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{{Short description|none}}
<!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Hong Kong English|date=July 2017}}
{{Economy of Hong Kong}}
[[File:Hong Kong Transportation.JPG|thumb|200px|Hong Kong public buses]]
Hong Kong has a [[Developed country|highly developed]] transport network, encompassing both [[public transport|public]] and private transport. According to the [[Government of Hong Kong|Hong Kong Government's]] Travel Characteristics Survey, over 90% of daily journeys are on public transport, the highest rate in the world.<ref>Lam, William H.K. [2003] (2003). Advanced Modeling for Transit Operations and Service Planning. Elsevier publishing. {{ISBN|0-08-044206-4}}</ref> However, in 2014, the Transport Advisory Committee issued a report on the worsening congestion problem in Hong Kong and pointed at the excessive growth of private cars over the past 10–15 years.<ref name="2014 traffic congestion report">{{Cite report |url=http://www.thb.gov.hk/eng/boards/transport/land/Full_Eng_C_cover.pdf |title=Report on Study of Road Traffic Congestion in Hong Kong |last=Transport Advisory Committee |date=2014}}</ref>
The [[Octopus card]], a smart [[electronic money]] payment system, was introduced in September 1997 to provide an alternative to traditional [[banknote]]s and [[coin]]s. Available for purchase and renewal in every stop of the [[MTR|Mass Transit Railway]] (MTR) system and at a select few ferry customer service centers,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MTR > About Octopus |url=https://www.mtr.com.hk/en/customer/tickets/about_octopus.html |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=www.mtr.com.hk |language=en}}</ref> the Octopus card is a non-touch payment system which allows payment not only for public transport (such as trains, buses, trams, ferries and minibuses), but also at [[parking meter]]s, convenience stores, supermarkets, select restaurants and most vending machines.
==Public transport statistics==
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hong Kong, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 73 min. 21% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min, while 19% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average during their commutes every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 11.2 km, while 31% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hong Kong Public Transportation Statistics|publisher= Global Public Transit Index by Moovit |url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_China_Hong_Kong-2741 |access-date=19 June 2017}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>
==Rail transport==
{{Main|Rail transport in Hong Kong}}
[[File:Rush hour, Hong Kong MTR.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Inside an [[MTR]] [[Tsuen Wan line]] train compartment during peak hours]]
[[File:D016-D018 MTR East Rail Line 02-08-2022.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A train at [[University station (MTR)|University station]] of the [[MTR]] [[East Rail line]]. This train, the [[MTR Hyundai Rotem EMU|Hyundai Rotem EMU]], replaced all prior rolling stock on the East Rail line]]
Hong Kong has an extensive railway network, and the Hong Kong Government has long established that the public transit system has the "railway as its backbone". Public transport trains are operated by the [[MTR Corporation]]. The MTR operates the [[rapid transit|metro]] network within inner urban Hong Kong, [[Kowloon Peninsula]] and the northern part of [[Hong Kong Island]] with newly developed areas, [[Tsuen Wan]], [[Tseung Kwan O]], [[Tung Chung]], [[Hong Kong Disneyland]], the [[Hong Kong International Airport]], the northeastern and northwestern parts of the [[New Territories]]. The [[Hong Kong Tramways]] operates a tram service exclusively on northern [[Hong Kong Island]]. The [[Peak Tram]] connects [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]], Hong Kong's central business district, with [[Victoria Peak]].
===Mass Transit Railway===
{{Main|MTR}}
Opened in 1979, the system now includes 240.6 km (149.5 mi) of rail with 167 stations, including 98 railway [[List of MTR stations|stations]] and 68 [[Light Rail (MTR)|light rail]] stops. The railway lines include the [[East Rail line|East Rail]], [[Kwun Tong line|Kwun Tong]], [[Tsuen Wan line|Tsuen Wan]], [[Island line (MTR)|Island]], [[Tung Chung line|Tung Chung]], [[Tseung Kwan O line|Tseung Kwan O]], [[Tuen Ma line|Tuen Ma]], [[South Island line|South Island]], the [[Airport Express (MTR)|Airport Express]] and the [[Disneyland Resort line|Disneyland Resort]] lines. Eight of the lines provide general metro services, whereas the Airport Express provides a direct link from the [[Hong Kong International Airport]] into the city center, and the Disneyland Resort Line exclusively takes passengers to and from [[Hong Kong Disneyland]].
The [[Light Rail (MTR)|Light Rail]] possesses many characteristics of a tramway, including running on streets with other traffic (at grade) on most of its tracks and providing services for the public in the northwestern [[New Territories]], including [[Tuen Mun]] and [[Yuen Long]].
All trains and underground MTR stations are air-conditioned.
===Tramways===
[[File:HK Central-Tram Nos. 15, 13, 40 and 48.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Trams next to the HSBC Building in Central]]
{{Main|Hong Kong Tramways}}
The Hong Kong Tramways is the tram system run exclusively with [[double decker tram|double decker]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=12th|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=1-74059-843-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/hongkongmacau00fall/page/302 302]|last=Fallon|first=Stephen|title=Hong Kong & Macau|chapter=Tram|date=January 2006|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/hongkongmacau00fall/page/302}}</ref> The electric tram system was proposed in 1881;<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=1-84014-171-9|page=110|last=Dimitriou|first=Harry T.|author2=Alison H. S. Cook|title=Land-Use/Transport Planning in Hong Kong: The End of an Era: A Review of Principles and Practices|year=1998}}</ref> however nobody was willing to invest in a system at the time. In August 1901, the Second Tramway Bill was introduced and passed into law as the 1902 Tramway Ordinance. Hong Kong Tramway Electric Company Limited, a British company, was authorised to take the responsibilities in construction and daily operation. In 1904, the tram system first got into service. It was soon taken over by another company, Electric Tranction Company of Hong Kong Limited and then the name was changed to Hong Kong Tramways Company Limited in 1910.
The rail system is {{convert|13|km|mi}} long,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bondada|first=Murthy V. A.|title=Urban Public Transportation Systems: Implementing Efficient Urban Transit Systems and Enhancing Transit Usage: Proceedings of the First International Conference: March 21–25, 1999, Miami, Florida, USA|year=2000|publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers|isbn=0-7844-0498-4|page=240}}
</ref> with a total track length of {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}},<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cheng|first=Joseph Y. S.|author2=Yushuo Zheng, Hungyi Chen|title=Hong Kong in Transition|year=1986|publisher=Oxford University Press|___location=Hong Kong|isbn=0-19-584061-5|page=379}}</ref> and it runs together with other vehicles on the street. Its operation relies on the 550V [[direct current]] (d.c.) from the [[overhead cable]]s, on 3'6" gauge (1067 mm) [[rail gauge|tracks]]. The trams provide service to only parts of [[Hong Kong Island]]: they run on a double track along the northern coast of [[Hong Kong Island]] from [[Kennedy Town]] to [[Shau Kei Wan]], with a single [[Clockwise and counterclockwise|clockwise]]-running track of about {{convert|3|km|mi}} around [[Happy Valley, Hong Kong|Happy Valley]] Racecourse.
