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{{short description|Object–relational mapping tool}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Hibernate ORM
| logo = Hibernate logo
| logo size = 250px
| developer = [[Red Hat]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2001|05|23|df=yes}}
| latest release version =
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date =
| programming language = [[Java (programming language)|Java]]
| operating system = [[Cross-platform]] ([[JVM]])
| platform = [[Java Virtual Machine]]
| genre = [[
| license = [[
| website = {{
}}
'''Hibernate ORM''' (or simply '''Hibernate''') is an [[object–relational mapping]]{{sfn|Bauer|King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§1.2.2|p=12}} tool for the [[Java (programming language)|Java]] programming language. It provides a [[Software framework|framework]] for mapping an [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] ___domain model to a [[relational database]]. Hibernate handles [[object–relational impedance mismatch]] problems by replacing direct, [[Persistence (computer science)|persistent]] database accesses with high-level object handling functions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/7.0/introduction/html_single/Hibernate_Introduction.html|title=A Short Guide to Hibernate 7|website=docs.jboss.org}}</ref>
Hibernate is [[free software]] that is distributed under the [[Apache License]]. Versions prior to 7.0.0.Beta4 were distributed under the [[GNU Lesser General Public License]] 2.1.
Hibernate's primary feature is mapping from Java classes to [[Table (database)|database tables]], and mapping from Java data types to [[SQL]] data types. Hibernate also provides data query and retrieval facilities. It generates SQL calls and relieves the developer from the manual handling and object conversion of the result set.
Hibernate provides an [[SQL]] inspired language called [[Hibernate Query Language]] (HQL) for writing SQL-like queries against Hibernate's data objects. ''Criteria Queries'' are provided as an [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] alternative to HQL. Criteria Query is used to modify the objects and provide the restriction for the objects.▼
==Standards==
Hibernate ORM is a certified compatible implementation of the industry-standard [[Jakarta Persistence]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jakarta.ee/specifications/persistence/3.2/|title=Jakarta Persistence 3.2|website=jakarta.ee}}</ref> (formerly Java Persistence API) and Jakarta Data<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jakarta.ee/specifications/data/1.0/|title=Jakarta Data 1.0|website=jakarta.ee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/6.6/repositories/html_single/Hibernate_Data_Repositories.html|title= Introducing Hibernate Data Repositories |website=docs.jboss.org}}</ref> specifications.
==Mapping==
The mapping of Java classes to database tables is implemented by the configuration of an [[XML]] file or by using [[Java annotation|Java Annotations]]. When using an XML file, Hibernate can [[Program synthesis|generate]] skeleton [[source code]] for the persistence classes. This is auxiliary when annotations are used. Hibernate can use the XML file or the Java annotations to maintain the [[database schema]].
There are provided facilities to arrange [[One-to-many (data model)|one-to-many]] and [[Many-to-many (data model)|many-to-many]] relationships between classes.{{sfn|Bauer|King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=7|pp=140–171}} In addition to managing associations between objects, Hibernate can also manage [[Reflexive relation|reflexive]] associations wherein an object has a one-to-many relationship with other instances of the [[Class (computer programming)|class]] [[data type|type]].
Hibernate supports the mapping of custom value types. This makes the following scenarios possible:
* Overriding the default SQL type when mapping a column to a property.
* Mapping Java [[Enumerated type|Enums]] to columns as though they were regular properties.{{sfn|Bauer|King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=5.1.7|pp=89–90}}
* Mapping a single property to multiple columns.
'''Definition:'''
Objects in an [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]] application follow [[object-oriented programming|OOP]] principles, while objects in the back-end follow [[database normalization]] principles, resulting in different representation requirements. This problem is called "[[object–relational impedance mismatch]]". Mapping is a way of resolving the object–relational impedance mismatch problem.
Mapping informs the ORM tool of what Java class object to store in which database table.
==Hibernate Query Language (HQL)==
▲Hibernate provides
HQL (Hibernate Query Language) is the object-oriented version of SQL. It generates database independent queries so that there is no need to write database-specific queries. Without this capability, changing the database would require individual SQL queries to be changed as well, leading to maintenance issues.
==Persistence==
Hibernate provides transparent persistence for [[Plain Old Java Object]]s (POJOs).{{sfn|Bauer|King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=3.2.2|pp=37–38}} The only strict requirement for a persistent class is a [[Nullary constructor|no-argument constructor]],{{sfn|Bauer|King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=3.2.3|pp=39}} though not necessarily '''{{code|public}}'''. Proper behavior in some applications also requires special attention to the {{
Collections of data objects are typically stored in Java collection classes, such as implementations of the {{
Related objects can be configured to ''[[Propagation constraint|cascade]]'' operations from one object to the other. For example, a parent {{code|Album}} class object can be configured to cascade its {{code|save}} and {{code|delete}} operations to its child {{code|Track}} class objects.
