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{{Short description|Ruler of the Yarkand Kahnate from 1514 to 1533}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sultan Said Khan
| title =
| image =
| caption =
| succession = Khan of [[Yarkent Khanate]] (1514–1705)
| reign = 1514–1533
| predecessor = [[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur Khan]]
| successor = [[Abdurashid Khan]]
| birth_date = 1487
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1533|7|9|1487|df=y}}
| death_place = near [[Karakoram Pass]], likely [[Daulat Beg Oldi]]
|spouse=
| father = [[Ahmad Alaq]]
| mother =
| issue = [[Abdurashid Khan]]
| dynasty = [[Borjigin]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| image_size = 300px
| succession1=
| reign1=
| successor1 =
| predecessor1=
| royal house =
}}
'''Sultan Said Khan''' ([[Chagatai language|Chagatai]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]: سلطان سعید خان) ruled the [[Yarkent Khanate]] from September 1514 to July 1533. He was born in the late 15th century in [[Moghulistan]], and he was a direct descendant of the first Moghul Khan, [[Tughlugh Timur]], who had founded the state of Moghulistan in 1348 and ruled until 1363. The Moghuls were turkicized [[Mongol]]s who had converted to [[Islam]].
Some English sources refer to this ruler as '''Abusaid'''.<ref>"The Journey of Benedict Goës from Agra to Cathay" – [[Henry Yule]]'s translation of the relevant chapters of ''[[De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas]]'', with detailed notes and an introduction. In: {{cite book
|editor-first=Henry |editor-last=Yule
|translator-first=Henry |translator-last=Yule
|publisher=Printed for the Hakluyt Society |year=1866
|title=Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KzEMAAAAIAAJ
|page=546
}}</ref>
== Background ==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
[[Image:Eastern Chagatai 1372.jpg|thumb|right|Moghulistan in around 1372 CE]]
[[Image:Moghulistan.PNG|thumb|right|Central Asia in around 1450 CE]]
[[Image:Chagatai Khanate (1490).png|thumb|right|Central Asia in around 1490 CE]]
[[File:1517 Yarkent and Turpan.png|thumb|right|Yarkent and Turpan Khanates in 1517 at the beginning of rule of Sultan Said Khan (1514–1533)]]
[[File:Yarkent Khanate.jpg|thumb|right|Yarkent Khanate in 1572 during rule of grandson of Sultan Said Khan [[Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand)|Abdul Karim Khan]](1560–1591)]]
[[File:Badakhshan.svg|thumb|right|[[Badakhshan]] in 1529 during dispute over its fate between [[Babur]] of [[Moghul Empire]] in India and Sultan Said Khan of [[Yarkand Khanate]].]]
When the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai]] ''ulus'', which embraced both East and West [[Turkestan]], collapsed, the result was the creation of two different states: ''Maverannahr'' in West Turkestan, with its capital at [[Samarkand]], where [[Timur|Timur the Great]] came to power in 1370, and Moghulistan, with its capital at [[Almaliq, Xinjiang|Almalik]], near the present-day town of [[Yining (city)|Gulja]], in the [[Ili River|Ili]] valley. Moghulistan embraced settled lands in Eastern Turkestan as well as nomad lands north of ''[[Tarim basin|Tangri Tagh]]''. The settled lands were known at the time as ''Manglai Sobe'' or ''Mangalai Suyah'', which translates as Shiny Land, or Advanced Land Which Faced the Sun. These lands included west and central [[Tarim Basin|Tarim]] oasis-cities, such as [[Hotan|Khotan]], [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]], [[Yengisar County|Yangihisar]], [[Kashgar]], [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]], and [[Uqturpan County|Uch Turpan]]; and hardly involved eastern ''[[Tarim basin|Tangri Tagh]]'' oasis-cities, such as [[Kucha]], [[Karasahr|Karashahr]], [[Turpan]] and [[Kumul (city)|Kumul]], where a local [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] administration and Buddhist population still existed. The nomadic areas comprised the present [[Kyrgyzstan]] and part of [[Kazakhstan]], including ''[[Jetisu|Jettisu]]'', the area of seven rivers.
The ruler of Aksu, the ''[[dughlat]]'' emir [[Puladchi]], brought a young, 18-year-old, [[Tughlugh Timur|Tughluk Timur]] from the [[Ili River|Ili]] valley in 1347, and in a ''[[kurultai]]'' declared him a grandson of [[Duwa]] Khan, the great-grandson of [[Chagatai Khan]] and ruler of the Chagatai Khanate between 1282 and 1307. Puladchi forced all moghuls to recognize Tughluk as Khan. Khans from Chagatai, the second son of [[Genghis Khan]], to Tughluk Timur are known as "Chagatai khans", and from Tughluk Timur to his descendants as "Moghul khans".