===Funicular railways===
[[File:Peak Tram(Green light) 10-09-2022(2).jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[Peak Tram]] ]]
There are two [[funicular|funicular railway]] services in Hong Kong:
* The [[Peak Tram]] carries both tourists and residents to the upper levels of Hong Kong Island. It provides the most direct route to [[Victoria Peak]] and offers scenic views over [[Victoria Harbour]] and the skyscrapers of Hong Kong. It was inaugurated in 1888.
* The [[Ocean Express (funicular)|Ocean Express]] operates within the paid area of the [[Ocean Park Hong Kong|Ocean Park]] theme park. It links two parts of the park, operating entirely in a tunnel. The ride is themed, and uses multimedia effects to simulate the feeling of travelling into the depths of the sea. It was opened in 2009.
=== Airport people-mover system ===
[[File:Image-Hkaiport subway02.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The platform of the [[Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover]]]]
{{Main|Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover}}
The [[Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover]] is a driverless [[List of airport people mover systems|people-mover system]] located within the [[Hong Kong International Airport]] in [[Chek Lap Kok]]. It operates in two "segments". For departures, the train runs from Terminal 2 to the East Hall to the West Hall. For arrivals, the train runs only from the West Hall to the East Hall, where all passengers must disembark for immigration, customs, and baggage claim. Operation of the first segment commenced in 1998, and the operation of the second segment commenced in early-2007. The HKIA APM is being extended to the future Terminal 2 Concourse, which is being constructed and will be finished by 2024.
There is another system between the terminals. There is also a [[travellator]] which can be used.
=== Cross-border trains ===
[[Inter-city rail|Inter-city]] train services crossing the Hong Kong-China boundary are known as Intercity Through Trains. They are jointly operated by Hong Kong's [[MTR Corporation]] and [[China Railway High-speed]]. [[Hung Hom station]] (formerly called ''Kowloon station'') and [[Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station|West Kowloon Terminus]] are the stations in Hong Kong where passengers can catch these trains. Passengers have to go through immigration and customs before boarding. There are currently four through train routes:
* Between Hong Kong and Beijing ([[Beijing–Kowloon through train]])
* Between Hong Kong and Shanghai ([[Shanghai–Kowloon through train]])
* Between Hong Kong and [[Guangzhou]] ([[Guangzhou–Kowloon through train]])
* Between Hong Kong and Guangzhou ([[Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link]]) (XRL)
* In [[Hong Kong West Kowloon station|Hong Kong West Kowloon Station]] , there is the Mainland Port Area
In 2024, Hung Hom cross-border trains are halted.
==
===Buses===
[[File:DennistridentturboWG8584,60X.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A [[Low-floor bus|low-floor]] [[double-decker bus]] with wheelchair accessibility]]
{{Main|Bus services in Hong Kong}}
Bus services have [[History of bus transport in Hong Kong|a long history]] in Hong Kong. As of 2023, four companies operate franchised public [[bus]] services, each granted ten-year exclusive operating rights to the set of routes that they operate.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=New Franchises For Two Franchised Bus Companies |date=June 24, 2014 |publisher=Transport Department |url=https://www.td.gov.hk/en/publications_and_press_releases/press_releases/transport_department/index_t_id_2251.html}}</ref> Franchise buses altogether carry about one-third of the total daily public transport market of around 12,000,000 passengers, with [[Kowloon Motor Bus|KMB]] having 67% of the franchised bus market share and [[Citybus (Hong Kong)|CityBus]] with 29%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics |url=http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/sp140.jsp?productCode=B1010002 |website=Census and Statistics Department}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=December 2020}} There are also a variety of non-franchised public buses services, including feeder bus services to railway stations operated by the railway companies, and residents' services for residential estates (particularly those in the New Territories).
The four franchised bus companies are:
* [[Kowloon Motor Bus|Kowloon Motor Bus Company (1933) Limited]];
* [[Citybus (Hong Kong)|Citybus Limited]];
* [[Long Win Bus|Long Win Bus Company Limited]]; and
* [[New Lantao Bus|New Lantao Bus Company (1973) Limited]].
Founded in 1933, the Kowloon Motor Bus Company (1933) Limited (KMB) is one of the largest privately
===Public light buses===
[[File:080003_ToyotacoasterNA220,NT407A.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Green minibus]]
[[File:060001_ToyotacoasterVC3522,CSWtoBelvedereGardenroute.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Red minibus]]
{{Main|Public light bus}}
Public light buses (小巴) (widely referred to as [[minibus]]es, or sometimes ''maxicabs'', a ''de facto'' [[share taxi]]) run the length and breadth of Hong Kong, through areas which the standard bus lines can not or do not reach as frequently, quickly or directly. Minibuses carry a maximum of 16 (19 for some routes since 2017) passengers; standing is not permitted.
The [[Transport Department (Hong Kong)|Hong Kong Transport Department]] (HKTD) allows and licenses the operation of two types of public light buses:
# green minibuses that have route numbers, stop at designated stops (many routes have [[hail and ride]] sections along which passengers can board and exit anywhere unless it is a [[clearway|no-stopping zone]]) and which have their fares, service and frequency regulated by the HKTD; and
# red minibuses that may or may not have regular routes, may or may not be numbered, may or may not have fixed stops and whose fares and service levels are not regulated by HKTD.<ref name="hktdplbp">{{Citation |last=Environment, Transport and Works Bureau |title=Public Light Bus Policy |date=2003 |url=http://www.td.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_275/plbpolicy.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104192728/http://www.td.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_275/plbpolicy.doc |access-date=11 December 2006 |archive-date=4 January 2007}}</ref>
Red minibuses often provide more convenient transport for passengers not served by green minibuses or other public buses, and are thus quite popular. Where green minibus drivers are paid fixed wages to drive their routes, red minibus drivers often rely on their fares for a living and thus are often seen to be more aggressive drivers. The prevalence of aggressive driving has resulted in the Transport Department making it mandatory for Hong Kong minibuses to be equipped with large read-out speedometers which allow passengers to track the speed at which minibus drivers operate. Currently, if minibuses exceed 80 km/h, the speedometer will sound an audible warning signal to the driver and passengers. If the minibus exceeds 100 km/h, the beeping will turn into a sustained tone.
The Transport Department has also regulated, after a series of minibus accidents, that all new minibuses brought into service after August 2005 must have seat belts installed, and passengers must use seat belts when they are provided.
===Taxis===
[[File:HK Toyota Comfort Red Taxi.jpg|thumb|200px|Red taxis serve urban areas]]
{{Main|Taxicabs of Hong Kong}}
{{As of|2016|March}}, there were 18,138 taxis in Hong Kong, operating in three distinct (but slightly overlapping) geographical areas, and distinguished by their colour. Of these, 15,250 are red urban taxis, 2,838 green [[New Territories]] taxis, and 50 blue [[Lantau Island|Lantau]] taxis.<ref>{{Citation| title = Hong Kong: The Facts – Transport|access-date =30 March 2018|date = May 2016|url =http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/transport.pdf}}</ref> Every day, they serve 1,100,000, 207,900, and 1,400 passengers respectively. Taxis carry an average of 1,000,000 passengers each day, occupying about 12% of the daily patronage carried by all modes of public transport in Hong Kong.
