Computer graphics (computer science): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 05:46, 28 August 2020

Latest revision as of 16:40, 15 March 2025

(49 intermediate revisions by 40 users not shown)

Line 1:

{{short description|Sub-field of computer science}}[[File:utah teapot simple 2.png|thumb|A modern rendering of the Utah teapot, an iconic model in 3D computer graphics created by Martin Newell in 1975.]]

{{about|the scientific discipline of computer graphics|a broader overview|Computer graphics|other uses|Computer graphics (disambiguation)}}

'''Computer graphics''' is a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Although the term often refers to the study of three-dimensional computer graphics, it also encompasses two-dimensional graphics and image processing.

[[File:utah teapot simple 2.png|thumb|A modern rendering of the [[Utah teapot]], an iconic model in 3D computer graphics created by [[Martin Newell (computer scientist)|Martin Newell]] in 1975]]

'''Computer graphics''' is a sub-field of [[computer science]] which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Although the term often refers to the study of [[3D computer graphics|three-dimensional computer graphics]], it also encompasses [[2D computer graphics|two-dimensional graphics]] and [[image processing]].

== Overview ==

Computer graphics studies the manipulation of visual and geometric information using computational techniques. It focuses on the ''mathematical'' and ''computational'' foundations of image generation and processing rather than purely [[aesthetic]] issues. Computer graphics is often differentiated from the field of [[visualization (graphic)|visualization]], although the two fields have many similarities.

Connected studies include:

Line 28 ⟶ 25:

{{See also|History of computer animation|Computer graphics#History}}

There are several international conferences and journals where the most significant results in computer graphics are published. Among them are the [[SIGGRAPH]] and [[Eurographics]] conferences and the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] (ACM) Transactions on Graphics journal. The joint Eurographics and [[ACM SIGGRAPH]] symposium series features the major venues for the more specialized sub-fields: Symposium on Geometry Processing,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.geometryprocessing.org |title = geometryprocessing.org |website = geometryprocessing.org |date= |access-date=2014-05-01 }}</ref> Symposium on Rendering, Symposium on Computer Animation,<ref>[http://www.eg.org/events ] {{webarchive |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070314004027/http://www.eg.org/events |date = March 14, 2007 }}</ref> and High Performance Graphics.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.highperformancegraphics.org |title = High Performance Graphics |website = highperformancegraphics.org }}</ref>

As in the rest of computer science, conference publications in computer graphics are generally more significant than journal publications (and subsequently have lower acceptance rates).<ref name="cra memo">{{cite web |url = http://www.cra.org/reports/tenure_review.html |title=Best Practices Memo |website = Cra.org |access-date=2014-05-01 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002308/http://www.cra.org/reports/tenure_review.html |archive-date=2014-05-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ernst note">{{cite web |url = http://people.csail.mit.edu/mernst/advice/conferences-vs-journals.html |title=Choosing a venue: conference or journal? |website = People.csail.mit.edu |date= |access-date=2014-05-01}}</ref><ref name="graphics acceptance rates">{{cite web |url = http://vrlab.epfl.ch/~ulicny/statistics/ |title = Graphics/vision publications acceptance rates statistics |website = vrlab.epfl.ch |date= |access-date=2014-05-01 }}</ref><ref>An extensive history of computer graphics can be found at [http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lessons.html this page] {{webarchive |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070405172134/http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lessons.html |date=April 5, 2007 }}.</ref>

== Subfields ==

A broad classification of major subfields in computer graphics might be:

# [[Geometry]]: ways to represent and process surfaces

# [[Computer animation|Animation]]: ways to represent and manipulate motion

# [[Rendering (computer graphics)|Rendering]]: [[algorithm]]s to reproduce light transport

# [[Digital imaging|Imaging]]: image acquisition or image editing

Line 42 ⟶ 39:

[[File:Stanford bunny qem.png|thumb|Successive approximations of a surface computed using quadric error metrics]]

The subfield of geometry studies the representation of three-dimensional objects in a discrete digital setting. Because the appearance of an object depends largely on its exterior, [[boundary representation]]s are most commonly used. Two dimensional [[Surface (topology)|surface]]s are a good representation for most objects, though they may be non-[[manifold]]. Since surfaces are not finite, discrete digital approximations are used. [[polygon mesh|Polygonal meshes]] (and to a lesser extent [[subdivision surfaces]]) are by far the most common representation, although point-based representations have become more popular recently (see for instance the Symposium on Point-Based Graphics).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://graphics.ethz.ch/events/pbg/07/ |title=Point Based Graphics 2007 - PBG07 |website = Graphics.ethz.ch |date= |access-date=2014-05-01}}</ref> These representations are ''Lagrangian,'' meaning the spatial locations of the samples are independent. Recently, ''Eulerian'' surface descriptions (i.e., where spatial samples are fixed) such as [[level set]]s have been developed into a useful representation for deforming surfaces which undergo many topological changes (with [[fluids]] being the most notable example).<ref name="stanford fedkiw">{{cite web |url = http://graphics.stanford.edu/~fedkiw/ |title = Ron Fedkiw |website = graphics.stanford.edu |date= |access-date=2014-05-01 }}</ref>

; Geometry Subfieldssubfields include:

* [[Implicit surface]] modeling – an older subfield which examines the use of algebraic surfaces, [[constructive solid geometry]], etc., for surface representation.

