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{{Veicolo spaziale

{| class="wikitable infobox" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; width: 22em;"

|nome = TKS

|-

|+immagine = '''TKS spacecraft''' drawing.png

|didascalia = Navicella sovietica TKS in configurazione cargo/crew

|-

|operatore =

! colspan="3" | [[File:TKS spacecraft drawing.png|285px|Soviet TKS crew delivery/cargo ship]]

|nazione = {{SUN 1955-1980}}

|-

|costruttore =

! colspan="3" | Description

|tipo = Trasporto di cosmonauti e rifornimenti

|-

|orbita =

| '''Role:'''

|durata =

| colspan="2" | Manned [[spacecraft]] to supply the military [[Almaz]] space station

|equipaggio = tre cosmonauti

|-

|status =

| '''Crew: '''

|primo lancio =

| colspan="2" | three

|ultimo lancio =

|-

|costruiti =

! colspan="3" | Dimensions

|lanciati =

|-

|derivato da =

| '''Height:'''

|derivati =

| 13.2 m

}}

| 43.31 ft

|-

| '''Diameter:'''

| 4.15 m

| 13.61 ft

|-

| '''Volume:'''

|

| 45.00 m³

|-

! colspan="3" | Rocket engines

|-

| '''Main Engine''' (N₂O₄/UDMH):

| 7840 N

| 1763 lbf ea

|-

! colspan="3" | Performance

|-

| ''' Endurance:'''

| 7 days

|

|-

| ''' Apogee:'''

| 266 km

|

|-

| ''' Perigee:'''

| 223 km

|

|-

| ''' Inclination:'''

| 52 degrees

|

|-

| ''' Spacecraft delta v:'''

| 700 m/s

| 2290 ft/s

|-

! colspan="3" | ''' Cutaway of TKS vehicle'''

|-

! colspan="3" | [[File:TKS cutaway.png|260px|Cutaway of TKS vehicle. Details are conjectural. The broad black line outlines the vehicle’s pressurized compartments. A tunnel (stippled) connects the FGB and VA spacecraft]]

|}

'''TKS''' ({{lang-ru| Транспортный корабль снабжения}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|Transportnyi Korabl’ Snabzheniia}}, ''Navetta per trasporto di rifornimenti'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Space Race – SPIES IN SPACE|url=http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/gal114/SpaceRace/sec400/sec442.htm|publisher=Smithsonian – National Air and Space Museum|accessdate=1 September 2012}}</ref>, [[GRAUcodice index]]di designazione '''11F72''')

era un [[veicolo spaziale]] [[Unione Sovietica|sovietico]] concepito alla fine degli anni sessanta per rifornire la stazione spaziale militare Almaz.

Il veicolo era stato progettato sia per voli con equipaggio, sia per voli automatizzati di rifornimento in configurazione cargo. Durante il programma vennero lanciati solo quattro veicoli di test, tre dei quali si agganciarono alla stazione spaziale Salyut, ma il programma non raggiunse mai l'operatività.<ref>

La tecnologia del modulo TKS-FGB (''Functional Cargo Block'') fu successivamente alla base di altri moduli di stazioni spaziali, tra cui il modulo [[Zarya]] della [[Stazione spaziale internazionale]].</ref>

[[File:TKS cutaway.png|260px|thumb|left|Cutaway of TKS vehicle. Details are conjectural. The broad black line outlines the vehicle’s pressurized compartments. A tunnel (stippled) connects the FGB and VA spacecraft]]

La navetta era costituita da due veicoli spaziali collegati tra loro, che entrambi potevano operare indipendentemente:

* la navicella 11F74 '''VA''' (''Vozvraschaemyi Apparat'', ovvero "veicolo di rientro", identificato erroneamente in occidente come ''navicella Merkur''), destinato ad accogliere i cosmonauti durante il lancio e il rientro della navicella, contenente i sistemi vitali e i motori di manovra per il rientro; e

* il modulo 11F77 '''FGB''' ("modulo funzionale di carico", in inglese ''Functional Cargo Block''), contenente i motori per le manovre orbitali dell'intero veicolo, i serbatoi e un grande compartimento pressurizzato destinato ai rifornimenti alla stazione spaziale Almaz.