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Hong Kong Taxis
!
!Colour
!District
|-
|Urban taxis
|Red
|Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, Sha Tin, Kwai Chung
|-
|New Territories taxis
|Dark Green
|Tai Po, Fanling, Sheung Shui, Yuen Long, Tuen Mun
|-
|Lantau taxis
|Light Blue
|Tung Chung, Mui Wo, Tai O, Ngong Ping, Disneyland
|}
Most of the taxis in Hong Kong run on [[autogas|LPG]] (liquified petroleum gas) to reduce emissions. In August 2000, a one-off grant was paid in cash to taxi owners who replaced their diesel taxi with an LPG one. Since August 2001, all newly purchased taxis run on LPG. By the end of 2003, over 99.8% of the taxi fleet in Hong Kong ran on LPG.<ref>{{Cite book
| publisher=Chinese University Press
| isbn = 978-962-996-357-6
| last = Yeung
| first = Yue-man
| title = The First Decade: The Hong Kong SAR in Retrospective and Introspective Perspectives
| year = 2008
| page = 340
}}</ref>
Taxi fares are charged according to the taximeter; however, additional charges on the fare table may apply, such as road tolls and luggage fees. Urban taxis are the most expensive, while Lantau taxis are the cheapest. The standard of service among different kinds of taxis is mostly the same. The reason for having three types of taxis is to ensure service availability in less populated regions, as running in the urban centre is considered to be more profitable.
=== Private cars ===
As of May 2015, the Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong reports that there are 504,798 licensed vehicles in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Census and Statistics Department |url=http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B10100022015MM06B0100.pdf |title=香港統計月刊/Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics |date=June 2015 |pages=219–248 <!-- directly mentioned on p. 231 --> |language=zh, en |chapter=Transport, Communications and Tourism |access-date=October 30, 2022 }}</ref> In terms of private car ownership, the number of cars per capita is half that of [[Singapore]] and one-third that of [[Taiwan]]. However, the Transport Advisory Committee, which advises the government on transport policies, issued a report stating that the growth of private cars is too fast and must be contained so as to alleviate congestion problems of Hong Kong.<ref name="2014 traffic congestion report" /> Private cars are most popular in newly developed areas such as [[New Territories]] and [[Lantau]] and areas near the border with mainland China, as there are fewer public transportation options, and more parking spaces compared to other areas of Hong Kong.
Most cars are [[right-hand drive]] models, from Japanese or European manufacturers. Almost all private vehicles in Hong Kong have dual airbags and are tested by JNCAP. Vehicles must also be maintained to a high standard, contrary to mainland China regulations. Hong Kong does not allow left-hand drive vehicles to be primarily registered in Hong Kong. However, Hong Kong registered vehicles may apply for secondary [[mainland China|mainland Chinese]] registration plates, and these can be driven across the border to mainland China; likewise, left-hand drive cars seen in Hong Kong are usually primarily registered in mainland China and carry supplementary Hong Kong registration plates.
Cars are subjected to a first-time registration tax, which varies from 35% to over 100%, based on the size and value of the car. The level of vehicle taxation was increased by a law passed on 2 June 1982 to discourage private car ownership,<ref>[http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/16_01.03/63037.pdf Legco doubts on car curbs], South China Morning Post, 3 June 1982</ref> and also as an incentive to buy smaller, more efficient cars, as these have less tax levied on them. First-time registration tax was doubled, annual licensing fees were increased by 300%, and $0.70 duty fee was imposed on each litre of light oils.<ref>[[Michael Chugani]], [http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/16_01.01/62742.pdf Legco doubts on car curbs], South China Morning Post, 20 May 1982</ref>
In addition to the heavy traffic at times, parking may be problematic. Due to high [[urban density]], there are not many [[filling station]]s; petrol in Hong Kong averages around US$2.04 per litre, of which over half the cost is taxes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Caltex Singapore – Why do prices rise and fall?|work=Caltex|access-date=20 July 2009|url=http://www.caltex.com/pumpprices/whydoPricesRiseAndFall.asp}}</ref> It was suggested in the news that the government had deliberately impeded the use of new environmentally friendly diesel engines by allowing only light goods vehicles to be fuelled by diesel. While it cannot be determined why exactly the government does not allow private cars to be fuelled by diesel, it has been pointed out that the government does receive a tax that is 150% of the actual fuel cost. This is mostly to discourage car ownership for environmental reasons.<ref>Mottershead, Terri. [2004] (2004). Sustainable Development in Hong Kong. HK University. {{ISBN|962-209-491-0}}</ref>
There is a waiting list for local driving tests, while a full (private car) driving licence valid for ten years costs around US$115. Residents of Hong Kong holding licences issued by other Chinese authorities and some foreign countries can get a Hong Kong driving licence exempt from tests if they can adequately show that they obtained their licence while residing in the place concerned (common proofs are school transcripts or employer's documentation). Some private car owners, known as [[White card (taxi)|white card]] drivers, provide a taxi service for a nominal fee.
===Bicycles===
[[File:Kam Sheung Road Outside View1 201107.jpg|thumb|Bicycle parking at [[Kam Sheung Road station]]]]
{{main|Cycling in Hong Kong}}
Cycling is a popular means of transport in many parts of the [[New Territories]], where new towns such as [[Sha Tin]], [[Tai Po]] and [[Sheung Shui]] have significant [[Cycling in Hong Kong|cycle track networks]]. In the auto congested urban areas of [[Hong Kong Island|Hong Kong]] and [[Kowloon]], cycling is less common, despite the relatively flat topography of populated areas, in part because it is government policy<ref name="test">{{Cite web|url=https://hkcyclingalliance.org/about-us/what-do-we-do|title=What do we do..? | Hong Kong Cycling Alliance 香港單車同盟|website=hkcyclingalliance.org}}</ref> not to support cycling as part of the transportation system. In 2011, the [[MTR Corporation]] announced that bicycles were permitted to be taken on all [[MTR]] rail lines.<ref name="trains">{{Cite web|url=https://hkcyclingalliance.org/getting-around-hk/trains|title=Trains 鐵路 | Hong Kong Cycling Alliance 香港單車同盟|website=hkcyclingalliance.org}}</ref>
===Motorcycles===
Motorcycles by the private users in Hong Kong urban districts are not as popular as in South East Asian countries like [[Vietnam]]. They are mostly used for commercial and business purposes.
===Cross-border buses===
A large number of buses leave various parts of Hong Kong (usually from side streets and hotel entrances) to various cities in the Pearl River Delta, Shenzhen and [[Guangzhou]].
