Lay judge: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 12:31, 8 May 2021

Revision as of 03:52, 31 July 2021

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=== Japan ===

{{main|Lay judges in Japan}}

A system for trial by jury was first introduced in 1923 under [[Prime Minister]] [[Katō Tomosaburō]]'s administration. Although the system generated relatively high acquittal rates,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=David T. |title=Early Returns from Japan’sJapan's New Criminal Trials |url=https://apjjf.org/-David-T.-Johnson/3212/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |date=7 September 2009 |volume=7 |issue=36}}</ref> it was rarely used, in part because it required defendants to give up their rights to appeal the factual determinations made.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dobrovolskaia |first=Anna |title=The Jury System in Pre-War Japan: An Annotated Translation of "The Jury Guidebook" (Baishin Tebiki) |url=http://blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2011/11/APLPJ_09.2_dobrovolskaia.pdf |journal=Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal |date=2008 |volume=9 |issue=2 |page=238}}</ref> The system lapsed by the end of [[World War II]].<ref>Haley, JO, The Spirit of Japanese Law, Univ. of Georgia Press, 1998, p. 52.</ref> In 2009, as a part of a larger judicial reform project, laws came into force to introduce citizen participation in certain criminal trials by introducing lay judges. Lay judges comprise the majority of the judicial panel. They do not form a [[jury]] separate from the judges, as in a [[common law]] system, but participate in the trial as [[Inquisitorial system|inquisitorial]] judges in accordance with the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] legal tradition. They actively analyze and investigate evidence presented by the defense and prosecution.

=== Norway ===

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* {{cite web | title= Volksgerichte, 1918-1924 | first= Franz J. | last= Bauer | work= [[:de:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns|Historisches Lexikon Bayerns]] | date= 23 December 2009 | url= http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/artikel/artikel_44638}}

* {{cite book | title= Judiciaries Within Europe: A Comparative Review | first= John | last= Bell | publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] | year= 2006 | isbn= 978-0-521-86072-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw47iqneTnIC&pg=PA153}}

* {{cite book | title= Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies | last= Bell | first= John | chapter= Lay Judges | volume= 3 | year= 2004 | editor1-first= Alan | editor1-last= Dashwood | editor2-first= John | editor2-last= Bell | editor3-first= Angela | editor3-last= Ward | isbn= 978-1-84113-361-4 | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mEIayVZORAQC&pg=PA299 | quote= The choice by the local community is now reflected in the appointment of the nämnd by the local authority. … Nämndemän are usually chosen from members of the authority in proportion to the political representation at the last local elections.}}

* {{cite book | title= European Constitutional History | last= Case | first= Nelson | year= 1902 | publisher= Jennings & Pye | oclc= 608806061 | url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_G2t9AAAAMAAJ | page= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_G2t9AAAAMAAJ/page/n151 139]}}

* {{cite book | title= The Accused: A Comparative Study | first = John Archibald | last= Coutts | series= British Institute Studies in International and Comparative Law | volume= 3 | year= 1966 | publisher= [[British Institute of International and Comparative Law]] | oclc= 470998549 | quote= After the Second World War, that is, from 1948 to 1950, the State of Bavaria once again introduced trial by jury. Such courts were however abolished when in 1950 uniformity was once again applied to court procedure in the Federal Republic.}}

* {{cite book | title= European Criminal Procedures | first= Mireille | last= Delmas-Marty | publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] | year= 2002 | isbn= 978-0-521-59110-2 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=epTsD3_6DVMC&pg=PA306}}

* {{cite book | title= History of Trial by Jury | last= Forsyth | first= William | author-link= William Forsyth (QC) | year= 1852 | publisher= J. W. Parker | oclc= 29739821 | url= https://archive.org/details/historytrialbyj01forsgoog | page= [https://archive.org/details/historytrialbyj01forsgoog/page/n389 369]}}

* {{cite journal | title= Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts | first1 = Gerhard | last1= Casper | author-link1= Gerhard Casper | first2= Hans | last2= Zeisel | author-link2= :de:Hans Zeisel | journal= [[Journal of Legal Studies]] | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | date= January 1972 | pages = 135–191 | doi = 10.1086/467481 | jstor= 724014| s2cid = 144941508 }}

* {{cite book | title= Press and politics in the Weimar Republic | first= Bernhard | last= Fulda | year= 2009 | publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] | isbn= 978-0-19-954778-4 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=StNY-71yVXQC&pg=PA69}}

* {{cite book | title= Criminal Justice in Germany | first= Jörg-Martin | last= Jehle | author2= German Federal Ministry of Justice | author2-link= Federal Ministry of Justice (Germany) | publisher= Forum-Verl | year= 2009 | isbn= 978-3-936999-51-8 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-V-ng-8jOoQC&pg=PA23 | ref= {{harvid|Jehle|BMJ|2009}}}}

* {{cite journal | title= On Uses and Misuses of Comparative Law | first = Otto | last= Kahn-Freund | author-link= Otto Kahn-Freund | journal= [[Modern Law Review]] | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | date= January 1974 | pages = 1–27 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-2230.1974.tb02366.x | jstor= 1094713}}

* {{Cite book | title = The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974-1999 | first = Heike | last = Krieger | year = 2001 | author-link= :de:Heike Krieger | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-521-80071-6 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-OhPTJn8ZWoC&pg=PA32}}

* {{cite book | title= Can Liberal Pluralism be Exported?: Western Political Theory and Ethnic Relations in Eastern Europe | first1= Will | last1= Kymlicka | first2= Magdalena | last2= Opalski | year= 2001 | author-link1= Will Kymlicka | publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn= 978-0-19-924063-0 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NNWHtqBJcGwC&pg=PA142}}

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* {{cite book | title= A World View of Criminal Justice | series= International and Comparative Criminal Justice | first= Richard | last= Vogler | year= 2005 | publisher= Ashgate Publishing | isbn= 978-0-7546-2467-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rN90FSGhr-cC&pg=PA245}}

* {{cite book | title= International Territorial Administration: How Trusteeship and the Civilizing Mission Never Went Away | last= Wilde | first= Ralph | year= 2010 | publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn= 978-0-19-957789-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jny2BlhT0egC&pg=PA85}}

* {{cite journal | title= Criminal Justice in Germany | first = Hans Julius | last= Wolff | author-link= :de:Hans Julius Wolff (Rechtshistoriker) | journal= [[Michigan Law Review]] | volume= 42 | issue= 6 | date= June 1944 | doi = 10.2307/1283584 | at= footnote 7, pp. 1069-1070 | jstor= 1283584}}

* {{cite journal | title= Lay Judges in German Criminal Courts: The Modification of an Institution | first= Nancy Travis | last= Wolfe | journal= [[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume= 138 | issue= 4 | date= December 1994 | pages= 495–515 | jstor= 986849}}

* {{cite book | title= Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München |trans-title=The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich | year= 1924 | ref= {{harvid|Volksgericht|1924}}}}

* {{cite web | url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gvg/__74.html | title= Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz(GVG)-Einzelnorm §74 No.(2) | last1= GVG§74 | year= 2013 | publisher= Bundesministerium der Justiz & juris GmbH | access-date=9 July 2013}}