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==Entities and components==
In Hibernate [[jargon]], an ''entity'' is a stand-alone object in Hibernate's [[Persistence (computer science)|persistent]] mechanism which can be manipulated independently of other objects.{{sfn|Bauer|King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=4.2|pp=62–74}} In contrast, a ''component'' is subordinate to an entity and can be manipulated only with respect to that entity. For example, an Album object may represent an entity; but the Tracks object associated with the Album objects would represent a ''component'' of the Album entity, if it is assumed that Tracks can only be saved or retrieved from the database through the Album object. Unlike J2EE, Hibernate can switch databases.
==History==
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[[JBoss (company)|JBoss, Inc.]] (now part of [[Red Hat]]) later hired the lead Hibernate developers in order to further its development.
In 2005, Hibernate version 3.0 was released. Key features included a new Interceptor/Callback architecture, user defined filters, and JDK 5.0 [[Java annotation|Annotations]] (Java's [[metadata]] feature). {{As of | 2010}}, Hibernate 3 (version 3.5.0 and up) was a certified implementation of the [[Java Persistence API#JPA 2.0|Java Persistence API 2.0]] specification via a wrapper for the Core module which provides conformity with the JSR 317 standard.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate 3.5.0-Final release|date=April 2010 |url=http://in.relation.to/Bloggers/Hibernate350FinalRelease|publisher=In Relation To...}}</ref>
In Dec 2011, Hibernate Core 4.0.0 Final was released. This includes new features such as [http://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/5.3/userguide/html_single/Hibernate_User_Guide.html#multitenacy multi-tenancy] support, introduction of ServiceRegistry (a major change in how Hibernate builds and manages "services"), better session opening from SessionFactory, improved integration via ''org.hibernate.integrator.spi.Integrator'' and auto discovery, [[Internationalization and localization|internationalization]] support, message codes in logging, and a more distinction between the API, SPI or implementation classes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hibernate.org/orm/releases/|title=Releases - Hibernate ORM|website=hibernate.org}}</ref>
In December 2012, Hibernate ORM 4.1.9 Final was released.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://in.relation.to/23792.lace |title=
In Mar 2013, Hibernate ORM 4.2 Final was released.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://grepcode.com/snapshot/repository.jboss.org/nexus/content/repositories/releases/org.hibernate/hibernate-core/4.2.0.Final |title=
In December 2013, Hibernate ORM 4.3.0 Final was released.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://grepcode.com/snapshot/repository.jboss.org/nexus/content/repositories/releases/org.hibernate/hibernate-core/4.3.0.Final |title=
In September 2015, Hibernate ORM 5.0.2 Final was released. It has improved bootstrapping, hibernate-java8, hibernate-spatial, Karaf support.
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In December 2018, Hibernate ORM 5.4.0 Final was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hibernate.org/orm/releases/|title=Releases - Hibernate ORM|website=hibernate.org}}</ref>
In March, 2022, Hibernate ORM 6.0.0 Final was released,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.relation.to/2022/03/31/orm-60-final/|website=hibernate.org|title=Hibernate 6.0 Final|language=en}}</ref> a "major redesign [which] has touched almost every subsystem of Hibernate, including the APIs, mapping annotations, and the query language".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/6.6/introduction/html_single/Hibernate_Introduction.html#preface|title=An Introduction to Hibernate 6|website=docs.jboss.org}}</ref>
In October 2022, Hibernate ORM 6.1.4 Final was released.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boriero |first=Andrea |title=Hibernate ORM 6.1.4.Final released |url=https://in.relation.to/2022/10/05/hibernate-orm-614-final/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=In Relation To |date=5 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
In May 2025, Hibernate ORM 7.0.0 Final was released,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.relation.to/2025/05/20/hibernate-orm-seven/|title=Hibernate 7 (and Hibernate Validator 9)|website=In Relation To}}</ref> with support for Jakarta Persistence 3.2 and Jakarta Data 1.0.