'''Miniature Golf Carts'''
On some of the outlying islands, such as Lamma Island, residents rely on miniature golf carts for transportation. These compact electric vehicles serve as an efficient mode of transport for short distances and are a unique sight on the island's narrow pathways.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bloomberg |date=2018-04-17 |title=Golf carts a must-have for wealthy Hong Kong homeowners |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/golf-carts-a-must-have-for-wealthy-hong-kong-homeowners-1.722427 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>
==Maritime transport==
===Ferries===
====Internal routes====
[[File:Starferryrat.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A [[Star Ferry]] carries passengers across [[Victoria Harbour]]. This particular one is painted with an advertisement that promotes Hong Kong as [[Brand Hong Kong|Asia's World City]].]]
[[File:Tsim Sha Tsui Ferry Pier.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Star Ferry Pier, Tsim Sha Tsui|Tsim Sha Tsui Pier]], a pier for [[Star Ferry]] services]]
[[File:Central Pier Hong Kong.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Star Ferry Pier, Central|Star Ferry Pier]] in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]]]]
Most ferry services are provided by licensed ferry operators. {{As of|2003|alt=As of September 2003}}, there were 27 regular licensed passenger ferry services operated by 11 licensees, serving [[Islands of Hong Kong|outlying islands]], new towns and inner-[[Victoria Harbour]]. Two of the routes operated by the [[Star Ferry]] are franchised. Additionally, 78 "[[kai-to]]" ferries are licensed to serve remote coastal settlements.
The following companies operate ferry services in Hong Kong:
'''[[Star Ferry]]''':
* [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] to [[Tsim Sha Tsui]]
* [[Wan Chai]] to [[Tsim Sha Tsui]]
* Harbour Tour (Circular between [[Tsim Sha Tsui]], [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]], [[Wan Chai]], and [[Hung Hom]])
'''[[Sun Ferry]]''':
* [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] to [[Cheung Chau]]
* [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] to [[Mui Wo]]
* [[Peng Chau]], [[Mui Wo]], [[Chi Ma Wan]], and [[Cheung Chau]]
* [[North Point]] to [[Hung Hom]]
* [[North Point]] to [[Kowloon City]]
'''[[Hong Kong & Kowloon Ferry]]''':
* [[Lamma Island]] to [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]]
* [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] to [[Peng Chau]]
* [[Peng Chau]] to [[Hei Ling Chau]]
'''[[Chuen Kee Ferry]]''':
* [[Lamma Island]] (Sok Kwu Wan and Mo Tat) to [[Aberdeen, Hong Kong|Aberdeen]]
'''[[HKR International Limited]]''':
* [[Discovery Bay Transportation Services]] – [[Discovery Bay]] to [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]]
'''[[Park Island Transport Company Ltd.]]''':
* [[Ma Wan]] to [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]]
* [[Ma Wan]] to [[Tsuen Wan]]
Discovery Bay Transport Services Ltd.
[[Discovery Bay]] to Central
'''Fortune Ferry''' (富裕小輪)
* [[North Point]] to [[Kwun Tong]]
* [[Tuen Mun]] to [[Tai O]] (via Tung Chung, Sha Lo Wan)
* [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] to [[Hung Hom]]
'''Coral Sea Ferry''' (珊瑚海船務)
* [[Sai Wan Ho]] to [[Kwun Tong]]
* [[Sai Wan Ho]] to [[Lei Yue Mun]] (Sam Ka Tsuen)
'''[[Tsui Wah Ferry]]''':
* [[Aberdeen, Hong Kong|Aberdeen]] via Pak Kok Tsuen to [[Lamma Island]] ([[Yung Shue Wan]])
* [[Aberdeen, Hong Kong|Aberdeen]] via [[Stanley, Hong Kong|Stanley]] ([[Blake Pier at Stanley|Blake Pier]]) to [[Po Toi Island]]
* [[Ma Liu Shui]] via Sham Chung and Lai Chi Chong to [[Tap Mun]]
* [[Ma Liu Shui]] to [[Tung Ping Chau]]
* [[Wong Shek Pier]] via [[Ko Lau Wan]] to [[Tap Mun]]
* [[Wong Shek Pier]] via [[Wan Tsai]] (Nam Fung Wan) to [[Chek Keng]]
====External routes====
[[File:Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Pier.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal]] in [[Sheung Wan]]]]
In Hong Kong, there are three piers that provides ferry services to [[Macau]] and cities in [[northern and southern China|southern China]]:
* The [[Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal]]
* The [[Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal]]
* The [[Skypier]] (For Transitting Only)
Ferry services are provided by several different ferry companies at these piers.
Fastferry [[hydrofoil]] and [[catamaran]] service is available at all times of the week between Hong Kong and [[Macau]].
[[TurboJet (company)|TurboJet]] provides 24-hour services connecting Central and Macau at a frequency of up to every 15 to 30 minutes. It also provides these regular services:
* [[Hong Kong International Airport]] to [[Baoan International Airport|Shenzhen Airport]] / [[Macau]] / [[Guangzhou]] (Nansha Ferry Port)
* Tsim Sha Tsui to Guangzhou
* Macau to Shenzhen Airport / Guangzhou
* Tsim Sha Tsui to Macau
[[Cotai Water Jet]] provides about 18-hour services connecting Central and Taipa or Outer Harbour, Macau at a frequency of up to every 30 to 60 minutes. It also provides these regular services:
* [[Hong Kong International Airport]] to [[Macau]]
* Tsim Sha Tsui to Macau
[[Chu Kong Passenger Transport]] (CKS) connects Hong Kong to cities in [[Guangdong]] province, including [[Zhuhai]] ([[Jiuzhou Port|Jiuzhou]]), [[Shenzhen]] ([[Shekou Industrial Zone|Shekou]]), [[Zhongshan]] ([[Zhongshan Kong]]), [[Lianhua Shan]] ([[Panyu]]), [[Jiangmen]], [[Gongyi (Guangdong)|Gongyi]], [[Sanbu, Guangdong|Sanbu]], [[Gaoming]], [[Heshan, Guangdong|Heshan]], [[Humen Town|Humen]], [[Nanhai District|Nanhai]], [[Shunde]], [[Doumen District|Doumen]].
==Air transport==
=== Aeroplanes ===
[[File:A bird's eye view of Hong Kong International Airport.JPG|thumb|Aerial view of the airport island in 2010]]
[[File:Boeing 747-467, Cathay Pacific Airways JP10362.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of Kai Tak Airport on July 7, 1998, the morning after its closure.]]
