqing]]: 1960–1966
#[[Qiao Xiaoguang]] ({{lang|zh-hans|乔晓光}}): 1966–1967
#Wei Guoqing: 1970–1975
#[[An Pingsheng]] ({{lang|zh-hans|安平生}}): 1975–1977.
#[[Qiao Xiaoguang]] ({{lang|zh-hans|乔晓光}}): 1977–1985
#[[Chen Huiguang]] ({{lang|zh-hans|陈辉光}}): 1985–1990
#[[Zhao Fulin]] ({{lang|zh-hans|赵富林}}): 1990–1997
#[[Cao Bochun]]: 1997–2006
#[[Liu Qibao]]: 2006–2007
#[[Guo Shengkun]]: 2007–2012
#[[Peng Qinghua]]: 2012–2018
#[[Lu Xinshe]] ({{lang|zh-hans|鹿心社}}): 2018 – 2021
#[[Liu Ning]] ({{lang|zh-hans|刘宁}}): 2021 – 2024
#[[Chen Gang (politician, born 1965)|Chen Gang]] ({{lang|zh-hans|陈刚}}): 2021 – present
{{col-2}}
; Chairmen of Government
#Zhang Yunyi: 1949–1953
#Chen Manyuan: 1953–1958
#Wei Guoqing: 1958–1975
#[[An Pingsheng]] ({{lang|zh-hans|安平生}}): 1975–1977
#Qiao Xiaoguang: 1977–1979
#[[Qin Yingji]] ({{lang|zh-hans|覃应机}}): 1979–1983
#[[Wei Chunshu]] ({{lang|zh-hans|韦纯束}}): 1983–1990
#[[Cheng Kejie]]: 1990–1998
#[[Li Zhaozhuo]]: 1998–2003
#[[Lu Bing]]: 2003 – December 2007
#[[Ma Biao (politician)|Ma Biao]]: December 2007 – 2013
#[[Chen Wu (politician)|Chen Wu]]: March 2013 – October 2020
#[[Lan Tianli]] ({{lang|zh-hans|蓝天立}}): October 2020 – May 2025
#[[Wei Tao (politician)|Wei Tao]] ({{lang|zh-hans|韦韬}}): July 2025 – present ''(acting)''
{{col-end}}
== Economy ==
[[File:Nanning skyline 2008.JPG|thumb|View of [[Nanning]], the capital and economic center of Guangxi.]]
Important crops in Guangxi include [[rice]], [[maize]] and [[sweet potato]]es. Cash crops include [[sugar cane]], [[peanut]]s, [[tobacco]], and [[kenaf]].
85 percent of the world's [[star anise]] is grown in Guangxi. It is a major ingredient in the antiviral [[oseltamivir]].<ref>{{cite web | title=南国今报 | url=http://epaper.gxnews.com.cn/ngjb/html/2009-05/07/node_303.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707020443/http://epaper.gxnews.com.cn/ngjb/html/2009-05/07/node_303.htm | archive-date=7 July 2011 }}</ref>
Guangxi is one of China's key production centers for nonferrous metals. The region holds approximately 1/3 of all [[tin]] and [[manganese]] deposits in China.<ref name="thechinaperspective.com">{{Cite web |url=http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/guangxi-zhuang-autonomous-region/ |title=Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Economic News and Statistics for Guangxi's Economy |access-date=1 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008045310/http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/guangxi-zhuang-autonomous-region/ |archive-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Liuzhou is the main industrial center and a major motor vehicle manufacturing center. [[General Motors]] have a manufacturing base here in a joint venture as [[SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile]]. The city also has a large steel factory and several related industries. The local government of Guangxi hopes to expand the region's manufacturing sector, and during the drafting of China's Five Year Plan in 2011, earmarked 2.6 trillion RMB for investment in the region's Beibu Gulf Economic Zone(See Below).<ref name="thechinaperspective.com"/>
In recent years Guangxi's economy has languished behind that of its wealthy neighbor and twin, [[Guangdong]]. Guangxi's 2017 [[nominal GDP]] was about 2039.63 billion yuan (US$302.09 billion) and ranked 17th in China. Its [[per capita GDP]] was 38,102 yuan (US$5,770).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/gross-domestic-product-per-capita/gross-domestic-product-per-capita-guangxi|title = Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Per Capita: Guangxi | Economic Indicators | CEIC}}</ref>
Due to its lack of a major manufacturing industry in comparison to other provincial-level regions, Guangxi is the fourth most energy efficient provincial-level region in China, helping to further boost its green image.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/guangxi-zhuang-autonomous-region |title=The China Perspective {{!}} Guangxi Economic and Industry Profile/ |access-date=27 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602033236/http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/guangxi-zhuang-autonomous-region/ |archive-date=2 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
As the only coastal region in China with close proximity to [[Southeast Asia]], Guangxi holds a strategic position in China's trade with the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/business/guangxi-to-strengthen-economic-cooperation-with-asean-and-singapore-businesses|title=Guangxi to strengthen economic cooperation with Asean and Singapore businesses|newspaper=The Straits Times|first=Sue-Ann|last=Tan|date=2019-05-17|access-date=2024-10-04}}</ref>
===Economic and technological development zones===
[[File:桂林东西巷 04.jpg|thumb|A commercial street in [[Guilin]]]]
* Beihai Silver Beach National Tourist Holiday Resort
* Beihai Export Processing Zone