Moghulistan existed around 100 years, and then split into three parts: [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]] state (''mamlakati Yarkand''), with its capital at Yarkand, which embraced all the settled lands of Western [[Kashgaria]], still nomad Moghulistan which embraced the nomad lands north of ''[[Tian Shan|Tengri Tagh]]'', and [[East Turkestan|Uyghurstan]] which embraced the settled lands of Eastern Kashgaria, Turpan and Kumul Basins. The founder of Yarkand state was [[Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat|Mirza Abu Bakr]], who was from the ''dughlat'' tribe. In 1465, he raised a rebellion, captured Yarkand, Kashgar, and Khotan, and declared himself an independent ruler, successfully repelling attacks by the Moghulistan rulers [[Yunus Khan]] and his son Akhmad Khan, or [[Ahmad Alaq]], named Alach, "Slaughterer", for his war against the [[Kalmyk people|kalmyk]]s. In 1462 moghul khan [[Dost Muhammad (Moghul Khan)|Dost Muhammad]] took residency in Aksu, denying nomad style of life, and as result Eastern Kashgaria cities, such as [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]], [[Uqturpan County|Uchturpan]], [[Baicheng County|Bai]], [[Kucha]], [[Karasahr|Karashar]], and also [[Turpan]] and [[Hami City|Kumul]], separated into Eastern Khanate or Uyghurstan.
''Dughlat'' emirs had ruled the country that lay south of Tangri-Tagh in the [[Tarim Basin]] from the middle of the thirteenth century, on behalf of Chagatai Khan and his descendants, as their satellites. The first ''dughlat'' ruler, who received lands directly from the hands of Chagatai, was amir ''Babdagan'' or ''[[Tarkhan]]''. The capital of the emirate was Kashgar, and the country was known as ''Mamlakati Kashgar''. Although the emirate, representing the settled lands of Eastern Turkestan, was formally under the rule of the moghul khans, the ''dughlat'' emirs often tried to put an end to that dependence, and raised frequent rebellions, one of which resulted in the separation of Kashgar from Moghulistan for almost 15 years (1416–1435).
[[Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat|Mirza Abu Bakr]] ruled Yarkand for 48 years and his ruling was featured by creation of unique and highly effective penitentiary system, that had no analog in other countries. After discovering, by occasion, 29 large bowls, filled with gold sand and silver coins (''Balysh''), during excavation in the old city of Yarkand, Mirza Abu Bakr ordered to start excavations throughout the whole country in all old cities of towns and in abounded cities of [[Taklamakan Desert]] as well. To get workforce for performing of mass excavations he used convicts, both males and females of any age. The place of site of excavation was named ''Kazyk '' and numerous barracks for convicts and the guards were erected, convicts were sent to ''Kazyks'' by stages from all over the country and excavation works were continuing the whole year without interruptions. Using this forced labour system he collected during his reign very large amount of treasuries and became the owner of very rare and valuable things, some of them hundreds and thousands years old.
In May 1514, Sultan Said Khan, grandson of [[Yunus Khan]] (ruler of Moghulistan between 1462 and 1487) and the third son of [[Ahmad Alaq|Akhmad Khan]], made an expedition against Kashgar from [[Andijan]] with only 5,000 tribesmen (who represented 9 Moghul tribes- [[Dughlat]], Duhtui, [[Barlas]], Yarki, Ordabegi, Itarchi, Konchi, Churas and Bekchi), and having captured the Yangihisar citadel, that defended Kashgar from south road, took the city, dethroning Mirza Abu Bakr. Soon after, other cities of [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]] state – Yarkand, Khotan, Aksu, and Uch Turpan – joined him, and recognized Sultan Said Khan as a ruler, creating a union of six cities, called [[Altishahr]]. Sultan Said Khan's sudden success is considered to be contributed to by the dissatisfaction of the population with the tyrannical rule of Mirza Abu-Bakr and the unwillingness of the ''dughlat'' amirs to fight against a descendant of Chagatai Khan, and who decided, on the contrary, to bring the head of the slain ruler to Sultan Said Khan. This move put an end to almost 300 years of rule (nominal and actual) by the Dughlat emirs in the cities of West Kashgaria (1219–1514). Mirza Abu Bakr fled Yarkand for [[Ladakh]] with handful of his followers and 900 donkeys, loaded with his numerous treasuries, and being chased on his heels by Dughlat emirs and also [[Barlas]] emirs, sent by Sultan Said Khan. They almost reached him in ''Karangu Tagh Mountains'', but Mirza Abu Bakr managed to escape by killing all 900 donkeys and dumping all treasuries into [[Karakash River]]. During flight he found that all garrisons, that he previously deployed in [[Kashmir]] and Little Tibet ([[Ladakh]]), were deserted by his troops. So, he found it's impossible to stay in Ladakh, he decided to turn back and surrender to Sultan Said Khan but on half-way to Yarkand was captured and slaughtered by Dughlat emirs, who betrayed him.