* Digital geometry processing – [[3d scanning|surface reconstruction]], simplification, fairing, mesh repair, [[mesh parameterization|parameterization]], remeshing, [[mesh generation]], surface compression, and surface editing all fall under this heading.<ref name="caltech multires dgp">[http://www.multires.caltech.edu/pubs/DGPCourse/ ] {{webarchive |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070214021951/http://www.multires.caltech.edu/pubs/DGPCourse/ |date=February 14, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="uiuc graphics dgp">[http://graphics.cs.uiuc.edu/~garland/class/geometry/ CS 598: Digital Geometry Processing (Fall 2004)<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.istoday/20041025104252/http://graphics.cs.uiuc.edu/~garland/class/geometry/ |date=2004-10-25 }}</ref><ref name="ubc sheffa dgp">{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~sheffa/dgp/ |title=Digital Geometry Processing |website = cs.ubc.ca |date= |access-date=2014-05-01}}</ref>

* Discrete differential geometry – a nascent field which defines geometric quantities for the discrete surfaces used in computer graphics.<ref name="columbia ddg">{{cite web |url = http://ddg.cs.columbia.edu/ |title=Discrete Differential Geometry |website = ddg.cs.columbia.edu |date= |access-date=2014-05-01}}</ref>

* Point-based graphics – a recent field which focuses on points as the fundamental representation of surfaces.

* [[Subdivision surfaces]]

Line 53 ⟶ 50:

=== Animation ===

The subfield of animation studies descriptions for surfaces (and other phenomena) that move or deform over time. Historically, most work in this field has focused on parametric and data-driven models, but recently [[physical simulation]] has become more popular as computers have become more powerful computationally.

Animation subfields include:

; Subfields

* [[Motion capture|Performance capture]]

* Character animation

* Physical simulation (e.g. [[cloth modeling]], animation of [[fluid dynamics]], etc.)

=== Rendering ===

{{Main articles|Rendering (computer graphics)}}

[[File:Cornellbox pathtracing irradiancecaching.png|thumb|Indirect diffuse scattering simulated using [[path tracing]] and [[irradiance]] [[caching]].]]

[[File:Cornellbox pathtracing irradiancecaching.png|thumb|Indirect diffuse scattering simulated using [[path tracing]] and [[irradiance]] [[Cache (computing)|caching]].]]

Rendering generates images from a model. Rendering may simulate [[light transport theory|light transport]] to create realistic images or it may create images that have a particular artistic style in [[non-photorealistic rendering]]. The two basic operations in realistic rendering are transport (how much light passes from one place to another) and scattering (how surfaces interact with light). See [[Rendering (computer graphics)]] for more information.

Rendering subfields include:

; Transport

* [[light transport theory|Transport]] describes how illumination in a scene gets from one place to another. [[visibility (geometry)|Visibility]] is a major component of light transport.

* Scattering: Models of ''[[scattering]]'' (how light interacts with the surface ''at a given point'') and ''[[shading]]'' (how material properties vary across the surface) are used to describe the appearance of a surface. In graphics these problems are often studied within the context of rendering since they can substantially affect the design of [[rendering algorithm]]s. Descriptions of scattering are usually given in terms of a [[bidirectional scattering distribution function]] (BSDF). The latter issue addresses how different types of scattering are distributed across the surface (i.e., which scattering function applies where). Descriptions of this kind are typically expressed with a program called a [[shader]]. (There is some confusion since the word "shader" is sometimes used for programs that describe local ''geometric'' variation.)

; Scattering

Models of ''scattering'' and ''shading'' are used to describe the appearance of a surface. In graphics these problems are often studied within the context of rendering since they can substantially affect the design of [[rendering algorithm]]s. Shading can be broken down into two orthogonal issues, which are often studied independently:

# '''scattering''' – how light interacts with the surface ''at a given point''

# '''shading''' – how material properties vary across the surface

The former problem refers to [[scattering]], i.e., the relationship between incoming and outgoing illumination at a given point. Descriptions of scattering are usually given in terms of a [[bidirectional scattering distribution function]] or BSDF. The latter issue addresses how different types of scattering are distributed across the surface (i.e., which scattering function applies where). Descriptions of this kind are typically expressed with a program called a [[shader]]. (Note that there is some confusion since the word "shader" is sometimes used for programs that describe local ''geometric'' variation.)

