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{{Short description|1992 American crewed spaceflight}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
|
| names_list = [[Space Transportation System]]-45
|
| image_caption = Components of the [[Spacelab|ATLAS-1 laboratory]] in the payload bay of ''Atlantis''
| mission_type = [[Spacelab|ATLAS-1]] astronomy research
|
| mission_duration = {{time interval|March 24, 1992, 13:13:39|April 2, 1992, 11:23:06|show=dhms|sep=,}}
| distance_travelled = {{cvt|5211340|km}}
| orbits_completed = 143
| spacecraft = {{OV|104}}
|
|
| payload_mass = {{cvt|9947|kg}}
| crew_size = 7
| crew_members = {{Unbulleted list|[[Charles Bolden]]|[[Brian Duffy (astronaut)|Brian Duffy]]|[[Kathryn D. Sullivan]]|[[David Leestma]]|[[Michael Foale]]|[[Dirk Frimout]]|[[Byron K. Lichtenberg]]}}
| launch_date = {{Start date text|March 24, 1992, 13:13:39|timezone=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (8:13:39{{nbsp}}am{{nbsp}}[[Eastern Standard Time|EST]])
| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]]
| launch_contractor = [[Rockwell International]]
| landing_date = {{End date text|April 2, 1992, 11:23:06|timezone=yes}}{{nbsp}}UTC (6:23:06{{nbsp}}am{{nbsp}}EST)
| landing_site = Kennedy, [[Shuttle Landing Facility|SLF Runway 33]]
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis = {{cvt|282|km}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{cvt|294|km}}
| orbit_inclination = 57.00°
| orbit_period = 90.30 minutes
| apsis = gee
| instruments = {{ubl|Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR)|Atmospheric Emissions Photometric Imager (AEPI)|Atmospheric Lyman-Alpha Emissions (ALAE)|Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS)|Far Ultraviolet Space Telescope (FAUST)|Grille Spectrometer|Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO)|Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS)|Space Experiments with Particle Accelerators (SEPAC)|Measurement of Solar Constant (SOLCON)|Solar Spectrum (SOLSPEC])|Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM)}}
| insignia = Sts-45-patch.png
| insignia_caption = STS-45 mission patch
| crew_photo = Sts-45 crew.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Standing: [[Byron K. Lichtenberg|Lichtenberg]], [[Michael Foale|Foale]], [[David Leestma|Leestma]], [[Kathryn D. Sullivan|Sullivan]] and [[Dirk Frimout|Frimout]]<br />Seated: [[Brian Duffy (astronaut)|Duffy]] and [[Charles Bolden|Bolden]]
| programme = [[Space Shuttle program]]
| previous_mission = [[STS-42]] (45)
| next_mission = [[STS-49]] (47)
}}
'''STS-45''' was a 1992 [[NASA]] [[Space Shuttle]] mission using the {{OV|104}}. Its almost nine-day scientific mission was with a non-deployable payload of instruments. It was the 46th Space Shuttle mission and the 11th for ''Atlantis''.
==
{{Spaceflight crew
| terminology = Astronaut
| position1 = Commander
| crew1_up = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Charles Bolden]] [[File:Solid blue.svg|8 px|Member of Blue Team]]
| flights1_up = Third
| position2 = Pilot
| crew2_up = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Duffy (astronaut)|Brian Duffy]] [[File:Solid blue.svg|8 px|Member of Blue Team]]
| flights2_up = First
| position3 = Mission Specialist 1
| crew3_up = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Kathryn D. Sullivan]] [[File:Solid blue.svg|8 px|Member of Blue Team]]
| flights3_up = Third and last
| position4 = Mission Specialist 2<br />Flight Engineer
| crew4_up = {{flagicon|USA}} [[David Leestma]] [[File:Solid red.svg|8 px|Member of Red Team]]
| flights4_up = Third and last
| position5 = Mission Specialist 3
| crew5_up = {{flagicon|USA}}/{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}<!-- Foale wore the US flag on his arm, so it should be listed first --> [[Michael Foale]] [[File:Solid red.svg|8 px|Member of Red Team]]
| flights5_up = First
| position6 = Payload Specialist 1
| crew6_up = {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Dirk Frimout]]
| flights6_up = Only
| agency6_up = [[European Space Agency|ESA]] [[File:Solid blue.svg|8 px|Member of Blue Team]]
| position7 = Payload Specialist 2
| crew7_up = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Byron K. Lichtenberg]] [[File:Solid red.svg|8 px|Member of Red Team]]
| flights7_up = Second and last
| notes = [[File:Solid blue.svg|8px|Member of Blue Team]] Member of Blue Team<br />[[File:Solid red.svg|8px|Member of Red Team]] Member of Red Team
The astronauts were divided into a red team and a blue team to allow around-the-clock monitoring of experiments.