== Life ==
{{Original research|part=section|date=August 2020}}
At this time, almost all of West Turkestan (''Maverannahr'') was invaded by nomadic [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]]s of [[Muhammad Shaybani|Shaybani Khan]], who were killing all the descendants of [[Timur]] the Great and [[Chagatai Khan]]. Sultan Said Khan saved his life when he moved to Kashgar with his nobles. In 1516, he concluded a peace agreement with his older brother [[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur Khan]], the moghul khan of [[Karasahr|Chalish]] and [[Turpan]] ([[East Turkestan|Uyghurstan]]), who died in 1543. As a result, the eastern part of the settled country south and partly north of ''Tangri-Tagh'' joined his state, including the cities of [[Baicheng County|Bai]], [[Kucha]], Chalish ([[Karashahr]]), Urum ([[Ürümqi|Urumchi]]), [[Turpan]], [[Kumul (city)|Kumul]], and Shazhou ([[Dunhuang]]), representing those lands of former [[Qocho|Uyghuria]] (856–1335) that were known as the Fifth Ulus of the [[Mongol Empire]] in the middle of the thirteenth century, because the former ruler of [[Qocho|Uyghuria]], ''idikut'' [[Baurchuk Art Tekin]] married [[Alaltun|Altun Begi]], the daughter of [[Genghis Khan]], and was declared by Genghis as his fifth son in 1211.<ref>[[History of Yuan|Yuan Shi]], volume 122 which contains the biography of [[Baurchuk Art Tekin]], composed in 1370 by official Bureau of History in [[Ming dynasty]] China as the official chronicle of [[Yuan dynasty]].</ref>
Relations between [[Yarkand Khanate]] and [[Ming dynasty]] [[China]] were not developed, although the far eastern boundaries of Yarkand reached the [[Jiayuguan Pass]] at the western end of the [[Great Wall of China]] due to holy expeditions of Mansur Khan, including expeditions against the ''Sarigh Uyghurs'' – Yellow Uyghurs or Uyghurs of yellow religion, called [[Yugurs]], who worshipped [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and took refuge in [[Gansu]] province of Ming China in 1529, fleeing the holy warriors of Mansur Khan. This situation can be partly explained by the full extinction of [[Silk Road]] trade by this time.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Yarkand-tumbas-reyes-d06.jpg|thumb|right| Royal Cemetery ''Altyn'' of Moghul Khans of Yarkand Khanate (1465–1705) in [[Yarkand County|Yarkand]] with tombs of Sultan Said Khan (1514–1533), [[Abdurashid Khan]] (1533–1560), [[Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand)|Abdul Karim Khan]] (1560–1591), [[Muhammad Sultan|Muhammad Khan]] (1591–1609), Shudja ad-Din Ahmad Khan (1609–1618), Sultan Abdal Latif (Afak Khan) (1618–1630) and other members of this dynasty]]
[[File:Yarkand-tumbas-reyes-d07.jpg|thumb|right| Tomb of Sultan Said Khan in Royal Cemetery ''Altyn'' (Golden) of Moghul Khans in [[Yarkand County|Yarkand]]]]
[[File:Silver coin of Haidar Dughlat in name of Said Khan.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Silver ''sasnu'' issued in 1533 in Kashmir by Haidar Dughlat, in the name of Said Khan. The obverse legend reads ''al-sultan al-a'zam mir sa'id khan''.]] Before his death during almost 20 years of ruling he united all the settled country south of [[Tian Shan|Tangri Tagh]], from Kashgar to Kumul, into one centralized state- [[Yarkand Khanate]] with a population of the same origin and language. Also such mountainous regions as [[Kashmir]] and [[Bolor]] became dependencies of [[Yarkand Khanate]], paid tributes and struck silver and golder coins under name "Abul Fath Sultan Said Khan [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]". The contemporary writer dughlat amir [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat|Mirza Muhammad Haidar]] stated that it was a time when the Power of Tyranny (the rule of [[Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat|Mirza Abu Bakr]]) had been changed to the Power of Law and Order during the rule of Sultan Said Khan. Theft of property was considered a high crime and was subject to severe punishment, including execution. Peasants were encouraged to leave their tools in the fields after work, and household owners to keep the doors of their houses unlocked. Foreign traders, upon arrival to any town, could leave their luggage dumped directly on the road and, after taking a rest for several days and returning, they could find their goods in the same place – safe and untouched.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
Said Khan had a close relationship with [[Babur]], his cousin and founder of the [[Mughal Empire]] across the Himalayas and [[Karakoram|Karakoram Range]] from the Yashkent Khanate.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mughal relations with the Kashghar Khanate |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |first=Majida |last=Bano |year=2002 |volume=63 |pages=1116–1119 |jstor=44158181 |quote=Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, and Sa'id Khan were cousins, and the relationship was recognised in Babu'r memories. In a sense the Khanate and the Mughal Empire were built together, though there could be no military cooperation between the two, given the heights of the Hamalayas and the Karakoram Range that separated the two states.}}</ref>
Sultan Said Khan is sometime mentioned with title of [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]] for his military expeditions.<ref name="bhattacharji">{{Cite book
| title = Ladakh: Changing, Yet Unchanged
| first = Romesh
| last = Bhattacharji
| date = 2012
| publisher = Rupa Publications
| url = https://www.academia.edu/3575075
| isbn = 978-8129117618
| quote = Some 400 years earlier, in ad 1527, a Yarkandi invader, Sultan Saiad Khan Ghazi (also known as Daulat Beg) of Yarkand, briefly conquered Kashmir after fighting a battle along this pass. He died in 1531 at Daulat Beg Oldi (meaning, where Daulat Beg died) at the foot of the Karakoram pass, after he was returning from an unsuccessful attempt to invade Tibet.