[[Hong Kong International Airport]] (HKG) is the primary airport for the territory and has been at Chep Lap Kok since 1998. Over 100 airlines operate flights to international and mainland China destinations from the airport; it is the main hub of [[flag carrier]] [[Cathay Pacific]] as well as [[Air Hong Kong]], [[HK Express|Hong Kong Express]], and [[Hong Kong Airlines]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hongkongairport.com/eng/business/about-the-airport/welcome.html |title=Welcome to Hong Kong International Airport |publisher=Airport Authority Hong Kong |access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref> HKG is an important regional [[transhipment]] centre, passenger hub, and gateway for destinations in mainland China and the rest of Asia. It also handles [[List of busiest airports by cargo traffic|the most air cargo traffic in the world]].<ref>{{cite report |title=Airport Traffic Report |publisher=[[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] |date=14 April 2017 |url=http://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf-traffic/ATR2016.pdf |ref={{harvid|NY/NJ Port Authority Airport Traffic|2017}} |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525172312/http://www.panynj.gov/airports/pdf-traffic/ATR2016.pdf |url-status=dead |page=58}}</ref> With over 70 million passengers annually, it is the [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|eighth busiest airport worldwide by passenger traffic]].<ref>{{harvnb|NY/NJ Port Authority Airport Traffic|2017|p=32}}.</ref> HKG is constructed on an artificial island north of Lantau Island and was built to replace the overcrowded [[Kai Tak Airport]] in [[Kowloon Bay]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Landler |first=Mark |date=6 July 1998 |title=A 6-Hour Move, and Landing in Hong Kong Loses a Thrill |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/06/world/a-6-hour-move-and-landing-in-hong-kong-loses-a-thrill.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |___location=New York |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> A third runway was constructed as part of the Three-Runway-System. The massive upgrades to the Terminal 2, and the construction of a new Terminal 2 Concourse, High-Speed Baggage Systems, the upgrades to the Centre Runway, and the extension of the APM, will be completed in 2024.
Ferry services link Hong Kong and [[Macau International Airport]]; there is an express service at the [[Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal]] in which passengers can check in to flights at Macau Airport. Macau Airport has an "Express Link" service operating from the Hong Kong-Macau terminal, [[Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal|China Ferry Terminal]], and [[Tuen Mun Ferry Terminal]] in which transiting passengers to Macau Airport are not processed through Macau customs.<ref>"[http://www.macau-airport.com/en/transportation/express-link-service Express Link Service]." [[Macau International Airport]]. Retrieved 9 May 2018. "The Express Link Check-In Counter at Hong Kong Shun Tak Ferry Terminal" and "Service is available at the following ferry terminals: •HK Macau Ferry Terminal (G02 Shun Tak Centre) •China Ferry Terminal, Kowloon •Tuen Mun Ferry Terminal (TurboJET Service Counter, G/F)"</ref> In addition there is a bus service between Hong Kong and [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport]] in [[Shenzhen]],<ref>"[http://eng.szairport.com/szairportyw/dbyw/jcjt_lwga.shtml HK and Macau Traffic > Bus ]." [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport]]. Retrieved 9 May 2018.</ref> and people going to Shenzhen Airport may also board a ferry that goes to [[Fuyong Ferry Terminal]] at Shenzhen Airport.<ref>"[http://eng.szairport.com/szairportyw/kcyw/jcjt_lwga.shtml Passenger Ship]." [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport]]. Retrieved 9 May 2018.</ref>
The majority of area private recreational aviation traffic, under the supervision of the [[Hong Kong Aviation Club]] (HKAC), goes in and out of [[Shek Kong Airfield]] in the New Territories.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mola, Roger A.|url=https://www.airspacemag.com/flight-today/last-stand-at-kai-tak-4343836/|title=Last Stand at Kai Tak|work=[[Airspace Magazine]]|date=September 2003|access-date=2018-04-21|quote=Because Chek Lap Kok is closed to most private pilots, the club now operates its six Cessnas and an aerobatic Slingsby Firefly from nearby Shek Kong military airfield, but only on weekends, and always subject to the goodwill of the People’s Liberation Army.}}</ref><ref name=Thrill>{{cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/718191/high-flyers-have-licence-thrill|title=High-flyers have licence to thrill|newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=2010-06-26|access-date=2018-04-21|quote=For anyone who has ever dreamt of flying, the first step to getting your wings is to join the Hong Kong Aviation Club (HKAC), the city's only flight training centre.[...]The Shek Kong Airfield is used by the People's Liberation Army during the week, with permission given to the club to use it during weekends.}}</ref> The HKAC sent most of its aircraft to Shek Kong in 1994 after the hours for general aviation at Kai Tak Airport were sharply reduced, to two hours per morning, as of 1 July that year.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.scmp.com/article/85610/aviation-club-takes-sek-kong |title= Aviation club takes off for Sek Kong |work= [[South China Morning Post]] |date= 1994-08-22 |access-date= 2018-04-18}}</ref> Usage of private aircraft at Shek Kong is restricted to weekends.<ref name=Thrill/>
===Helicopters===
Externally, frequent passenger helicopter flights to [[Macau]] are scheduled daily. There are also chartered services for the VIP and business community within Hong Kong.
==Aerial lift transport==
===Cable cars===
[[File:Cable Car Ocean Park.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Gondola lift]] system in [[Ocean Park Hong Kong|Ocean Park]]]]
There are two [[Aerial lift|cable car]] systems in Hong Kong:
* The [[Ngong Ping Cable Car]] is a {{convert|5.7|km}} public cableway on [[Lantau Island]]. It links [[Tung Chung station|Tung Chung MTR station]] and [[Ngong Ping]] Terminal near [[Po Lin Monastery]]. It was opened on 18 September 2006.
* The [[Ocean Park Hong Kong|Ocean Park]] theme park also possesses a {{convert|1.5|km}} cable car system between [[Nam Long Shan]] Headland and [[Wong Chuk Hang]]. This was opened in 1977 and is inside the paid area of the Park.
==Infrastructure==
===Ports and harbours===
[[File:Container Port Road South.jpg|thumb|200px| [[Kwai Tsing Container Terminals]] ]]
{{Main|Port of Hong Kong|Victoria Harbour}}
The port of Hong Kong has always been a key factor in the development and prosperity of the territory, which is strategically located on the Far East trade routes and is in the geographical centre of the fast-developing Asia-Pacific Basin. The sheltered harbour provides good access and a safe haven for vessels calling at the port from around the world.
The [[Victoria Harbour]] is one of the busiest ports in the world.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Fischer| first = Umbert| title = Victoria Harbour Hong Kong, the world's most busy sea port| work=Excelloz.com| access-date =26 June 2009| date = 6 October 2006| url = http://www.excelloz.com/Travel_guide/Hong_Kong_City/Victoria_Harbour_Hong_Kong.html}}</ref> An average of 220,000 ships visit the harbour each year, including both oceanliners and river vessels, carrying both goods and passengers. The [[Port of Hong Kong|container port in Hong Kong]] is one of the busiest in the world.<ref>{{Cite book|author=L. Hau Lee, Chung-Yee Lee|title=Building supply chain excellence in emerging economies|url=https://archive.org/details/buildingsupplych00kouv|url-access=limited|year=2007|publisher=Springer|___location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-38428-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/buildingsupplych00kouv/page/n214 204]}}</ref> The [[Kwai Chung]] Terminal operates 24 hours a day. Together with other facilities in Victoria Harbour, they handled more than {{TEU|20 million|first=yes}} in 2005.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stopford|first=Martin|title=Maritime Economics E3| date=February 2009 |edition=3rd|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-27558-3|page=560}}</ref> Some 400 container liners serve Hong Kong weekly, connecting to over 500 destinations around the world.
