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In [[fluid mechanics]], '''external flow''' is a flow that [[boundary layer]]s develop freely, without constraints imposed by adjacent surfaces.<ref name="AIP"/><ref name="dynamics"/> Accordingly, there will always exist a region of the flow outside the boundary layer in which velocity, temperature, and/or [[concentration gradient]]s are negligible. It can be defined as the flow of a fluid around a body that is completely submerged in it. An example includes fluid motion over a flat plate (inclined or parallel to the free stream velocity) and flow over curved surfaces such as a sphere, cylinder, [[airfoil]], or [[turbine blade]], air flowing around an airplane and water flowing around the submarines.
The term can also be used simply to describe flow in any body of fluid external to the system under consideration.<ref name="external"/><ref name="asme"/>
In external co-flow, fluid in the external region occurs in the same direction as flow within the system of interest; this contrasts with external counterflow.<ref name="absolute"/>
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<ref name="external">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167610506000857</ref>
<ref name="absolute">https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.868126</ref>
<ref name="asme">https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/GT/proceedings/GT1994/78835/V001T01A041/255325</ref>
</references>
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