}}</ref> The reign of Sultan Said Khan was heavily influenced by the [[khoja (Turkestan)|khoja]]s.<ref>Grousset, p. 500</ref>
His reign included a campaign in [[Baloristan|Bolor]] in 1527–1528 with his son [[Abdurashid Khan|Rashid]] and [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar]] in the command of troops,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holdich |first=Thomas Hungerford |title=Tibet: The Mysterious |publisher=[[Frederick A. Stokes]] |year=1906 |___location=New York |page=61 |author-link=Thomas Holdich}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cacopardo |first1=Alberto M. |title=Gates of Peristan: History, Religion and Society in the Hindu Kush |last2=Cacopardo |first2=Augusto S. |publisher=[[Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente]] |year=2001 |isbn=9788863231496 |___location=Rome |page=47 |quote=Mirza Haidar who led in 934/1527-28 an Islamic incursion into "Balur", describing it as "an infidel country (Kafiristan)" inhabited by "mountaineers" without any "religion or a creed" (Mirza Haidar 1895: 384), located "between Badakhshan and Kashmir" (ibid.: 136).}}</ref> and a raid into [[Badakhshan]] in 1529<ref name=Baumer/> upon the request of its inhabitants, who temporarily were left without ruler when sick [[Babur]] recalled his eldest son [[Humayun|Humayun Mirza]] from Badakhshan (ruled Badakhshan in 1520–1528) to [[Agra]] to be his successor in case of his death and who recognized Sultan Said Khan rights on Badakhshan as a grandson of [[Shah Begum]]. When Sultan Said Khan came to Badakhshan he found that youngest son of Babur [[Hindal Mirza]] was already sitting in Zafar fortress, capital of Badakhshan, while Mirza Muhammad Haidar, who was sent to Badakhshan in advance with troops, was besieging the fortress. The siege of the Zafar fortress lasted 3 months during which Babur assembled State Council in Agra and it was decided on it to avoid a war between [[Moghul Empire]] and [[Yarkent Khanate]], Hindal Mirza was recalled to Agra and Suleiman Shah, son of the former ruler of Badakhshan Mirza Wais Khan, who died in 1520 and was a son of Timurid [[Sultan Mahmud Mirza]] and [[Sultan Nigar Khanum]], daughter of [[Yunus Khan]] and [[Shah Begum]], was restored as a lawful ruler of Badakhshan.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
===Expedition into Ladakh and death===
{{Further|Daulat Beg Oldi#History}}
Said Khan launched looting expeditions into [[Ladakh]] and [[Kashmir]] in 1532.<ref name="Baumer">{{Cite book |last=Baumer |first=Christoph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cemWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT50 |title=The History of Central Asia: The Age of Decline and Revival |date=2018 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-183860-867-5 |volume=4 |___location=London}}</ref> The account of this military expedition was recorded by his general [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat]], who was the Sultan's first cousin, in the work of history ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi'' (تاریخ رشیدی) (''History of Rashid'').<ref name="bellew_kashgharia">{{cite book|first = Henry Walter|last=Bellew|___location=Calcutta|publisher=Foreign Department Press|title=The History of Káshgharia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA66|year=1875|pages=66–67|quote=(p66) Daulat Beg Uild ... "The lord of the State died" ... (p67) Hydar ... wrote the Tarikhi Rashidi from which these details are derived}}</ref>
In Autumn of 1531 (Safar 938 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]), the Sultan Said Khan left Yarkand with Haidar and a few thousand men. Upon first time crossing the Karakorum, the Sultan encountered severe [[altitude sickness]], but he managed to recover. In the course of a few months of campaigning, they were able to devastate [[Nubra Valley]]. As winter approached, they split forces. The Sultan left for [[Baltistan]]; Haidar left for Kashmir. In Baltistan, the Sultan encountered a population of friendly Muslims, but he turned them killing and enslaving them, possibly because they were Shiites which was heretic to orthodox Yarkandi Sunnis. On the way to Kashmir, Haider defeated the [[Dras]] near [[Zoji La]]. In Kashmir, he and his troops were hosted by the king of [[Srinagar]]. In the spring, the two parties met up again in [[Maryul]], the Sultan decided to return to Yarkand, but he instructed Haider to conquer Tibet for Islam before his departure.<ref name="Kohli2000">{{cite book|last=Kohli|first=Harish|title=Across the Frozen Himalaya: The Epic Winter Ski Traverse from Karakoram to Lipu Lekh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJK0A1pZHt8C&pg=PA66|year=2000|___location=New Delhi|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=81-7387-106-X|pages=66–67|quote=According to H.W. Bellew, he was no ordinary traveller but a great warrior, a partisan of Babur, the conqueror of Ferghana and the king of Yarkand and Kashgar.}}</ref><ref name="bellew">{{Cite web
| title = Kashmir and Kashghar: A Narrative of the Journey of the Embassy to Kashghar in 1873–74
| first = Henry Walter
| last = Bellew
| ___location = Ludgate Hill
| publisher = Trübner & Co.
| date = 1875
| pages = 95–98
| url = https://archive.org/details/kashmirkashgharn00bellrich/page/160
| via = Internet Archive
}}</ref>
Sultan Said Khan purportedly died at [[Daulat Beg Oldi]] while returning to Yarkent.<ref name="Coq2018">{{cite book|first=Albert|last=von Le Coq|title=Buried Treasures of Chinese Turkestan: An Account of the Activities and Adventures of the Second and Third German Turfan Expeditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXt_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT292|date=2018|orig-date=1926|___location=Oxford|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-87141-2|page=292|quote=Daulat Bak Oldi (the royal prince died here), close to the Karakorum pass, is so called because the Sultan Said Khan of Kashgar, on his return from a successful campaign against West Tibet, died here from mountain sickness (Plate 50)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Howard |first1=Neil |title=Art and Architecture in Ladakh: Cross-Cultural Transmissions in the Himalayas and Karakoram |last2=Howard |first2=Kath |publisher=Brill |year=2014 |isbn=9789004271807 |editor-last=Lo Bue |editor-first=Erberto |___location=Leiden |pages=88<!--68–99--> |chapter=Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley, Eastern Ladakh, and a Consideration of Their Relationship to the History of Ladakh and Maryul |quote=When his Khan decided to return home because of ill health, leaving Mirza Haidar to destroy 'the idol temple of Ursang (i.e. Lhasa)', he 'set out from Maryul in Tibet, for Yarkand'. [...] He 'crossed the pass of Sakri', which must be that above Sakti (not the Kardung pass as Elias and Ross suggest), descended to Nubra and died at a camping place named Daulat Beg Uldi which is two-and-a-half hours below the Karakoram Pass. |editor-last2=Bray |editor-first2=John |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68}}</ref><ref name="bhattacharji"/> He died in 1533 of a [[high-altitude pulmonary edema]].<ref name="Baumer" /><ref name="book_Cent">{{Cite book
| last = Akimushkin
| first = Oleg F.