Approved by the State Council, Beihai Export Processing Zone (BHEPZ) was established in March 2003. Total planned area is {{convert|1.454|km2}}. The first phase of the developed area is {{convert|1.135|km2}}. It was verified and accepted by the Customs General Administration and eight ministries of the state, on 26 December 2003. It is the Export Processing Zone nearest to ASEAN in China and also the only one bordering the sea in western China. It is situated next to Beihai Port.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/beihai-export-processing-zone/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Beihai Export Processing Zone |access-date=27 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612074610/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/beihai-export-processing-zone |archive-date=12 June 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Dongxing Border Economic Cooperation Area
* Guilin National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Guilin Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in May 1988. In 1991, it was approved as a national-level industrial zone. It has an area of {{convert|12.07|km2}}. Encouraged industries include electronic information, biomedical, new materials, and environmental protection.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/guilin-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/ |title=RightSite.asia ｜ Guilin National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone |access-date=28 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618091433/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/guilin-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone |archive-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Nanning Economic & Technological Development Area
Established in 1992, Nanning Economic and Technological Development Zone was approved to be a national-level zone in May 2001. Its total planned area of {{convert|10.796|km2}}. It is located in the south of Nanning. It has become the new developing zone with fine chemical engineering, auto parts, aluminum processing, biological medicine and other industries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/nanning-economic-technology-development-zone/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Nanning Economic & Technological Development Area |access-date=28 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612074004/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/nanning-economic-technology-development-zone |archive-date=12 June 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Nanning National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Nanning Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1988 and was approved as a national-level industrial zone in 1992. The zone has a planned area of {{convert|43.7|km2}}, and it encourages industries that do electronic information, bioengineering and pharmaceutical, mechanical and electrical integration, and the new materials industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/nanning-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Nanning Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone |access-date=28 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610175347/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/nanning-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone |archive-date=10 June 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Pingxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone
In 1992, Pinxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone was established. It has a total area of {{convert|7.2|km2}}. It focuses on the development of hardware mechanical and electrical products, daily-use chemical processing, services, and the international logistics-based storage and information industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/pinxiang-border-economic-cooperation-zone/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Pingxiang Border Economic Cooperation Zone |access-date=31 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611142306/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/pinxiang-border-economic-cooperation-zone |archive-date=11 June 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Yongning Economic Development Zone
=== Investment ===
Seventy-one Taiwanese ventures started up in Guangxi in 2007, with contracts bringing up to US$149 million of investment, while gross exports surpassed US$1 billion. There are a total of 1182 Taiwan ventures in Guangxi, and by the end of 2006, they have brought a total of US$4.27 billion of investment into the autonomous region. During the first half of 2007, 43 projects worthy of RMB2.6 billion (US$342 million) have already been contracted between Guangxi and Taiwan investors. Cooperation between Guangxi and Taiwan companies mainly relates to manufacturing, high-tech electronic industries, agriculture, energy resources, and tourism.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
=== Power ===
Guangxi Power Grid invested 180 million yuan in 2007 in projects to bring power to areas that still lacked access to [[electricity]]. The areas affected include [[Nanning]], [[Hechi]], [[Bose, Guangxi|Bose]] and [[Guigang]]. Around 125,000 people have gained access to electricity. The money has been used to build or alter 738 10-kilovolt distribution units with a total length of wire reaching 1,831.8 kilometers.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
Due to a lack of investment in construction in the [[power grid]] net in rural areas, more than 400 villages in Guangxi Province were not included in the projects. Around 500,000 cannot participate in the policy known as "The Same Grid, the Same Price". Guangxi Power Grid will invest 4.6 billion yuan in improving the power grid during the 11th Five Year Plan.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