;Other subfields

* [[Non-photorealistic rendering]]

* [[Physically based rendering]] – concerned with generating images according to the laws of [[geometric optics]]

Line 89 ⟶ 79:

* [[Jim Blinn]]

* [[Jack E. Bresenham]]

* [[Loren Carpenter]]

* [[Edwin Catmull]]

* [[James H. Clark]]

Line 95 ⟶ 85:

* [[Franklin C. Crow]]

* [[Paul Debevec]]

* [[David C. Evans (computer scientist)|David C. Evans]]

* [[Ronald Fedkiw|Ron Fedkiw]]

* [[Steven K. Feiner]]

Line 134 ⟶ 124:

* [[Lance Williams (graphics researcher)|Lance Williams]]

{{div col end}}

== Applications for their use ==

'''Bitmap Design / Image Editing'''

* [[Adobe Photoshop]]

* [[Corel Photo-Paint]]

* [[GIMP]]

* [[Krita]]

'''Vector drawing'''

* [[Adobe Illustrator]]

* [[CorelDRAW]]

* [[Inkscape]]

* [[Affinity Designer]]

* Sketch

'''Architecture'''

* [[VariCAD]]

* [[FreeCAD]]

* [[AutoCAD]]

* [[QCAD]]

* [[LibreCAD]]

* [[DataCAD]]

* [[Corel Designer]]

'''Video editing'''

* [[Adobe Premiere Pro]]

* [[Sony Vegas]]

* [[Final Cut Pro X|Final Cut]]

* [[DaVinci Resolve]]

* [[Cinelerra]]

* [[VirtualDub]]

'''Sculpting, Animation, and 3D Modeling'''

* [[Blender 3D]]

* [[Wings 3D]]

* [[ZBrush]]

* Sculptris

* [[SolidWorks]]

* [[Rhino3D]]

* [[SketchUp]]

* [[3ds Max]]

* [[Cinema 4D]]

* [[Autodesk Maya|Maya]]

* [[Houdini (software)|Houdini]]

'''Digital composition'''

* [[Nuke (Software)|Nuke]]

* [[Blackmagic Fusion]]

* [[Adobe After Effects]]

* [[Natron (software)|Natron]]

'''Rendering'''

* [[V-Ray]]

* [[RedShift]]

* [[RenderMan]]

* [[Octane Render]]

* [[Mantra (Software)|Mantra]]

* [[Lumion (Software)|Lumion]] (Architectural visualization)

'''Other applications examples'''

* [[ACIS]] - geometric core

* [[Autodesk Softimage]]

* [[POV-Ray]]

* [[Scribus]]

* [[Silo (software)|Silo]]

* [[Hexagon (software)|Hexagon]]

* [[LightWave 3D|Lightwave]]

== See also ==

Line 144 ⟶ 201:

* [[Digital image editing]]

* [[Geometry processing]]

* [[IBM PCPG]], (1980s)

* [[Painter's algorithm]]

* [[Stanford Bunny]]

Line 161 ⟶ 219:

{{Commons category|Computer graphics}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070405172134/http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lessons.html A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation]

* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070302154206/http://hem.passagen.se/des/hocg/hocg_1960.htm ''History of Computer Graphics'' series of articles]}}

=== University groups ===

*[http://gruvi.cs.sfu.ca/ Computer Graphics Usability and Visualization Group] at [[Simon Fraser University]]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190424134841/http://www.cs.hku.hk/GraphicsGroup/ Computer Graphics Group] at [[The University of Hong Kong]]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111205121054/http://www.bath.ac.uk/media/ Media Technology Research Centre] at the [[University of Bath]]

*[http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/b-cam/ Berkeley Computer Animation and Modeling Group]

*[http://graphics.berkeley.edu/ Berkeley Computer Graphics]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070225063956/http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/Research/Graphics/ Bristol University Computer Graphics Group]

*[https://www.cs.columbia.edu/cg C²G² at Columbia University]

*[http://cvit.iiit.ac.in Center for Visual Information Technology], [[IIIT Hyderabad]]

*[http://www.multires.caltech.edu/ Caltech Multi-Res Modeling Group]

*[http://graphics.cs.cmu.edu/ Carnegie Mellon Graphics Lab]

*[https://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~cggc Center for Graphics and Geometric Computing at Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070610184922/http://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/departments/d4/ Computer Graphics Department] at [[Max-Planck-Institut fur Informatik]]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170914034849/http://computer-graphics.be/ Computer Graphics Department at Haute Ecole Albert Jacquard]