}}
{{Spaceflight crew
| terminology = Astronaut
| crew = backup
| position6 = Payload Specialist 1
| crew6_up = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Michael Lampton|Michael L. Lampton]]
| position7 = Payload Specialist 2
| crew7_up = {{flagicon|USA}} Charles R. Chappell
}}
=== Crew seat assignments ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Seat<ref>{{cite web|title=STS-45|url=http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-45.htm|publisher=Spacefacts|access-date=March 4, 2014}}</ref>
! Launch
! Landing
|rowspan=8| [[File:Space Shuttle seating plan.svg|150px]]<br />Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck.<br />Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck.
|-
! 1
|colspan=2| Bolden
|-
! 2
|colspan=2| Duffy
|-
! 3
| Sullivan
| Foale
|-
! 4
|colspan=2| Leestma
|-
! 5
| Foale
| Sullivan
|-
! 6
|colspan=2| Frimout
|-
! 7
|colspan=2| Lichtenberg
|}
== Mission highlights ==
{{LaunchAttempt
| date1 = 1992-03-23 8:01 AM
| result1 = Scrubbed
| reason1 = Technical
| decision_date1 = 1992-03-23 3:01
| notes1 = High concentrations of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.<ref name="STIsummary" />
| date2 = 1992-03-24 8:33:39 AM
| result2 = Success
| notes2 = T−9 minute hold extended due to weather concerns.<ref name="STIsummary" />
}}
''Atlantis'' was launched on March 24, 1992, at 8:13 a.m. EST. The launch was originally scheduled for March 23, 1992, but was delayed by one day because of higher-than-allowable concentrations of [[liquid hydrogen]] and [[liquid oxygen]] in the [[orbiter]]'s aft compartment during tanking operations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dunn |first=Marcia |date=1992-03-23 |title=Shuttle launch scrapped |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=9fRKRCJz75UC&dat=19920323&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=The Free Lance-Star |page=A2 |via=Google News |volume=108 |issue=70 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> During troubleshooting, the leaks could not be reproduced, leading engineers to believe that they were the result of plumbing in the main propulsion system not thermally conditioned to the cryogenic propellants; the launch was rescheduled for March 24, 1992. ''Atlantis'' weighed {{cvt|105982|kg}} at launch.<ref name="Fricke">{{Cite report |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930016770/downloads/19930016770.pdf |title=STS-45 Space Shuttle mission report |last=Fricke |first=Robert W. |date=1992-05-01 |access-date=2025-03-24}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=2}}<ref name="STIsummary">{{cite web |last1=Legler |first1=Robert D. |last2=Bennett |first2=Floyd V. |date=September 1, 2011 |title=Space Shuttle Missions Summary |url=https://sma.nasa.gov/SignificantIncidents/assets/space-shuttle-missions-summary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021052010/https://sma.nasa.gov/SignificantIncidents/assets/space-shuttle-missions-summary.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=January 6, 2021 |website=Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program Office |publisher=NASA |page=2-53 |id=NASA/TM–2011–216142}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
STS-45 carried the first [[Spacelab|Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science]] (ATLAS-1) experiments, placed on [[Spacelab]] pallets mounted in the orbiter's payload bay. The non-deployable payload, equipped with 12 instruments from the [[United States]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Belgium]], [[Switzerland]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Japan]], conducted studies in atmospheric chemistry, solar radiation, space plasma physics and ultraviolet astronomy. ATLAS-1 instruments included the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS); Grille Spectrometer; Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS); Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO); Atmospheric Lyman-Alpha Emissions (ALAE); Atmospheric Emissions Photometric Imager (AEPI); Space Experiments with Particle Accelerators (SEPAC); Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR); Measurement of Solar Constant (SOLCON); Solar Spectrum;<ref>{{cite web |title=Background |url=http://solspec.projet.latmos.ipsl.fr/SOLSPEC_GB/Background.html |website=SOLSPEC |publisher=Institut Pierre Simon Laplace |access-date=March 26, 2022}}</ref> Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM); and Far Ultraviolet Space Telescope (FAUST). Other payloads included the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV) experiment, a [[Get Away Special]] (GAS) experiment and six mid-deck experiments.
The mission was extended by a day in order to continue science experiments. The landing occurred on April 2, 1992, 6:23 a.m. EST, on Runway 33 of the [[Shuttle Landing Facility]], located at the [[Kennedy Space Center]]. The rollout distance was {{cvt|2812|m}} and ''Atlantis'' weighed {{cvt|93005|kg}} on landing.
== Mission insignia ==
The mission insignia covers all aspects of the flight, by featuring Earth and the Sun, and the orbiter on high inclination, as to illustrate the high importance of the mission. The names of all flying members are included in the band, separated by stars. In the 'ring' at the bottom right, a single star is included, separating the unmentioned names of the alternate mission specialists, who are therefore indirectly included; a first and unique tribute to a support crew. [[Dirk Frimout]] is the first Belgian citizen to fly into space, and the only one to fly on a Space Shuttle (the other is [[Frank De Winne]] (who flies to the [[International Space Station]] via [[Soyuz]] as mission commander), as the Space Shuttle program was terminated at the time of the latter's flight), but to keep the focus on the mission, no national flag is added nor the customary logo of the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), but the mission main objective, ATLAS, is included below instead.
== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[List of human spaceflights]]
* [[List of Space Shuttle missions]]
* [[Nikon NASA F4]]
* [[Outline of space science]]
* [[Space Shuttle]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle46.htm STS-45 Video Highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018012804/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle46.htm |date=October 18, 2013 }}
* [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-45/mission-sts-45.html NASA mission summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130045933/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-45/mission-sts-45.html |date=November 30, 2013 }}
* [https://www.g3xwh.com/index.php/home/sts-45-contact-1992/hlc-sts-45-contact STS-45 Amateur Radio Contact with Harrogate Ladies' College in 1992.]
{{Space Shuttle Atlantis}}
{{All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions}}
{{Orbital launches in 1992}}
[[Category:Space Shuttle missions]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1992]]
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