Guangxi Power Grid invested 2.5 billion yuan in building an electric power system in the first half of 2007. Of the total investment, 2.3 billion yuan has been put into the project of the main power grid. So far, four new transformer substations in Guangxi are in various stages of completion. Wenfu substation went into operation in the city of Hechi in January 2007, and since then it has become a major hub of the electrical power system of the surrounding three counties. When the Cangwu substation was completed, it doubled the local transformer capacity. In June 2007, the new substation in Chongzuo passed its operation tests. And in the same month, Qiulong commenced production too. This shall support the power supply system of [[Qiulong]] City, as well as the northern part of the Guangxi region, and facilitate the nationwide project to transmit power from west to east.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
===Beibu Gulf Economic Zone===
{{see also|Beibu Gulf Economic Rim}}
In late February 2008, the central government approved China's first international and regional economic cooperation zone in Guangxi. The construction of the [[Beibu Gulf Economic Zone]] began in 2006. With the approval, the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone will be formally incorporated into national development strategies.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
The Beibu Gulf Economic Zone covers six coastal cities along the [[Beibu Gulf]]. It integrates the cities of [[Nanning]], the region's capital, [[Beihai]], [[Qinzhou]], [[Fangchenggang]], [[Chongzuo]] and [[Yulin, Guangxi|Yulin]]. The state will adopt policies and measures to support mechanism innovation, rational industry layout, and infrastructure construction in the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
Guangxi has pledged a 100 billion yuan (US$14 billion) investment over the next five years{{when|date=July 2014}} for building and repairing {{convert|2500|km|abbr=on}} railways to form a network hub in the area. Beibu Gulf Zone will serve as the [[logistics]] base, business base, processing and manufacturing base, and information exchange center for China-[[ASEAN]] cooperation. Beibu Gulf Zone promises broad prospects for further development and its growth potential is rapidly released. But the shortage of talent and professionals in [[petrochemicals]], [[iron]] and [[steel]], [[electricity]], [[finance]], [[tourism]], [[port planning]], logistics and [[marine (ocean)|marine]] industries are bottlenecks.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
The regional government is also working on speeding up key cooperation projects including [[Transport in the People's Republic of China|transportation]], the marine industry, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, energy development, cross-border tourism, and environmental protection. Beibu Gulf has already attracted several major projects such as Qinzhou [[oil refinery]] projects and [[Stora Enso]], a [[Fortune 500]] forest products company based in [[Finland]]. In January 2008 trade import and export in the Beibu Gulf zone exceeded US$1.3 billion, a record high.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
=== Bauxite reserves ===
In September 2007, China's [[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Commerce]] said that it has found 120 million tons of new [[bauxite]] reserves in Guangxi. The ministry said that the new reserves, which are located in [[Chongzhou]] in the southern region of [[Youjiang]], have very high-quality bauxite, a raw material for making [[aluminum]]. Currently, the proven reserves of bauxite in Guangxi are about 1 billion tons, making the province one of the country's biggest bauxite sources.
==Transport==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2014}}
===Rail===
[[File:DF7D Train 2304.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Guizhou–Guangxi Railway]] near the Layi Station in [[Nandan County]], [[Hechi]].]]
The [[Hunan–Guangxi Railway|Hunan–Guangxi Railway (Xianggui Line)]], which bisects the autonomous region diagonally from [[Quanzhou County|Quanzhou]] in the northeast on the border with [[Hunan]] to [[Pingxiang, Guangxi|Pingxiang]] in the southwest on the border with [[Vietnam]], passes through Guangxi's three principal cities, [[Nanning]], [[Liuzhou]] and [[Guilin]]. Most other railways in Guangxi are connected to the Xianggui Line.
From Nanning, the [[Nanning–Kunming Railway]] heads west through [[Baise]] to [[Kunming]], [[Yunnan]] and the Nanning–Fangchenggang Railway runs south to [[Qinzhou]], [[Fangchenggang]] and [[Beihai]] on the coast. From Liuzhou, the [[Guizhou–Guangxi Railway]] extends northwestward through [[Hechi]] to [[Guizhou]] and the [[Jiaozuo–Liuzhou Railway]] runs due north to [[Hunan]], and eventually [[Hubei]] and [[Henan]] in [[South Central China|central China]]. From [[Litang, Guangxi|Litang Township]] on the Xianggui Line between Nanning and Liuzhou, the [[Litang–Qinzhou Railway]] runs south to [[Qinzhou]] on the coast and the [[Litang–Zhanjiang Railway|Litang–Zhanjiang Railway (Lizhan Line)]] extends southeastward through [[Guigang]] and [[Yulin, Guangxi|Yulin]] to [[Zhanjiang]], [[Guangdong]].