Il modulo FGB era stato concepito per essere utilizzabile anche da solo come modulo cargo, mentre

la navicella VA poteva essere lanciata in configurazione ''Almaz APOS'', connessa al modulo principale Almaz-OPS della stazione spaziale cheil quale forniva le funzioni diil sistema di manovra orbitale primario.

== Progetto ==

[[File:TKSmodel1.jpg|thumb|right|Modello del veicolo spaziale TKS.

OnSulla thesinstra leftil is the cylindrical [[''Functional Cargo Block]]'', cilindrico, con withi attachedsuoi solarpannelli panelssolari. InAl thecentro middlela isnavicella the [[VA spacecraft]],con withla thecapsula conicaldi VAritorno returnper capsulel'equipaggio forconica thee crewi andmotori thedi VA'smanovra orbitalorbitale maneuveringnella enginessezione in the long nose sectionallungata. Standing rightDi front issi thetrova il [[launch escape system]], whichcollegato wouldalla havecima beendella attachedcapsula, toche theviene topeiettato ofnel themomento VA'sin nosecui sectionil duringlancio launchha and jettisoned after a successful launchsuccesso.]]

The TKS spacecraft was designed by [[Vladimir Chelomei]] (the VA capsule) and V. N. Bugayskiy (the FGB block)<ref name=JBIS>{{cite journal | last = Siddiqi | first = Asif A. | date = November–December 2001 | title = The Almaz Space Station Complex: A History, 1964-1992, part one | url = http://faculty.fordham.edu/siddiqi/writings/p18a_siddiqi_jbis_almaz_2001.pdf | journal = Journal of the British Interplanetary Society | publisher = | volume = 54 | issue = 11/12 2001 | pages = 399 | bibcode = | doi = | access-date= 8 October 2015}}</ref> as a manned [[spacecraft]] launched with [[Proton rocket]] alternative to the [[Soyuz spacecraft|Soyuz]] spacecraft for use with ''Almaz'' space stations. Development began in 1965; the ''Almaz programme'' had been abandoned by the time the first TKS spacecraft flew in 1977.

The [[VA spacecraft]] (''"Vozvrashaemiy Apparat"'') was flown separately on four test missions with two craft per launch to test the design, as well as one "all-up" test mission and three resupply missions.<ref name=SFN>{{cite web|url=http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/histind/Almprog/tksalm.htm|title=The TKS ferry for the Almaz Space Station|author=Sven Grahn|publisher=Space History Notes}}</ref>

I principali progettisti furono [[Vladimir Chelomei]], per la capsula VA, e V. N. Bugayskiy per il modulo FGB<ref name="JBIS">{{cite journal | last = Siddiqi | first = Asif A. | date = November–December 2001 | title = The Almaz Space Station Complex: A History, 1964-1992, part one | url = http://faculty.fordham.edu/siddiqi/writings/p18a_siddiqi_jbis_almaz_2001.pdf | journal = Journal of the British Interplanetary Society | publisher = | volume = 54 | issue = 11/12 2001 | pages = 399 | bibcode = | doi = | access-date= 8 October 2015}}</ref>. Il veicolo fu concepito per essere lanciato da un razzo Proton e per servire la stazione spaziale Almaz. Lo sviluppo dell'intero programma Almaz fu iniziato nel 1965, ma fu abbandonato prima del primo lancio del TKS, avvenuto nel 1977.