===Airports===
[[
[[File:Hong Kong International Airport.jpg|thumb|200px|Inside the newer [[Hong Kong International Airport]]]]
{{Main|Hong Kong International Airport|List of airports in Hong Kong}}
Hong Kong has a fully active international airport. The famous former [[Kai Tak International Airport]] retired in favour of the recently constructed [[Hong Kong International Airport]], also known as Chek Lap Kok International Airport. The airport now serves as a transport hub for East Asia, and as the hub for [[Cathay Pacific]], [[Hong Kong Express]], [[Hong Kong Airlines]], and [[Air Hong Kong]]. Ferry services link the airport with several [[pier]]s in [[Pearl River Delta]], where immigrations and customs are exempted. Kai Tak airport was closed because of privacy reasons and also because of safety reasons; the aircraft came very close to the skyscrapers.
HKIA's network to China expanded with the opening of SkyPier in late-September 2003, offering millions in the PRD direct access to the airport. Passengers coming to SkyPier by high-speed ferries can board buses for onward flights while arriving air passengers can board ferries at the pier for their journeys back to the PRD. Passengers travelling in both directions can bypass custom and immigration formalities, which reduces transit time. Four ports – Shekou, Shenzhen, Macau and Humen (Dongguan) – were initially served. As of August 2007, SkyPier serves Shenzhen's Shekou and Fuyong, Dongguan's Humen, Macau, Zhongshan and Zhuhai. Moreover, passengers travelling from Shekou and Macau piers can even complete airline check-in procedures with participating airlines before boarding the ferries and go straight to the boarding gate for the connecting flight at HKIA. The provision of cross boundary coach and ferry services has transformed HKIA into an inter-modal transportation hub combining air, sea and land transport.
{{As of|2009|March}}, the airport is the third busiest airport for passenger traffic,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Year to date Passenger Traffic – March 2009|work=Airports Council International|access-date=20 July 2009|date=12 June 2009|url=http://www.airports.org/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-219-227_666_2__}}</ref> and second-busiest airport for cargo traffic in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Year to date Cargo Traffic – March 2009|work=Airports Council International|access-date=20 July 2009|date=12 June 2009|url=http://www.airports.org/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-219-227_666_2__}}</ref> It is popular with travellers – from 2001 to 2005 and 2007–2008 Hong Kong International Airport has been voted the World's Best Airport in an annual survey of several million passengers worldwide by [[Skytrax]].
According to the [[Guinness Book of World Records|Guinness World Records]], the [[Airport terminal|passenger terminal]] of the HKIA was the world's largest airport terminal upon opening, and is at present the world's third-largest airport terminal building, with a covered area of 550,000 m<sup>2</sup> and recently increased to 570,000 m<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 'dragon' unveiled: Beijing's T3 starts operations|work=Beijing 2008 Olympic Games|access-date=28 July 2009|date=28 February 2008|url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/olympiccities/beijing/n214259388.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911114757/http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/olympiccities/beijing/n214259388.shtml|archive-date=11 September 2011}}</ref> The [[Airport Core Programme]] was one of the most expensive airport projects in the world.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=978-962-209-847-3|page=169|last=Owen|first=Bernie|author2=Raynor Shaw|title=Hong Kong Landscapes: Shaping the Barren Rock|___location=Hong Kong|year=2008}}</ref>
[[Shek Kong Airfield]], located near [[Yuen Long]], is a military [[airfield]] for the [[People's Liberation Army]], which is of limited operating capabilities due to surrounding terrain. The only aircraft operating on the airfield are PLA's [[Eurocopter Dauphin|Z-9]] helicopters, which is the license-built version of the Eurocopter Dauphin.
===Heliports===
{{Main|List of airports in Hong Kong#Heliports|l1=List of heliports in Hong Kong}}
[[File:HK Sheung Wan Shun Tak Centre HK-Macau Ferry Terminal Heliport.JPG|thumb|right|200px| Heliport at the [[Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal]]]]
Hong Kong has three [[heliports]]. [[Shun Tak Heliport]] (ICAO: VHST) is located in the [[Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal]], by the [[Shun Tak Centre]], in [[Sheung Wan]], on [[Hong Kong Island]]. Another is located in southwest Kowloon, near [[Kowloon station (MTR)|Kowloon station]]. The other is located inside [[Hong Kong International Airport]].
[[Heli Express]] operates regular [[helicopter]] service between [[Macao Heliport]] (ICAO:VMMH) on the [[Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal]] in Macau and the Shun Tak Heliport. There are around 16 flights daily. Flights take approximately 20 minutes in the eight-seater aircraft.
There are also a number of [[helipad]]s across the territory, including the roof of the [[The Peninsula Hong Kong|Peninsula Hotel]] (which is the only rooftop helipad in Kowloon and Hong Kong Island, excluding the rooftop heliport of Shun Tak Centre and those in hospitals) and [[Cheung Chau|Cheung Chau Island]], between [[Cheung Chau Tung Wan Beach|Tung Wan Beach]] and [[Kwun Yam Beach]].
===Highways===
{{further|List of streets and roads in Hong Kong|Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System}}
[[File:HK Cross Harbour Tunnel.jpg|thumb|200px|The entrance of the [[Cross-Harbour Tunnel]], which is part of [[Route 1 (Hong Kong)|Route 1]], in [[Hung Hom]], [[Kowloon]].]]
[[File:Eastern Harbour Tunnel.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Eastern Harbour Crossing|Eastern Harbour Tunnel]] is the second under-water tunnel across [[Victoria Harbour]], and is part of [[Route 2 (Hong Kong)|Route 2]].]]
[[File:Tsing Ma Bridge (1).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Tsing Ma Bridge]], part of [[Route 8 (Hong Kong)|Route 8]], is [[List of longest suspension bridges|the world's longest rail and road]] [[suspension bridge]]s.]]
[[File:Kap Shui Mun Bridge 1.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Kap Shui Mun Bridge]] is a [[cable-stayed bridge]] connecting [[Ma Wan]] and [[Lantau Island]], and is also part of [[Route 8 (Hong Kong)|Route 8]].]]
There are a total of {{nowrap|cvt|1,831|km|mi}} of paved highways in Hong Kong. These roads are built to British standards with a maximum of four lanes with hard shoulders.