| chapter = The Alliance of the Chaghataids of Eastern Turkestan and of the Shibanids of Mawarannahr Against the Qazakhs in the Middle of the 16th Century
| editor-last1 = Rasuly-Paleczek
| editor-first1 = Gabriele
| editor-last2 = Katschnig
| editor-first2 = Julia
| title = Central Asia on Display: Proceedings of the VII Conference of the European Society for Central Asian Studies
| volume = 2
| date = 2005
| ___location = Wien
| publisher = LIT Verlag Münster
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wdneenPO-uEC&pg=PA29
| isbn = 3-8258-8586-0
| page = 29
| quote = On the 16th dhu-l-hiddjja 939/July 9th, 1533, on the way back from campaign in Minor Tibet (Ladakh) the founder of the Moghuliyya-Chaghataid state in Eastern Turkestan, Sultan Said-khan died.
}}</ref> [[Henry Walter Bellew]] argues that the ___location of his death was here at Daulat Beg Oldi. The news of Sultan's death led to a bloody succession which saw the ascension of [[Abdurashid Khan]]. Abdurashid Khan recalled the forces in Tibet and exiled Haidar. By then, Haidar had some successes against the [[Changpa]] Tibetans of [[Payang Town|Baryang]], but his forces suffered greatly from the altitude and elements. By the time the army returned to Yarkand, of the starting few thousands, less than a dozen were left. The exiled Haidar received the refuge from his maternal aunt in Badakhshan. He eventually joined the ranks of the [[Mughal Empire]] where he wrote the ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi''.<ref name="Kohli2000"/><ref name="bellew"/>
==Aftermath==
{{Further|Moghulistan#Rule of the Khojas}}
[[File:Grave marker Samarkand Louvre MAO342 n01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Tombstone in the name of Abu al-Ghazi Sultan Bahadir Khan (ruler of [[Khanate of Bukhara]]). [[Samarkand]], 1530-1533. Louvre Museum MAO 342.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fragment de cénotaphe au nom d'Abu al-Ghazi Sultan Bahadur Khan |url=https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010320024 |date=1530}}</ref> Dedication: هذا مرقد السلطان السّلاطين العرب / والعجم صاحب الجود والكرم / المخصوص بعنايت الرّحمن أبو الغازي / سلطان سعيد بهادر خان إبن خاقان / المرحوم أبو الغازي أبو سعيد بهادرخان "This is the resting place of the Sultan of Sultans of the Arabs and Persians, the excellent and very generous, the guarantor of saint places, Abū al-Ġāzī Sulṭan Sa‘īd Bahādur Ḫān, son of the deceased ḫāqān Abū al-Ġāzī Sa‘īd Bahādur Ḫān".<ref>{{cite web |title=Fragment de cénotaphe au nom d'Abu al-Ghazi Sultan Bahadur Khan |url=https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010320024 |date=1530}}</ref>]]
[[File:Yarkand-tumbas-reyes-d01.jpg|thumb|Introduction to the Imperial Cemetery ''Altun'' (Golden) of the Yarkand Kingdom in the city of [[Yarkand County|Yarkand]], 2005]]
Sultan Said Khan was succeeded in Yarkand by his son, Abdur Rashid Khan ([[Abdurashid Khan]]), who ruled from 1533 to 1560.
The historian [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar]], in 1546, called the eastern part of the country the "Eastern Khanate or Uyghurstan" in his famous book ''Tarikh-i- Rashidi'', written in [[Kashmir]]. The capital of this state was Yarkand, and it was known by the names ''mamlakati Saidiya'', ''mamlakati Yarkand'', and ''mamlakati Moghuliya'' in Iranian sources. The last name however was not accurate, because by this time the nomad state of Moghulistan had collapsed. It was eliminated during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries by nomadic tribes of [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], [[Kazakhs]] and [[Dzungars|Jungars]], that captured all the Moghul lands north of ''Tangri Tagh''. The remnants of the Moghuls (about 5,000 families mostly from ''Barlas'', ''Churas'' and ''Arlat'' tribes) moved to [[Kashgaria]] and mixed with the local 1,000 000 [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] population, although a group of the Moghuls, numbering 30,000 men, joined [[Babur]], a descendant of [[Timur the Great]] through his father [[Umar Sheikh Mirza|Omar Sheikh Mirza]], and a descendant of [[Chagatai Khan]] through his mother [[Qutlugh Nigar Khanum|Kutluk Nigar Khanum]], a daughter of the Moghul [[Yunus Khan]], in [[Kunduz]], in 1512, and helped him in his invasion of [[India]]. The Babur state in India was known as the [[Moghul Empire]], and this state recognized [[Yarkand Khanate]] in 1529, (when Babur and Sultan Said Khan peacefully settled issue around [[Badakhshan]], that was claimed by both cousins as their hereditary Land) as it did the [[Shaybanid]] state in ''Maverannahr'', in 1538.