*[http://graphics.cs.brown.edu/ Computer Graphics Group at Brown]

*[http://www.rwth-graphics.de Computer Graphics Group at [[RWTH Aachen University]]]

*[http://gvi.seas.harvard.edu Computer Graphics at Harvard]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170923050320/http://graphics.usc.edu/cgit/index.php Computer Graphics and Immersive Technologies Laboratory] at USC

*[http://gl.ict.usc.edu/ Graphics Lab] of [[Institute for Creative Technologies]] at [[University of Southern California|USC]]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070708173122/http://cg.kaist.ac.kr/ Computer Graphics Laboratory] at [[Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology]] (KAIST)

*[http://www.tecgraf.puc-rio.br Computer Graphics Group] at [[PUC-Rio]]

*[http://cg.cs.uni-bonn.de/ Computer Graphics Group] at [[University of Bonn]]

*[http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~gfx Computer Graphics Group] at [[University of Virginia]]

*[http://nis-lab.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index-e.html Computer Graphics Laboratory] at [[University of Tokyo]]

*[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/graphics/ Computer Graphics Laboratory] at [[UT Austin]]

*[http://graphics.ethz.ch/ Computer Graphics Laboratory] at [[ETH Zurich]]

*[http://www.cs.rice.edu/~jwarren/graphics.html Computer Graphics / Geometric Design Group] at [[Rice University|Rice]]

*[https://www.cs.columbia.edu/graphics/top.html Computer Graphics and User Interfaces Lab] at [[Columbia University]]

*[http://hpcg.purdue.edu/ High Performance Computer Graphics Lab] at [[Purdue University]]

*[http://www.cs.purdue.edu/cgvlab/ Computer Graphics and Visualization Lab] at [[Purdue University]]

*[http://www.cs.utah.edu/graphics/ Computer Graphics and Visualization Lab] at [[University of Utah]]

*[http://www.cs.wisc.edu/graphics/GraphicsWeb/index.html Computer Graphics and Visualization Lab] at [[University of Wisconsin]]

*[http://www.graphics.cornell.edu/ Cornell University Program of Computer Graphics]

*[http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/ Dynamic Graphics Project at University of Toronto]

*[http://www.geometrie.tuwien.ac.at/ig/ Geometric Modeling and Industrial Geometry Group] at [[Technische Universitat Wien]]

*[http://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/research/ The Institute of Computer Graphics and Algorithms] at [[Technische Universitat Wien]]

*[http://www.cs.unc.edu/Research/ProjectIndex/GraphicsImage.html Graphics and Image Analysis at UNC]

*[http://graphics.unizar.es/ Graphics and Imaging Lab] at [[Universidad de Zaragoza]]

*[http://gggj.ujaen.es/ Graphics and Geomatics Group] at [[Universidad de Jaén]]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070427212320/http://cg.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn/ Graphics and Geometric Computing Group] at [[Tsinghua University]]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20010201203100/http://graphics.cs.uiuc.edu/ Graphics@Illinois]

*[http://grail.cs.washington.edu/ GRAIL] at [[University of Washington]]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061219013441/http://www-gravir.imag.fr/ GRAVIR at iMAGIS]

*[http://www.cs.umd.edu/gvil GVIL] at [[University of Maryland, College Park]]

*[http://www.gvu.gatech.edu/ GVU Center] at [[Georgia Tech]]

*[http://graphics.cs.ucdavis.edu/ IDAV Visualization and Graphics Research Group] at [[UC Davis]]

*[http://imagine.uniandes.edu.co IMAGINE Research Group] at [[University of Los Andes (Colombia)|Universidad de los Andes]], Bogotá, Colombia

*[http://www.cs.ubc.ca/labs/imager/ Imager Laboratory] at [[University of British Columbia]]

*[http://groups.csail.mit.edu/graphics/ MIT Computer Graphics Group]

*[http://www.mrl.nyu.edu/ MRL] at [[NYU]]

*[http://www.cs.princeton.edu/gfx/ Princeton Graphics and Geometry Group]

*[http://graphics.stanford.edu/ Stanford Computer Graphics Laboratory]

*[http://graphics.ucsd.edu/ UCSD Computer Graphics Laboratory]

*[http://www.virvig.eu/ ViRVIG] at [[Polytechnic University of Catalonia]]

*[http://vision-research.vanderbilt.edu/ Vision Research Center] at [[Vanderbilt University|Vanderbilt]]

*[http://www.inigraphics.net/ INI-GraphicsNet international network]

*[http://www.vrvis.at/ VRVis Research Center]

=== Industry ===

Line 241:

[[Category:Computer graphics|+]]

[[Category:Computer science]]