The project had further evolved with space station ''"Modulny"'' (''"Modular"'') based on the TKS design outline, reworked to dock with '''[[Salyut 7]]''', '''[[Mir]]''' and '''[[ISS]]''' space stations. This development was designated '''FGB''', or '''[[Functional Cargo Block]]'''.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

La navicella VA (''Vozvrashaemiy Apparat'') venne lanciata da sola in quattro missioni di prova, con equipaggio di due cosmonauti, al fine di verificare il progetto; venne inoltre testato un veicolo completo privo di equipaggio e furono eseguite tre missioni di rifornimento in configurazione cargo<ref name=SFN>{{cite web|url=http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/histind/Almprog/tksalm.htm|title=The TKS ferry for the Almaz Space Station|author=Sven Grahn|publisher=Space History Notes}}</ref>

The TKS spacecraft consisted of an 11F74 "Vozvraschaemyi Apparat" (or ''Return Vehicle'' commonly referred to as the '''''VA'''''), attached to an 11F77 "Transportniy Korabl Snabzheniya" (''Functional/Cargo Block'' module or '''''FGB''''').

=== TKS VA ===

La navicella TKS VA era un veicolo molto compatto ed efficiente. Nelle missioni tipo, rientrava in atmosfera in due orbite, ma poteva volare autonomanente fino a 31 ore.

{{main|VA spacecraft}}

La capsula di rientro pressurizzata per l'equipaggio disponeva di un proprio sistema di controllo ambientale ed era equipaggiata di un sistema di stabilizzazione, di un motore di freatura per l'uscita dall'oribita, di un sistema di paracadute per il rientro e di motori per l'atterraggio morbido.

The TKS VA spacecraft was itself a very compact and efficient spacecraft. Typically it would reenter the atmosphere within 2 orbits, but could fly autonomously for up to 31 hours. The pressurized crew re-entry capsule was equipped with its own environmental control system, and topped with reaction control system, de-orbit braking engine, parachute system, and soft landing engines. Although extensively flight tested, it never flew with a crew on board.

Benché estensivamente testato in volo, non venne mai utilizzato in una missione con equipaggio.

Il progetto della navicella era stato derivato da quello del LK-1, il veicolo per la missione circumlunare con equipaggio prevista begli anni sessanta progettata dallo stesso Chelomei, ed era alla base della capsula equipaggio del Lunar Lander LK-700. La sua forma era simile a quella del modulo di comando e servizio Apollo della NASA, ma era circa il 30% più piccolo della sua controparte statunitense.

The VA design was derived from the planned capsule for the Chelomei's [[LK-1]] manned circumlunar spacecraft of the 1960s. It was also the basis for Chelomei's [[LK-700]] Lunar Lander crew capsule. The VA looked somewhat similar to the [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Apollo capsule]], but was 30% smaller than its NASA counterpart.

=== TKS FGB ===

Il modulo FGB era accessibile dalla navicella VA attraverso un corto tunnel. Nel modulo si trovava una camera di pilotaggio dotata dei controlli e dei finestrini necessari alla manovra di aggancio con la stazione spaziale Almaz; vi era inoltre il dispositivo di attracco, con il portellone e l'airlock.

{{main|Functional Cargo Block}}

The '''FGB''' was entered from the '''VA''' spacecraft via a short tunnel. At the aft end a pilot station was equipped with controls and windows for manual docking with the '''[[Almaz]]''' space station. The docking port was also located here. Operational '''TKS''' spacecraft would have delivered '''[[KSI (spacecraft)|KSI]] film return capsules''' to '''Almaz''' stations. These would have been stored around the docking port for transfer to the film capsule airlock for loading.

== DetailsMissioni ==

[[File:Kosmos 1443 return capsule.JPG|thumb|[[VA capsule|TKS VA return capsule]] of [[Kosmos 1443]]]]