The [[Luoyang–Zhanjiang Railway|Luoyang–Zhanjiang Railway (Luozhan Line)]], which intersects with the Xianggui Line on the Hunan side of the border at [[Yongzhou]], runs south through [[Hezhou]] and [[Wuzhou]] in eastern Guangxi and joins the Lizhan Line at Yulin. At [[Cenxi]], a branch of the Luozhan Line heads east to [[Maoming]], Guangdong, forming a second rail outlet from Guangxi to Guangdong.
===Roads===
{{empty section|date=July 2014}}
===Aviation===
Guangxi has 7 airports in different cities: Nanning, Guilin, Beihai, Liuzhou, Wuzhou, Baise, and Hechi.
== Culture ==
{{Main|Lingnan culture|Zhuang customs and culture}}
[[File:Pagodas en el lago Shanhu guilin.jpg|thumb|Pagodas in [[Guilin]].]]
"Guangxi" and neighbouring [[Guangdong]] literally mean "Western Expanse" and "Eastern Expanse". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called the "Two Expanses" ({{lang-zh|s=两广|t=兩廣|y= leung6 gwong1| links=no|p= [[Liǎngguǎng]]}}).
Its culture and language are reflected in this. Though now associated with the [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] ethnic minority, Guangxi's culture traditionally has had a close connection with Cantonese. Cantonese culture and language followed the Xi River valley from Guangdong and are still predominant in the eastern half of Guangxi today. Outside of this area, there is a huge variety of ethnicities and language groups represented.
Guangxi is known for its ethnolinguistic diversity. In the capital of [[Nanning]], for example, three varieties of Chinese are spoken locally: [[Southwestern Mandarin]], [[Yue Chinese|Yue]] (specifically [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]]), and [[Pinghua]], in addition to various [[Zhuang languages]] and others.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}
===Cuisine===
{{Main|Guangxi cuisine}}
Guangxi cuisine is known as {{lang-zh|s=桂菜|p= guìcài}} however it is not as affluent as its more known neighbours like [[Sichuan cuisine|Sichuan]], [[Hunan cuisine|Hunan]] or [[Cantonese cuisine|Guangdong]]. Much of Guangxi's local cuisine is centered around the cuisine of its ethnic minorities. This includes the more well known [[Luosifen|Luosifen soup]], {{lang-zh|s=桂林米粉|p= guìlín mǐfěn}} and a variety of pickled dishes.
===Languages===
Guangxi is highly linguistically diverse. Aside from [[Chinese languages]] such as [[Guiliu Mandarin]] [<small>[[:zh:桂柳片|zh]]</small>] and [[Yue Chinese]], Guangxi is also home to significant [[Zhuang language|Zhuang]], [[Kam language|Kam]], [[Mulam language|Mulam]], [[Maonan language|Maonan]], [[Hmong language|Hmong]], [[Mien language|Mien]], [[Bunu language|Bunu]], [[Lajia language|Lajia]], [[Sui language|Sui]], [[Gelao language|Gelao]], [[Nuosu language|Nuosu]], and [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (Kinh) speaking populations.{{sfnp|Li|2012|page=166}}
====Chinese languages====
Significant populations of almost all top-level [[Chinese language]] families can be found in Guangxi.{{sfnp|Li|2012|page=166-176}}
{{sigfig|11.61|3}} million [[Yue Chinese]] speakers live in Guangxi, with the majority of them speaking either [[Goulou Yue|Goulou]] (6.8 million) or [[Yong-Xun Yue|Yongxun]] ({{sigfig|4.69|2}} million) varieties. Smaller populations of [[Cantonese|Guangfu]] (720 thousand) and [[Qin-Lian Yue|Qinlian]] (3.9 million) speakers can also be found, primarily distributed along the [[Pearl River]] and the southern coast of the province respectively.
Of the 5.4 million [[Mandarin Chinese|dialectal Mandarin]] speakers who call Guangxi home, {{sigfig|5.15|2}} million speak [[Guiliu Mandarin]], a subgroup of [[Southwestern Mandarin]]. Smaller populations speak varieties closely related to that of southern [[Guizhou]] (265 thousand) and [[Yunnan]] (123 thousand). These speakers of dialectal Mandarin are primarily distributed in the north and west of the province, in prefectures such as [[Guilin]] and [[Liuzhou]].
Populations of what is typically called [[Pinghua]] can also be found. {{sigfig|1.76|2}} million speak [[Northern Pinghua]], and {{sigfig|2.37|2}} million speak [[Southern Pinghua]]; the latter of which is more closely related to Yue. There are also around {{sigfig|1.31|2}} million [[Xiang Chinese]] speakers, primarily found in and around [[Quanzhou, Guangxi|Quanzhou]] county, and 140 thousand [[Min Chinese]] speakers.