==Application programming interface==
The Hibernate API is provided in the [[Java package]] {{code|org.hibernate}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/stable/core/javadocs/index.html?overview-summary.html|title=Hibernate JavaDocs|website=docs.jboss.org}}</ref>
===org.hibernate.SessionFactory interface===
The {{code|org.hibernate.SessionFactory}} interface is the native equivalent version of the JPA's standard {{code|EntityManagerFactory}}.{{sfn|Bauer|King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=2.3|p=26}}
===org.hibernate.Session interface===
The {{code|org.hibernate.Session}} interface<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/stable/core/javadocs/org/hibernate/Session.html|title=Session (Hibernate JavaDocs)|website=docs.jboss.org}}</ref> represents a Hibernate session, i.e., the main point of the manipulation performed on the database entities. The latter activities include (among the other things) managing the persistence state ([[Transient (computer programming)|transient]], [[Java Persistence API|persisted]], detached{{Clarify|date=June 2011}}) of the objects, fetching the persisted ones from the database and the management of the transaction demarcation{{Clarify|date=June 2011}}.
A
==Software components==
The Hibernate software includes the following components:<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate: Relational Persistence for Java and .NET|url=http://www.hibernate.org/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>
* Hibernate ORM (known as Hibernate Core before release 4.1<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate ORM 4.1.0 Release|date=9 February 2012 |url=http://in.relation.to/Bloggers/HibernateORM410Release|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>) – the base software for an
* Hibernate Annotations (merged into Hibernate Core/ORM since version 3.6<ref>{{cite web|title=No more hibernate-annotations module|date=5 April 2012 |url=http://in.relation.to/Bloggers/NoMoreHibernateannotationsModule|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>) – metadata that governs the transformation of data between the object-oriented model and the relational database model according to the JSR 317 [[Java Persistence API]] (JPA 2)<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate Annotations|url=http://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/annotations/3.5/reference/en/html_single/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>
* Hibernate EntityManager (merged into Hibernate Core/ORM since version 5.2<ref>{{cite web|title=hibernate-entitymanager merged into hibernate-core|url=https://github.com/hibernate/hibernate-orm/wiki/Migration-Guide---5.2#hibernate-entitymanager-merged-into-hibernate-core|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>)– together with Hibernate Annotations, a wrapper that implements a JSR 317 [[Java Persistence API]] (JPA 2) persistence solution<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate EntityManager|url=http://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/entitymanager/3.6/reference/en/html_single/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>
* Hibernate Envers – auditing and versioning of persistent classes<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate Envers – Easy Entity Auditing|url=http://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/envers/3.6/reference/en-US/html_single/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>
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* Hibernate Search – integrates the full text library functionality from [[Apache Lucene]] in the Hibernate and JPA model<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate Search|url=http://www.hibernate.org/search/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>
* Hibernate Tools – a set of tools implemented as a suite of [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] plugins and [[Ant (software)|Ant]] tasks included in [[JBoss Developer Studio]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate Tools for Eclipse and Ant|url=http://www.hibernate.org/tools/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>
* Hibernate Validator – the [[reference implementation]] of JSR 303 [[Bean Validation]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate Validator|url=http://www.hibernate.org/validator/|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>{{sfn|Bauer|King|Gregory|2015}}{{rp|§=3.3.2|pp=49–51}}
* Hibernate Metamodel Generator – an annotation processor that creates JSR 317 [[Java Persistence API]] (JPA 2) static metamodel classes using the JSR 269 [[Metadata facility for Java|Pluggable Annotation Processing API]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Hibernate Metamodel Generator|url=http://www.hibernate.org/subprojects/jpamodelgen.html|publisher=JBoss Community}}</ref>
* [[NHibernate]] – an
==See also==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software|Computer programming}}
* [[List of JBoss software]]
* [[List of
* [[NHibernate]]
* [[Serialization]]
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* {{cite book | last1=Bauer | first1=Christian | last2=King | first2=Gavin | last3=Gregory | first3=Gary | title=Java Persistence with Hibernate | publisher=[[Manning Publications]] | date=November 8, 2015 | isbn=978-1-61729-045-9}}
*{{citation
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|access-date = April 26, 2009
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090404004432/http://p2p.wrox.com/book-professional-hibernate-148/
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*{{citation
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|date = August 1, 2004
|title = Hibernate In Action
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|url = https://archive.org/details/hibernateinactio00baue/page/400
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*{{citation
|first = Elliott |last = James
|date = May 10, 2004
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{{Authority control}}
[[Category:
[[Category:Java enterprise platform]]
[[Category:Red Hat software]]
[[Category:Cross-platform software]]▼
[[Category:Persistence frameworks]]
[[Category:Software using the GNU Lesser General Public License]]
▲[[Category:Cross-platform free software]]
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