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"

|+ Specifications

|-

! scope="row" | Crew size:

| 3

|-

! scope="row" | Design life:

| 7 days

|-

! scope="row" | Orbital storage:

| 200 days

|-

! scope="row" | Typical orbit:

| 223&nbsp;km × 266&nbsp;km at 52° inclination

|-

! scope="row" | Length:

| 13.2&nbsp;m (43.31&nbsp;ft)

|-

! scope="row" | Maximal diameter:

| 4.15&nbsp;m (13.61&nbsp;ft)

|-

! scope="row" | Span:

| 17.00&nbsp;m (55.00&nbsp;ft)

|-

! scope="row" | Habitable volume:

| 45.00 m³

|-

! scope="row" | Mass:

| 17,510&nbsp;kg (38,600&nbsp;lb)

|-

! scope="row" | Payload:

| 12,600&nbsp;kg (27,700&nbsp;lb)

|-

! scope="row" | Main-engine thrust:

| 7.840&nbsp;kN (1,763&nbsp;lbf)

|-

! scope="row" | Main-engine propellants:

| N₂O₄/UDMH <br/> 3,822&nbsp;kg (8,426&nbsp;lb)

|-

! scope="row" | Main-engine ''I''_sp:

| 291&nbsp;[[second|s]]

|-

! scope="row" | Spacecraft Δ''v'':

| 700&nbsp;m/s (2,290&nbsp;ft/s)

|-

! scope="row" | Electrical system:

| [[Photovoltaic module|Solar panels]] (17 m span, 40 m²)

|-

! scope="row" | Electric system:

| 2.40&nbsp;kW average

|-

! scope="row" | Associated launch vehicle:

| [[Proton (rocket)|Proton 8K82K]]

|}

===Voli di prova della navicella VA===

== Missions ==

Per velocizzare lo sviluppo, vennero effettuati quattro voli di prova con otto navicelle VA prive del modulo FGB:<ref name=SFN />

* Il primo test orbitale di una coppia di VA ([[Cosmos 881]] e [[Cosmos 882]]) avvenna il 15 dicembre 1976, con lancio unico e rientro nello stesso giorno;

* Nel secondo test delle due navicelle VA #009L/P e VA #009P/P il 4 agosto 1977, il lancio fallì quaranta secondi dopo la partenza: la prima navicella venne distrutta dall'esplosione di un booster, la seconda venne salvata dal sistema di aborto Proton SAS e fu recuperata;

* Il terzo test di una coppia di VA ([[Cosmos 997]] e [[Cosmos 998]]) venne effettuato il 30 marzo 1978: le due navicelle partirono insieme e rientrarono separatamente;

* Il quarto test delle VA [[Cosmos 1100]] e [[Cosmos 1101]] venne effettuato il 23 maggio 1979: anche in questo caso, le due navicelle partirono insieme e rientrarono separatamente.

===VA spacecraftTKS-1 test(Cosmos 929) flights===

La missione Cosmos 929 fu la prima di un veicolo TKS completo. Lanciata il 17 luglio 1977<ref name=SFN />, era una pura missione di prova, non destinata a raggiungere quindi la stazione spaziale Salyut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-066A |title=Kosmos 929 - NSSDC ID: 1977-066A |publisher=NASA NSSDC}}</ref> La capsula VA rientrò a terra il 16 agosto 1977, mentre i resti del modulo FGB ricaddero il 2 febbraio del 1978.<ref name=cords-largest>{{cite web |url=http://www.reentrynews.com/largeobject.html |title=Largest Objects to Reenter |publisher=The Aerospace Corporation |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929165244/http://www.reentrynews.com/largeobject.html |archivedate=29 September 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

{{main|VA spacecraft#Test flights}}

Four flights with eight VA spacecraft without an FGB module were conducted to speed up the development of the TKS spacecraft:<ref name=SFN />

* Orbital test of a pair of two VA spacecraft [[Kosmos 881]] and [[Kosmos 882]] in 1976-12-15 that started jointly and reentered on the same day.

* VA #009L/P and VA #009P/P: Launched on 1977-08-04. Launch vehicle failure forty seconds into the flight on a suborbital test of two VA spacecraft. VA #009L/P is destroyed in the resulting booster explosion, VA #009P/P is rescued by the Proton SAS abort system and is recovered safely.