This country was later known as "Kashgar and Uyghurstan", according to [[Balkh]] historian [[Makhmud ibn Vali]] ("Bahr al-Asrar", ''Sea of Mysteries'', 1641–1644). Kashgar historian [[Muhammad Imin Sadr Kashgari]] called the country [[East Turkestan|Uyghurstan]] in his book ''Traces of Invasion'' (''Asar al-futuh'') in 1780 (as opposed to [[Jungaria]], which he called Moghulistan, and the [[Ili River]] valley, which he called Baghistan, ''i.e.'' Land of Gardens). He wrote that this great country embraced a union of six cities south of [[Tian Shan|Tangri Tagh]] – [[Kashgar]], [[Yengisar County|Yangihisar]], [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]], [[Khotan]], [[Aksu City|Aksu]] (''Ardabil''), and [[Uch Turpan]] (''Safidkuh'') – the so-called Altishahr, as well as [[Kucha]], ''Chalish'' ([[Karashahr]]), [[Turpan]] and [[Kumul, Xinjiang|Kumul]]. According to him, the country collapsed not due to attacks by external enemies, but due to the personal ambitions of its religious leaders, the [[Khoja (Turkestan)|Khojas]]. The Khojas were divided into two hostile groups that hated and killed each other – the ''[[Ak Tagh]]liks'' (White Mountaineers) and the ''[[Ishaqi|Kara Taghliks]]'' (Black Mountaineers), who deposed one of the last Moghul Khans, [[Ismail Khan (Moghul khan)|Ismail Khan]], in 1678, with the help of invited Kalmyks ([[Dzungars]]), and put the whole country under the feet of future invaders, including [[Dzungar Khanate]] and [[Qing dynasty]] of China, for gaining personal powers.
==Family==
;Consorts
*Zainab Sultan Khanum, daughter of [[Mahmud Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mahmud Khan Chaghatai]] and Said's favourite wife, mother of Ibrahim Khan, Muhsin Khan and Mahmud Yusuf;<ref name="Gulbadan">{{Cite book |last=Gul-badan Begam |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhumayun00gulbrich |title=The History of Humāyūn (Humāyūn-nāma) |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |year=1902 |___location=London |pages=213, 235–236, 261, 295 |author-link=Gulbadan Begum}}</ref>
*Makhduma Begum, sister of Suqar Bahadur Qaluchi, mother of [[Abdurashid Khan]];<ref name="Gulbadan" />
*Habiba Sultan Khanish, daughter of Muhammad Husayn Mirza Dughlat and Khub Nigar Khanum, daughter of [[Yunus Khan]];<ref name="Gulbadan" />
;Children
*[[Abdurashid Khan]];
*Ibrahim Khan;
*Muhsin Khan;
*Mahmud Yusuf;
*Badi-ul-Jamal Khanum, married firstly to Baush Sultan of the Uzbeg Kazaks, married secondly to Muhammadi Barlas, a peasant;<ref name="Gulbadan" />
==Genealogy of Moghul Khans of Yarkent Khanate==
{{Further|List of khans of the Yarkent Khanate}}
In Babr Nama written by [[Babur]], Page 19, Chapter 1; described genealogy of his maternal grandfather Yunas Khan as:
"Yūnas Khān descended from Chaghatāī Khān, the second
son of Chīngīz Khān (as follows,) Yūnas Khān, son of Wais
Khān, son of Sher-'alī ''Aūghlān'', son of Muḥammad Khān, son
of Khiẓr Khwāja Khān, son of Tūghlūq-tīmūr Khān, son of
Aīsān-būghā Khān, son of Dāwā Khān, son of Barāq Khān,
son of Yīsūntawā Khān, son of Mūātūkān, son of Chaghatāī
Khān, son of Chīngīz Khān"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zahiru'd-din Muḥammad Bābur Pādshāh ''Ghāzi'' |url=https://archive.org/details/baburnamainengli01babuuoft |title=The Bābur-nāma in English (Memoirs of Bābur) |publisher=Sold by Luzac & Co. |year=1922 |volume=1 |___location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/baburnamainengli01babuuoft/page/18/mode/2up 19] |translator-last=Beveridge |translator-first=Annette Susannah}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; page-break-inside:avoid"
|- valign="top"
| style="border:none;"| <ol start="1">
<li>[[Chengiz Khan]] (1206–1227)</li>
[[Chagatai Khanate]]
<li>[[Chaghatai Khan]] (1226–1242)</li>
<li>[[Mutukan]]</li>
<li>[[Yesü Nto'a]]</li>
<li>[[Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq]] (1266–1271)</li>
<li>[[Duwa]] (1282–1307)</li>
<li>[[Esen Buqa I]] (1310–1318)</li>
</ol>
| style="border:none"| <ol start="8">
[[Moghulistan]] (Moghul Khanate) (1347–1543)
<li>[[Tughlugh Timur]] (1347–1363)</li>
<li>[[Ilyas Khoja]] (1363–1368)</li>
<li>[[Khizr Khoja]] (1389–1399)</li>
<li>[[Shams-i-Jahan]] (1399–1408)</li>
<li>[[Muhammad Khan (Khan of Moghulistan)]] (1408–1415)</li>