There are nine roads classified as trunk roads in Hong Kong and were renumbered from 1 to 9 in 2004. Routes 1 to 3 are in a north–south direction (with each crossing one of the cross-harbour tunnels) while the others are in an east–west direction:
*[[Route 1 (Hong Kong)|Route 1]]:
::Southern District ⇄ Wan Chai ⇄ Hung Hom ⇄ Kowloon Tong ⇄ Sha Tin
*[[Route 2 (Hong Kong)|Route 2]]:
::Eastern District ⇄ Kwun Tong ⇄ Wong Tai Sin ⇄ Sha Tin
*[[Route 3 (Hong Kong)|Route 3]]:
::Central & Western District ⇄ West Kowloon ⇄ Sham Shui Po ⇄ Kwai Tsing ⇄ Tsuen Wan ⇄ Yuen Long
*[[Route 4 (Hong Kong)|Route 4]]:
::Eastern District ⇄ Wan Chai ⇄ Central ⇄ Sai Ying Pun
*[[Route 5 (Hong Kong)|Route 5]]:
::Kowloon City ⇄ Yau Ma Tei ⇄ Sham Shui Po ⇄ Kwai Tsing ⇄ Tsuen Wan
*[[Route 7 (Hong Kong)|Route 7]]:
::Tseung Kwan O ⇄ Kwun Tong ⇄ Wong Tai Sin ⇄ Sham Shui Po ⇄ Kwai Chung
*[[Route 8 (Hong Kong)|Route 8]]:
::Sha Tin <> Kwai Tsing ⇄ Lantau Island North ⇄ Tung Chung ⇄ Airport
*[[Route 9 (Hong Kong)|Route 9]]:
::Circular Route linking the whole New Territories (Sha Tin, Tai Po, Northern District, Yuen Long, Tuen Mun, Tsuen Wan)
*[[Route 10 (Hong Kong)|Route 10]]:
::Tuen Mun ⇄ Nam Tei (Divided from Route 9) ⇄ Ha Tsuen ⇄ Deep Bay ⇄ Shenzhen Bay Bridge ⇄ Shenzhen Bay Border Crossing ⇄ Mainland China
[[File:Kowloon Tsai, Hong Kong - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|Prince Edward Road and Kai Tak Airport.]]
There are 120 [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras monitoring traffic on these highways and connecting roads which are available on-demand ([[Now TV (Hong Kong TV channel)|Now TV]]) and on the Transport Department's website.
Highways in Hong Kong use two types of barrier system for divided highways. Older roads use metal guard rails and newer roads use the British [[Concrete step barrier]].
All signage on highways and roads in Hong Kong are bilingual (traditional Chinese below and English above). Street signs use black text on a white background. Highway and directional signage are white lettering on blue or green background.
===Bridges and tunnels===
{{Main|List of tunnels and bridges in Hong Kong}}
There are 13 major vehicular tunnels in Hong Kong. They include three cross-harbour tunnels and ten road tunnels.
Other road tunnels and bridges which are proposed or under construction are:
* [[Central Kowloon Route]]
* Trunk Road T2
===Bus lanes===
[[File:HK Wan Chai North Walkway Gloucester Road Fortis Bank Tower Beijing 2008 a.jpg|thumb|200px|A [[bus lane]] on [[Gloucester Road, Hong Kong|Gloucester Road]] in [[Wan Chai]], with the words "bus lane" painted in English and "巴士綫" in Chinese]]
There are approximately 22 km of [[bus lane|bus priority lanes]] in Hong Kong.
===Bus terminals===
There are 298 bus terminals in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201812/12/P2018121200219.htm|title=立法會十七題：為專營巴士公司員工提供配套設施|publisher=Government of Hong Kong|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> Notable examples include:
* [[Admiralty (East) Public Transport Interchange]]
* [[Central (Macau Ferry) Bus Terminus]]
* [[Pokfield Road Bus Terminus]]
* [[Kwun Tong Ferry Bus Terminus]]
* [[Central (Exchange Square) Bus Terminus]]
===Bicycles===
Bike path exists across Hong Kong, mostly in newly developed residential areas in New Territories. Most of the traditional urban core does not have bike paths, with them only present in some newly redeveloped or reclaimed coastal areas.
A network of bike rental shops is present near bike paths, in addition to dockless bike renting apps, enabling infrequent users to lease and drop off their bikes along bike paths.
Most public transit require bikes to be folded up and wheels be removed before bikes can be allowed to board.
===Pedestrian===
====Escalators and moving pavements====
[[File:HK Central Cochrane Street Central-Mid-Levels escalators Upsidedown.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Central–Mid-Levels escalator]] ]]
{{Main|Central–Mid-Levels escalator}}
[[Hong Kong Island]] is dominated by steep, hilly terrain, which required the development of unusual methods of transport up and down the slopes. In [[Central and Western District]], there is an extensive system of [[Zero-fare public transport|zero-fare]] [[escalator]]s and [[moving pavement]]s. The [[Central–Mid-Levels escalator|Mid-Levels Escalator]] is the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world,<ref name="escalator">{{Cite web| last = Boland| first = Rory| title = Hong Kong's Central-Mid Levels Escalator – The Longest in the World| work=About.com| access-date =19 July 2009| url = http://gohongkong.about.com/od/whattoseeinhk/a/midlevelsescala.htm}}</ref> operating downhill until 10am for [[commuter]]s going to work, and then operating uphill until midnight.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jahnke|first=Morgen|title=The Central – Mid-Levels Escalator|work=Interesting Thing of the Day|access-date=25 July 2009|date=26 February 2007|url=http://itotd.com/articles/623/the-central---mid-levels-escalator/}}</ref>
The Mid-levels Escalator consists of twenty escalators and three moving pavements. It is 800 metres long,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dennis |first=Bernard |title=China: The Business Traveller's Handbook |publisher=Interlink Books |year=2003 |isbn=1-56656-495-6 |edition=1 |page=214}}</ref> and climbs 135 vertical metres.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=World Scientific Publishing|isbn=978-981-270-771-0|page=138|last=Lim|first=William S. W.|title=Asian Alterity: With Special Reference to Architecture + Urbanism Through the Lens of Cultural Studies|year=2007|others=forewords by Andrew Lee, Leong Teng Wui, Linda Lim & Lim Teck Ghee}}</ref> Total travel time is approximately 25 minutes,<ref name="escalator"/> but most people walk while the escalator moves to shorten the travel time. Due to its vertical climb, the same distance is equivalent to several miles of zigzagging roads if travelled by car. Daily traffic exceeds 35,000 people. It has been operating since 1993 and cost [[Hong Kong dollar|HK$]]240,000,000 (US$30,000,000) to build.
A smaller Mid-Levels escalator system was built on [[Centre Street (Hong Kong)|Centre Street]] in [[Sai Ying Pun]]. Also in Sai Ying Pun are small escalators between First and Second Streets, in an uphill plaza that forms a giant hole through the Island Crest building. There is also a small escalator on Sands Street in [[Kennedy Town]]. There have been several more proposed outdoor escalators, including plans for [[Pound Lane]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1278153/historic-pound-lane-may-get-escalator-system | title=Historic Pound Lane may get escalator system | date=9 July 2013 }}</ref> the entrance to the campus of the [[University of Hong Kong]] (which already has some escalators within and connecting it with the MTR) and projects in parts of Hong Kong away from Hong Kong Island.