Almost all counties in Guangxi have multiple varieties of Chinese natively spoken.{{sfnp|Li|2012|page=B2-2}}
== Tourism ==
[[File:Cormorant Fisherman on the Li River.jpg|thumb|[[Cormorant fishing|Cormorant fisherman]] on the [[Li River]] in [[Yangshuo County]]]]
The major tourist attraction of Guangxi is [[Guilin]], a city famed across China and the world for its spectacular setting by the [[Li River (Guangxi)|Li Jiang]] (Li River) among [[karst]] peaks. It also used to be the capital of Guangxi and [[Jingjiang Princes' City]], the old princes' residence, is open to the public. South of Guilin down the river is the town of [[Yangshuo]], which has become a favourite destination for foreign tourists.
The variety of visible cultures in Guangxi, such as the [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] and [[Dong people|Dong]], are also a draw for tourists. The northern part of the region, bordering [[Guizhou]], is home to the [[Longsheng Rice Terrace]]s, some of the steepest in the world. Nearby is [[Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County]].
Many Chinese tourists visiting Nanning also visit [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls]] on the China-Vietnam border.
==Education==
{{See also|List of universities and colleges in Guangxi}}
*[[Guilin University of Technology]]
*[[Guangxi Arts University]]
*[[Guangxi University]]
*[[Guangxi Medical University]]
*[[Guangxi Normal University]]
*[[Guilin University of Electronic Technology]]
*[[Guangxi University for Nationalities]]
*[[Guangxi Chinese Medical University]]
*[[Hengxian Middle School]]
==Sister regions==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2011}}
*{{flagdeco|JPN}} – [[Kumamoto Prefecture]] (1982)
*{{flagdeco|AUT}} – [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthia]] (1987)
*{{flagdeco|BRA}} – [[Rio Grande do Norte]] (1995)
*{{flagdeco|UK}} – [[Newport, Wales|Newport]] (formerly) (1996–2019)
*{{flagdeco|RUS}} – [[Voronezh Oblast]] (1997)
*{{flagdeco|US}} – [[Montana]] (1999)<ref>{{Cite web|title=An IR View: Clear goals essential to sister city relationship|url=https://helenair.com/opinion/editorial/an-ir-view-clear-goals-essential-to-sister-city-relationship/article_1b81ba01-cd84-5129-ad8f-f88d10b06bcd.html|access-date=9 October 2020|website=Helena Independent Record|date=14 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|FRA}} – [[Poitou-Charentes]] (2002)
*{{flagdeco|THA}} – [[Surat Thani Province]] (2004)
*{{flagdeco|PHL}} – [[Iloilo]] (2010)
*{{flagdeco|POL}} – [[Podkarpackie]] (2015)
*{{flagdeco|MAS}} – [[Perlis]] (2023)
== See also ==
* [[Major national historical and cultural sites (Guangxi)|Major national historical and cultural sites in Guangxi]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in China]]
* [[Chinese landing helicopter dock Guangxi|Chinese landing helicopter dock ''Guangxi'']]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|1|group="note"}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
*[http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/guangxi.htm Economic profile for Guangxi] at [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council|HKTDC]]
* {{citation|last=Li|first=Rong|title={{lang|zh|中國語言地圖集}}|author-link=Li Rong (linguist)|trans-title=Language Atlas of China|edition=2|publisher=The Commercial Press|language=zh|year=2012|isbn=978-7-100-07054-6|postscript=.}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{EB1911 poster|Kwang-Si}}
* [http://www.gxzf.gov.cn/ Guangxi Government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325010101/http://www.gxzf.gov.cn/ |date=25 March 2007 }}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
{{Clear}}
{{Geographic ___location
|Centre = Guangxi
|North =
|Northeast = [[Hunan]]
|East = [[Guangdong]]
|Southeast =
|South = ''[[Gulf of Tonkin]]''
|Southwest = [[Hà Giang Province|Hà Giang]], [[Cao Bằng Province|Cao Bằng]], [[Lạng Sơn Province|Lạng Sơn]], and [[Quảng Ninh Province]]s, {{flag|Vietnam}}
|West = [[Yunnan]]
|Northwest = [[Guizhou]]
}}
{{Guangxi topics}}
{{Guangxi}}
{{Zhuang autonomy in the People's Republic of China}}
{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|23.6|N|108.3|E|type:adm1st_region:CN-45|display=title}}
[[Category:Guangxi| ]]
[[Category:South China|.]]
[[Category:Autonomous regions of China]]
[[Category:Zhuang autonomous areas]]
[[Category:Gulf of Tonkin]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1958]]
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