<li>[[Naqsh-i-Jahan]] (1415–1418)</li>
<li>[[Shir Ali Oglan]]</li>
<li>[[Uwais Khan]] (Vais Khan) (1418–1421, 1425–1429) </li>
<li>[[Sher Muhammad]] (1421–1425)</li>
<li>[[Esen Buqa II]] (1429–1462)</li>
<li>[[Dost Muhammad (Moghul Khan)|Dost Muhammad Khan]] (1462–1468), in Eastern Khanate or [[East Turkestan|Uyghurstan]] </li>
<li>[[Yunus Khan]] (1462–1487), in Western Moghulistan and since 1472 in Eastern Khanate (Uyghurstan) as well</li>
<li>[[Mahmud Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mahmud Khan]] (1487–1508), in Western Moghulistan </li>
<li>[[Ahmad Alaq]] (1487–1503), in Eastern Khanate (Uyghurstan) </li>
<li>[[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur Khan]] (1503–1543), in Eastern Khanate {Uyghurstan} </li>
<li>Sultan Said Khan (1508–1514), in Western Moghulistan</li>
</ol>
| style="border:none"| <ol start="23">
[[Yarkent Khanate]] (1514–1705)
<li>Sultan Said Khan (1514–1533) </li>
<li>[[Abdurashid Khan]] (1533–1560)</li>
<li>[[Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand)|Abdul Karim Khan]] (1560–1591) </li>
<li>[[Muhammad Sultan|Muhammad Khan]] (1591–1610) </li>
<li>[[Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan]] (1610–1618)</li>
<li> Kuraish Sultan 1618 </li>
<li>[[Abdal Latif Sultan (Afak Khan)|Abdal Latif Khan (Afak Khan)]] (1618–1630) </li>
<li> Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) (1630–1633, 1636–1638) </li>
<li> Mahmud Sultan (Qilich Khan) (1633–1636) </li>
<li> [[Abdallah (Moghul Khan)|Abdullah Khan]] (1638–1669) </li>
<li> [[Ismail Khan (Moghul khan)|Ismail Khan]] (1669, 1670–1678) </li>
<li> Yulbars Khan (1669–1670) </li>
<li> Abdal Latif Sultan (1670) </li>
<li> [[Abd ar-Rashid Khan II|Abdar Rashid Khan II]] (1678–1682) </li>
<li> [[Muhammad Amin Khan|Muhammad Imin Khan]] (1682–1692) </li>
<li> Yahia Khoja, usurper (son of [[Abakh Khoja|Appak Khoja]]) (1692–1695) </li>
<li> Hanim Padshah (sister of Muhammad Imin Khan) 1695 </li>
<li> Muhammad Mumin Khan ([[Akbash Khan]]) (1695–1705)</li>
</ol>
| style="border:none"| <ol start="18">
[[Turpan Khanate]] ([[Karasahr|Chalish]]-[[Turpan]]-[[Hami|Kumul]]) (1462–1690)
<li>[[Dost Muhammad (Moghul Khan)|Dost Muhammad Khan]] (1462–1468)</li>
<li>[[Kebek Sultan]] (1468–1472)</li>
<li>[[Yunus Khan]] (1472–1487)</li>
<li>[[Ahmad Alaq]] (1487–1503)</li>
<li>[[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur Khan]] (1503–1543)</li>
<li>[[Shah Khan]] (1543–1570)</li>
<li>[[Koraish Sultan]] (1570–1588)</li>
<li>[[Muhammad Sultan|Muhammad Khan]] (1588–1591)</li>
<li>[[Abduraim Khan]] (1591–1594, 1605–1636) </li>
<li>[[Khudabende Sultan]] (1594–1605) </li>
<li>[[Abdallah (Moghul Khan)|Abdullah Khan]] (1636–1638)</li>
<li> Abu'l Muhammad Khan (1638–1653) </li>
<li>[[Sultan Said Baba Khan]] (1653, 1655–1680)</li>
<li> Ibrahim Sultan (1653–1655) </li>
<li> [[Abd ar-Rashid Khan II|Abdar Rashid Khan II]] (1680–1682) </li>
<li> [[Muhammad Amin Khan|Muhammad Imin Khan]] (1682–1690) </li>
<li> Muhammad Shah-i-Beg Tarkhan (1690–1697) </li>
<li> [[Kumul Khanate]] (1697–1930)
Abdullah Beg Tarkhan (1697–1709)</li>
<li> Ghapur Beg (1709–1711) </li>
<li> Emin (1711-1740)</li>
<li> Yusup (1740-1767)</li>
<li> Ishaq (1767-1780)</li>
<li> Ardashir (1780-1813)</li>
<li> Bashir (1813-1867)</li>
<li> Muhammad Shah (1867-1882)</li>
<li> [[Maqsud Shah]] (1882-1930) </li>
<li> Nazir (1930-1934)</li>
<li> Bashir II (1934-1949)</li>
</ol>
|}
==Moghulistan (Western and Eastern)==
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mansur Khan]] in Eastern Moghulistan and [[Mahmud Khan (Moghul Khan)|Mahmud Khan]] in Western Moghulistan}}
{{s-ttl | title=[[Chagatai Khans|Moghul Khan]] (in Western Moghulistan)| years= 1508}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Abdurashid Khan]] in [[Yarkent Khanate]]}}
{{s-end}}
== List of Kumul Khanate Khans ==
The list of the Kumul Khanate Khans is as follows:<ref>《清史稿》卷二百十一 表五十一／藩部世表三</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Generation !! Name !! reign years !! information
|-
| 1st generation || Abdullah Beg 額貝都拉 é-bèi-dōu-lā || 1697－1709 || In the 36th year of the Kangxi reign, he was granted the title of [[Jasagh]] [[Darhan]] of the First Rank. He died in the 48th year of Kangxi's reign.