* On 1978-03-30 pair of two VA spacecraft [[Kosmos 997]] and [[Kosmos 998]] started jointly and reentered separately

* On 1979-05-23 pair of two VA spacecraft [[Kosmos 1100]] and [[Kosmos 1101]] that started jointly and reentered separately

==={{anchor|Kosmos 929}} TKS-12 (KosmosCosmos 9291267) ===

Il 25 aprile 1981, TKS-2 fu lanciata senza equipaggio nella missione [[Cosmos 1267]].<ref name=SFN />

{{hatnote|"Kosmos 929" redirects here.}}

Dopo la separazione e il rientro della capsula VA il 24 maggio 1981, mentre il 19 giugno il modulo FGB attraccò alla [[Salyut 6]], dopo 57 giorni di volo autonomo, rimanendovi fino al 29 luglio 1982, quando fu fatto uscire dall'orbita e si distrusse rientrando nell'atmosfera.

Kosmos 929 was the first flight of a "complete" TKS spacecraft (VA spacecraft with FGB), launched on 17 July 1977<ref name=SFN /> – it was a "solo" test flight and was not destined for a Salyut space station.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-066A |title=Kosmos 929 - NSSDC ID: 1977-066A |publisher=NASA NSSDC}}</ref> The VA capsule returned to Earth 16 August 1977. The remainder of the spacecraft – the FGB – deorbited on 2 February 1978.<ref name=cords-largest>{{cite web |url=http://www.reentrynews.com/largeobject.html |title=Largest Objects to Reenter |publisher=The Aerospace Corporation |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929165244/http://www.reentrynews.com/largeobject.html |archivedate=29 September 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

=== TKS-23 (KosmosCosmos 12671443) ===

Il 2 marzo 1983, TKS-3 fu lanciata senza equipaggio nella missione Cosmos 1443.<ref name=SFN /> L'intero veicolo, compresa la navetta VA, attraccò sulla [[Salyut 7]] due giorni dopo il lancio.

{{main|Kosmos 1267}}

Il 14 agosto venne sganciato dalla stazione spaziale, dopodiché i due componenti si separarono: la navicella VA continuò ad orbitare per altri quattro giorni per dimostrare le proprie capacità di volo autonomo, per poi rientrare il 23 agosto 1983 atterrando a 100 km a sud-est di [[Arkalsk]] riportando a terra 350 kg di materiale dalla stazione spaziale, mentre il FGB venne fatto uscire dall'orbita il 19 settembre 1983.

On 25 April 1981, TKS-2 was launched unmanned as [[Kosmos 1267]], the first FGB to dock with a space station.<ref name=SFN /> After separation and recovery of the VA capsule on 24 May 1981, the FGB docked on 19 June with [[Salyut 6]], after 57 days of autonomous flight. It remained attached to the station until both deorbited and were destroyed on 29 July 1982.

==={{anchor|Kosmos 1443}} TKS-34 (KosmosCosmos 14431686) ===

{{hatnote|"Kosmos 1443" redirects here.}}

On 2 March 1983, TKS-3 was launched unmanned as Kosmos 1443.<ref name=SFN /> This time, the VA remained attached and the first "complete" TKS docked to [[Salyut 7]] two days after launch. TKS-3 separated from the station on 14 August. After undocking, the FGB and the VA spacecraft separated and the VA spacecraft continued in space for four more days demonstrating autonomous flight, before the VA capsule successfully re-entered on 23 August 1983, landing 100&nbsp;km south-east of [[Arkalsk]] and returning 350&nbsp;kg of material from the station. The FGB deorbited itself on 19 September 1983.

=== TKS-4 (Kosmos 1686) ===

{{main|Kosmos 1686}}

[[File:Mir-78.png|thumb|A drawing of the last flown TKS spacecraft, Kosmos 1686, depicted docked to the Salyut 7 space station. The VA capsule is visible on the bottom left. The "nose section" of the VA spacecraft, that would have contained the de-orbit engines for the VA capsule, has been replaced with remote sensing instruments.<ref name=SFN /><ref name=eaTKS>{{cite web |title=TKS |url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/tks.htm |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Astronautica]] |accessdate=31 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825003630/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/tks.htm |archivedate=25 August 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>]]

TKS-4 was launched unmanned as [[Kosmos 1686]] on 27 September 1985. The landing systems, ECS, seats, and manned controls were removed from the VA spacecraft, and instead other payload was installed: a high-resolution photo apparatus, an [[infrared telescope]] and the [[Ozon (spectrometer)|''Ozon'']] [[spectrometer]]. The TKS successfully docked with [[Salyut 7]].

