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Remove reference to Lift and Drag. They are the attributes of a wing. A wing has a small AoA so resolving FT WRT any of the aircraft axes (chord, centreline, wind stream) results in a net resistive Drag. With a sailboat, the AoA is more like 30 degrees, resolving FT around the centreline obviates the need to transpose Lift and Drag via sin and cos theta. Tag: Reverted |
HopsonRoad (talk | contribs) Undid revision 1006296573 by 101.164.164.33 (talk) Revert good-faith removal of material. The lead summarizes the article. The restored material is part of that summary. You can address the potential to streamline the article in the Talk page. |
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'''Forces on sails''' result from movement of air that interacts with [[sail]]s and gives them motive power for sailing craft, including [[sailing ship]]s, [[sailboat]]s, [[Windsurfing|windsurfers]], [[ice boat]]s, and [[Land sailing|sail-powered land vehicles]]. Similar principles in a rotating frame of reference apply to [[Windmill sail|wind mill sails]] and [[wind turbine]] blades, which are also wind-driven. They are differentiated from [[force]]s on [[wing]]s, and [[propeller]] blades, the actions of which are not adjusted to the wind. [[Kites]] also power [[Kite boarding (disambiguation)|certain sailing craft]], but do not employ a mast to support the airfoil and are beyond the scope of this article.
Forces on sails depend on wind speed and direction and the speed and direction of the craft. The direction that the craft is traveling with respect to the "true wind" (the wind direction and speed over the surface) is called the [[point of sail]]. The speed of the craft at a given point of sail contributes to the "[[apparent wind]]"—the wind speed and direction as measured on the moving craft. The apparent wind on the sail creates a total aerodynamic force, which may be resolved into [[Drag (physics)|drag]]—the force component in the direction of the apparent wind—and [[Lift (force)|lift]]—the force component [[normal (geometry)|normal]] (90°) to the apparent wind. Depending on the alignment of the sail with the apparent wind, lift or drag may be the predominant propulsive component. Total aerodynamic force also resolves into a forward, propulsive, driving force—resisted by the medium through or over which the craft is passing (e.g. through water, air, or over ice, sand)—and a lateral force, resisted by the underwater foils, ice runners, or wheels of the sailing craft.
For apparent wind angles aligned with the entry point of the sail, the sail acts as an [[airfoil]] and lift is the predominant component of propulsion. For apparent wind angles behind the sail, lift diminishes and drag increases as the predominant component of propulsion. For a given true wind velocity over the surface, a sail can propel a craft to a higher speed, on points of sail when the entry point of the sail is aligned with the apparent wind, than it can with the entry point not aligned, because of a combination of the diminished force from airflow around the sail and the diminished apparent wind from the velocity of the craft. Because of limitations on speed through the water, displacement sailboats generally derive power from sails generating lift on points of sail that include close-hauled through broad reach (approximately 40° to 135° off the wind). Because of low friction over the surface and high speeds over the ice that create high apparent wind speeds for most points of sail, iceboats can derive power from lift further off the wind than displacement boats.
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