|-
| 2nd generation || 郭帕 guō-pà, Gapur Beg || 1709－1711 || Abdullah Beg's eldest son. In the 48th year of Kangxi's reign he was granted the title of Jasagh Darhan of the First Rank. He died in the fiftieth year of Kangxi's reign.
|-
| 3rd generation || Emin 額敏 É-mǐn || 1711－1740 ||Gapur beg's eldest son. In the fiftieth year of Kangxi's reign he inherited the title of Jasagh Darhan of the First Rank. In the fifth year of Yongzheng's reign he was promoted to Zhenguo Gong (鎮國公) (Duke Who Guards the State); in the 7th year of Yongzheng's reign, he was promoted to Gushan Beizi (固山貝子) (Banner Prince). In the 5th year of Qianlong's reign he died.
|-
| 4th generation || Yusuf 玉素甫 Yù-sù-fǔ or Yusup 玉素卜yù sù bǔ || 1740－1767 || Emin's eldest son. In the fifth year of Qianlong's reign he inherited the title of Jasagh Zhenguo Gong. In the 10th year of Qianlong's reign he was promoted to Gushan Beizi. In the 23rd year of Qianlong's reign he was granted the title of [[Beile]] pinji (貝勒品級). In the 24th year of Qianlong's reign, he was conferred the title of Duoluo Beile (多羅貝勒), and conferred the title of Junwang pinji (郡王品級). He died in the 12th month of the 31st year (January 1767).
|-
| 5th generation || Ishaq 伊薩克 yī-sà-kè || 1767－1780 || Yusuf's second son. In the 32nd year of Qianlong's reign he inherited the title of Junwang pinji Jasagh Duoluo Beile. In the 45th year he died.
|-
| 6th generation || Ardashir 額爾德錫爾 é-Ěr-dé-xī-ěr || 1780－1813 || Ishaq's eldest son. In the 45th year of Qianlong's reign, he inherited the title of Junwang pinji Jasagh duoluo beile. In the 48th year by imperial order he was granted permanent succession (all his descendants would automatically inherit his title). In the 18th year of the Jiaqing Emperor he died.
|-
| 7th generation || Bashir 博錫爾 bó-xī-ěr || 1813－1867 || Son of é-Ěr-dé-xī-ěr. In the 18th year of Jiaqing's reign, he inherited (his father's titles). In the 12th year of Daoguang's reign, he was promoted to Duoluo Junwang 多羅郡王. In the third year of Xianfeng's reign, he was granted the title of Qinwang 親王. In the fifth year of Tongzhi's reign, the Dungan revolt broke out, but he stayed loyal (to the Qing). In the sixth year of Tongzhi's reign, he was posthumously granted the title of Hezhuo Qinwang 和碩親王.
|-
| 8th generation || Muhammad 賣哈莫特 mài-hǎ-mò-tè || 1867－1882 || Son of bó-xī-ěr. In the sixth year of Tongzhi's reign he inherited the title of Jasagh Heshuo Qinwang. In the seventh year of Guangxu's reign, he died, leaving no one to succeed to his title.
|-
| 9th generation || [[Maqsud Shah]] Maqsud Shah 沙木胡索特 shā-mù-hú-suǒ-tè || 1882－1930 || Muhammad's agnatic nephew. In the eighth year of Guangxu's reign he inherited his titles. In the fourth year of the Republic of China, his salary as qinwang was doubled. In the 19th year of the Republic of China on the sixth month on the sixth day, he died of illness.
|-
| 10th generation || Nasir 聶滋爾 niè-zī-ěr || 1930－1934 || Maqsud Shah's second son. In the 19th year of the Republic of China on the 9th month on the 13th day he inherited his titles. In the 23rd year of the Republic he died.
|-
| 11th generation || Bashir 伯錫爾 bó-xī-ěr ||1934－1949|| Nasir's eldest son. In the 23rd year of the Republic on the fourth month he inherited his titles. He was arrested and sent to prison. In 1951 he died while in prison.
|-
|}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*[[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat]]. ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi''. Translated and edited by Elias & [[Denison Ross]] ([[London]], 1898)
*Makhmud ibn Vali. "Bahr al-Asrar" (''Sea of mysteries''). Written in [[Balkh]] in 7 volumes in 1641–1644. Translated from the [[Balkh]] original text by B. Akhmedov. ([[Tashkent]], 1977)
*Muhammad Imin Sadr Kashgari. ''Asar al-futuh'' (''Traces of Invasion''). Original manuscript (never published, written in 1780 in Samarkand in Uighur language by the exiled author) in custody of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, No.753, in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
*Kutlukov, M. ''Mongol rule in Eastern Turkestan''. ([[Moscow]], [[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]], 1970)
*Kutlukov, M. ''About emergence of Yarkand state''. ([[Almaty]], [[Gylym]], 1990)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Sultan Said}}
[[Category:Uyghur people]]
[[Category:1487 births]]
[[Category:1533 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from asthma]]
[[Category:Chagatai khans]]
[[Category:People from the Yarkent Khanate]]
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