Riga 182 ⟶ 81:

Salyut 7 was moved to a higher orbit after that mission, while awaiting another "TKS" crew – there were even plans to return using the [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] shuttle. Such flights never materialized before Salyut 7 and Kosmos 1686 deorbited on 7 February 1991, burning up together over Argentina.

== Further usage ==

{{main|Functional Cargo Block}}

The TKS design, which has never been flown manned, has gone on to provide the basic structure for several later space-station components, such as:

* [[Kvant-1]] tug<ref name=SFN />

* [[Kvant-2]] Mir module<ref name=SFN />

* [[Kristall]] Mir module<ref name=SFN />

* [[Spektr]] Mir module<ref name=SFN />

* [[Priroda]] Mir module<ref name=SFN />

* [[Polyus (spacecraft)|Polyus]] (FGB) spacecraft<ref name=SFN />

* [[Zarya]] (FGB-1) ISS module<ref name=SFN />

* [[Russian Research Module]] (FGB-2) ISS module (canceled)

* [[Nauka (ISS module)|Nauka]] (FGB-2) ISS module

Two TKS/Almaz VA capsules were bought for commercial use by the [[private spaceflight]] company [[Excalibur Almaz]]. As of 2014, one of those were auctioned for 1 million [[euro]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2014/05/09/excalibur-almaz-space-capsule-bought-auction/ |title= Excalibur Almaz Space Capsule Bought at Auction |publisher=parabolicarc.com |date=19 May 2014 |author=Doug Messier }}</ref> and the other was reportedly shipped away from the company's headquarters on [[Isle of Man]] in an undisclosed direction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2015/03/11/line-excalibur-almaz/ |title= End of the Line for Excalibur Almaz? |publisher=parabolicarc.com |date=11 March 2015 |author=Doug Messier }}</ref>

==Existing hardware<ref>http://www.kosmonavtika.com/vaisseaux/tks/visite/visite.html</ref>==

Some VA capsules are on display in museums or in storage.

Known articles include:

* #103/1 – [[Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics]]

* #103/2 – [[Excalibur Almaz]]

* #103/4 – [[Smithsonian Museum]]

* #009A/2 – [[Excalibur Almaz]]

* #009/2 – [[NPO Mashinostroyeniya]]

* #009/3 – [[Excalibur Almaz]]

* #? – [[International Space University]], Strasbourg

* #? – [[Yevpatoria]]

* #? – [[NPO Energomash]]

* #? – [[Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center]]

* #? – Vladimir Tchelomey School, Kazakhstan

== Galleria ==

TKS-based and descendant spacecraft and modules.

<gallery perrow=4>

File:TKS spacecraft drawing.png|Soviet TKS crew delivery/cargo ship

File:TKS cutaway.png|Cutaway of TKS vehicle. Details are conjectural

File:Kosmos-1686 drawing.png|[[Kosmos 1686]]. Note the [[VA capsule]] (left), heavily modified to house scientific instruments

File:Salyut 7 and Cosmos 1686 drawing.png|[[Kosmos 1686]] and [[Salyut 7]]

File:Polyus cutaway.png|Polyus cutaway

File:Kvant module and FSM drawing.png | Kvant-1 with its orbital tug attached

File:Kvant-2 - Mir module.png| Cut-way view of Kvant-2

File:Kristall - Mir module.png|Cut-way view of Kristall

File:Spektr - Mir module.png|Cut-away view of Spektr

File:Priroda - Mir module.png|Cut-away view of Priroda

File:Zarya from STS-88.jpg|Zarya module as seen from STS-88

image:MLM - ISS module.jpg|MLM docked to the ISS

</gallery>

== Note ==