====Pedestrian bridges, tunnels, and skyways====
{{expand section|date=August 2022}}
Example includes:
* [[Central Elevated Walkway]]
* [[Wanchai North Skyway Platform]]
* [[Cross Bay Link|Tseung Kwan O Cross Bay Bridge]]
* [[Lek Yuen Bridge]]
==== Pavement railings ====
During [[2019–2020 Hong Kong protests|the 2019–2020 pro-democracy protests]] in Hong Kong, {{convert|60|km|mi}} of pavement railings were damaged by the demonstrators.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-15|title=CityLab Daily: Hong Kong's Much-Hated Pedestrian Fences Won't Die|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2020-09-15/citylab-daily-hong-kong-s-much-hated-pedestrian-fences-won-t-die|access-date=2020-11-20}}</ref> Hong Kong's Transport and Highways Departments spent an estimated HK$15 million ($1.9 million) of taxpayer money rebuilding and reinforcing the fencing.<ref name="Prasso">{{Cite news|last=Prasso|first=Sheridan|date=September 14, 2020|title=In Hong Kong, the Pedestrian Fences Are Political|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-14/hong-kong-s-much-hated-pedestrian-fences-won-t-die|access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> The city government has more than doubled its installation of pedestrian rails, from {{convert|730|km|mi}} in 2010 to {{convert|1500|km|mi}} by 2018.<ref name="Prasso"/> Many of the railings prevent pedestrians from walking in a straight line along major roads by prohibiting direct crossing of perpendicular side streets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-26|title=Hong Kong's endless railings corral pedestrians like sheep|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1929972/hong-kongs-endless-railings-corral-pedestrians-sheep|access-date=2020-11-20|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=An urban planner mapped every NYC street, and it's 'extremely difficult' to social distance|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/urban-planner-mapped-every-nyc-street-showing-it-s-extremely-n1189936|access-date=2020-11-20|website=NBC News|date=22 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Paul Zimmerman, a [[district councils of Hong Kong|district councillor]] and a member of a government advisory commission to improve urban design,{{which|date=June 2022}} and other pavement-fence critics argue the barriers are emblematic of the way Hong Kong streets are built to prioritise vehicles over pedestrians. The city likes the guardrails because they do not want to slow turning cars but prioritising vehicles limits the ''throughput capacity'' of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-22|title=Designing to Move People|url=https://nacto.org/publication/transit-street-design-guide/introduction/why/designing-move-people/|access-date=2020-11-20|website=National Association of City Transportation Officials|language=en-US}}</ref> Pedestrians who want to walk faster than the shuffling crowds must go into the streets, exposing them to vehicle traffic. The Transport and Highways departments say the railings are critical “to regulate and guide pedestrians for road safety and traffic management purposes.”<ref>{{Cite web|title=LCQ10: Public facilities being vandalised|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202006/10/P2020061000378.htm|access-date=2020-11-20|website=www.info.gov.hk}}</ref> Hong Kong's high ''population density'' makes ''pedestrian mobility'' complicated and the railings offer a clear distinction between the automobiles and walkers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Table E489 : Land area, mid-year population and population density by District Council district {{!}} Census and Statistics Department|url=https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/sp150.jsp?productCode=D5320189|access-date=2020-11-20|website=www.censtatd.gov.hk}}</ref> But in a city where less than 10% of the population owns a car, anti-fence advocates question why automobiles get primacy.<ref name="Prasso"/> Nonprofit groups like Walk DVRC, in conjunction with Zimmerman, have worked to remove some of the guardrails but the city believes they are necessary. The railings, which are too flimsy to fend off cars, provide little to no protection from automobiles.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Street Behaviour|date=July 2017|title=Transport for London Road Network|url=http://foi.tfl.gov.uk/FOI-2274-1718/Pedestrian%20railings%20removal%20collisions%20analysis%20%28no%20stats19%29.pdf|journal=Transport for London|pages=3–4}}</ref> Walk DVRC has submitted a detailed proposal including pictures and recommendations for 456 railings.<ref name="Walk DVRC">{{Cite web|title=Railing over railings|url=https://www.walkdvrc.hk/upload/files/research/20200624120139_108.pdf|website=Des Voeux Road Central|publisher=Walk DVRC Ltd.|access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> There are 105 of those that they claim “have been removed to the benefit of pedestrians” and should not be reinstalled.<ref name="Walk DVRC"/> Nevertheless, the city is determined to replace the removed railings and is moving forward despite public pushback.
==Ports of entry==
{{Main article|Boundaries of Hong Kong#Immigration control points}}
This is a list of [[port of entry|ports of entry]] (i.e. immigration control points) in Hong Kong.
[[File:Entrance to Shenzhen Bay Port Passenger Terminal.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The entrance to the building of the [[Shenzhen Bay Control Point]]]]
[[File:Ocean Terminal with cruise 2008.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Cruise ship|cruise-ship]] pier at [[Ocean Terminal, Hong Kong|Ocean Terminal]] is also a port of entry to Hong Kong.]]
*Air
**[[Hong Kong International Airport]]
**[[Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal|Heliport at the Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Terminal]]
*Land
**[[Heung Yuen Wai Control Point]]
**[[Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge]] (HZMB) Hong Kong Port
**[[Lo Wu Control Point]]
**[[Lok Ma Chau Control Point]]
**[[Lok Ma Chau Spur Line]]
**[[Man Kam To Control Point]]
**[[Sha Tau Kok Control Point]]
**[[Shenzhen Bay Control Point]]
*Railway
**[[Hung Hom station|Hung Hom Terminus]] (also called Kowloon Terminus)
**[[Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station|West Kowloon Terminus]]
*Sea
**[[Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal]]
** [[Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal]]
**[[Ocean Terminal, Hong Kong|Ocean Terminal]]
**[[Kai Tak Cruise Terminal]]
**[[Tuen Mun Ferry Pier]]
**[[Western Immigration Anchorage]]
**[[Eastern Immigration Anchorage]]
** [[Tuen Mun Immigration Anchorage]]
==See also==
{{Portal|Hong Kong|Transport}}
{{Div col|colwidth=17em|small=yes}}
* [[Vehicle registration plates of Hong Kong]]
* [[Hong Kong Link]]
* [[Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge]]
* [[List of airports in Hong Kong]]
* [[List of places in Hong Kong]]
* [[List of streets and roads in Hong Kong]]
* [[
* [[Victoria Harbour crossings]]
* [[Village vehicle]]
{{Div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist|29em}}
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060427013729/http://www.hkpri.org.hk/bulletin/5/l-h-wang.html Wang L H, "In Search of a Sustainable Transport Development Strategy for Hong Kong"]
*[http://www.hyd.gov.hk Hong Kong Highways Department]
*[http://www.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20031230215117/http://www.info.gov.hk/censtatd/eng/statliteracy/etimes/et030929.htm Vehicular tunnels in Hong Kong]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061107041853/http://www.eebus.com/interbus.asp E & E Bus]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080930152927/http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=10&charsetID=1&displayMode=T Transport Statistics] – Census and Statistics Department
{{Transport in Hong Kong}}
{{Asia topic|Transport in}}
{{Eastern Pearl River Delta transit}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport In Hong Kong}}
[[Category:Transport in Hong Kong| ]]
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