Randomized experiment: Difference between revisions

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Randomized experiments were institutionalized in psychology and education in the late eighteen-hundreds, following the invention of randomized experiments by [[Charles Sanders Peirce|C. S. Peirce]].<ref>{{cite journal| author=[[Charles Sanders Peirce]] and [[Joseph Jastrow]]| year=1885|title=On Small Differences in Sensation| journal=Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=3|pages=73–83|url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm}} http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1086/354775| first=Ian |last=Hacking| author-link=Ian Hacking | title=Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]| issue=3| volume=79| date=September 1988 |pages=427–451| mr = 1013489| jstor=234674| s2cid=52201011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1086/444032|author=Stephen M. Stigler|title=A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research| journal=American Journal of Education| volume=101| issue=1| date=November 1992|pages=60–70|s2cid=143685203|author-link=Stephen M. Stigler}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/383850|author=Trudy Dehue|title=Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]| volume=88| issue=4| date=December 1997| pages=653–673|pmid=9519574|s2cid=23526321|url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/71855616/237831.pdf}}</ref>

Outside of psychology and education, randomized experiments were popularized by [[R.A. Fisher]] in his book ''[[Statistical Methods for Research Workers]]'', which also introduced additional principles of experimental design.

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==Empirical evidence that randomization makes a difference==

Empirically differences between randomized and non-randomized studies,<ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1002/14651858.MR000034.pub2|vauthors=Anglemyer A, Horvath HT, Bero L | title=Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared with those assessed in randomized trials| journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|date=April 2014| pmid=24782322| volume=42014|issue=4 | pages=MR000034| pmc=8191367}}</ref> and between adequately and inadequately randomized trials have been difficult to detect.<ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1002/14651858.MR000012.pub3| vauthors=Odgaard-Jensen J, Vist G, etal |title=Randomisation to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials.| journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev| date=April 2011| volume=2015 |pmid=21491415|pages=MR000012| issue=4| pmc=7150228}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| doi=10.1186/1745-6215-15-480|vauthors=Howick J, Mebius A |title=In search of justification for the unpredictability paradox| journal=Trials| year=2014| volume=15| pmid=25490908| pages=480| pmc=4295227}}</ref>

==See also==

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|url = https://archive.org/details/blockdesignsrand0002cali

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* {{cite journal|doi=10.1086/354775|first=Ian |last=Hacking| author-link=Ian Hacking | title=Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]|issue=3|volume=79|date=September 1988 |pages=427–451| mr = 1013489| jstor=234674|s2cid=52201011 }}

*{{cite book| last1=Hinkelmann| first1=Klaus| last2=Kempthorne| first2=Oscar| year=2008| title=Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3wWj2kVYZgC&printsec=frontcover| edition=Second| publisher= Wiley | isbn=978-0-471-72756-9 |mr=2363107 |author-link2=Oscar Kempthorne}}

* {{cite book| last=Kempthorne|first=Oscar |chapter=Intervention experiments, randomization and inference|title=Current Issues in Statistical Inference&mdash;Essays in Honor of D. Basu | editor=Malay Ghosh and Pramod K. Pathak | pages=13&ndash;31 | publisher=Institute for Mathematical Statistics |___location=Hayward, CA | chapter-url=http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.lnms/1215458836 | doi=10.1214/lnms/1215458836 | mr=1194407|author-link=Oscar Kempthorne|series=Institute of Mathematical Statistics Lecture Notes - Monograph Series |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-940600-24-9 }}