|
* [[Atlas V]] ([[Boeing]])
}}
==Requirements==
The key, high-level requirements for the Commercial Crew vehicles include:
*Deliver and return four crew members and their equipment to [[International Space Station]] (ISS);<ref name="nasa20110726">{{cite web |url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107 |title=Commercial Crew Program: Key Driving Requirements Walkthrough |last=Bayt |first=Rob |date=July 26, 2011 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 27, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328055242/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107 |archivedate=March 28, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="CCfactsheet">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/660622main_2012.06.18_CCP.pdf |title=Commercial Crew Program – fact sheet |date=February 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=14 July 2012}}</ref> ▼*Provide assured crew return in the event of an emergency;<ref name=nasa20110726/>
*Serve as a 24-hour safe haven in the event of an emergency;<ref name=nasa20110726/><ref name=CCfactsheet/> ▼*Capable of remaining docked for 210 days—<ref name=nasa20110726/><ref name=CCfactsheet/> the [[Space Shuttle]] could only remain docked for a maximum of 12 days.<ref name="boeing200507">{{cite web |url=http://www.boeing.com/news/frontiers/archive/2005/july/i_ids4.html |title=Space Shuttle upgrade lets astronauts at ISS stay in space longer |last=Memi |first=Ed |date= July 2005 |publisher=Boeing |accessdate=16 December 2011}}</ref> ▼
==Program overview==
ARRA provided $400 million for space exploration related activities. Of this amount, $50 million is to be used for the development of commercial crew space transportation concepts and enabling capabilities. This effort is known as CCDev. The purpose of this activity is to provide funding to assist viable commercial entities in the development of system concepts, key technologies, and capabilities that could ultimately be used in commercial crew human space transportation systems. This development work must show, within the timeframe of the agreement, significant progress on long lead capabilities, technologies and commercial crew risk mitigation tasks in order to accelerate the development of their commercial crew space transportation concept.<ref name=nasa20091208/>}}
Contract funding for the CCDev program is different from traditional [[space industry]] contractor funding used on the Space Shuttle, Apollo, Gemini, and Mercury programs. Contracts are explicitly designed to fund subsystem technology development objectives that NASA wants for NASA purposes; all other system technology development is funded by the commercial contractor. Contracts are issued for fixed-price, pay-for-performance milestones. "NASA's contribution is fixed".<ref name="nasaRendezvous2010-2">{{citecita web |titletitolo=Moving Forward: Commercial Crew Development Building the Next Era in Spaceflight |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/475795main_rendezvous_v4n3.pdf |work=Rendezvous |publisher=NASA |pages=10–17 |year=2010 |accessdate= February 14, 2011 |quote="Just as in the COTS projects, in the CCDev project we have fixed-price, pay-for-performance milestones," Thorn said. "There's no extra money invested by NASA if the projects cost more than projected."}}</ref>
===Funding and effect on schedule===
[[File:CCP Budget requests.png|right|thumb|upright=1.35|Requested vs appropriated funding by year]]
The first flight of the CCDev program was planned to occur in 2015, but insufficient funding caused delays.<ref name="AvBolden">{{citecita web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_05_31_2013_p05-01-582316.xml|titletitolo=NASA Chief Repeats Warnings On Commercial Crew Delays |last=Norris |first=Guy |date=31 May 2013 |publisher=Aviation Week |accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=sfnAp2013/> [[Administrator of NASA]] [[Charles Bolden]] attributed the delays to insufficient funding from [[US Congress|Congress]].<ref>{{citecita web |url=http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/bolden/posts/post_1367334429451.html |titletitolo=Launching American Astronauts from U.S. Soil |last=Bolden |first=Charles |date=30 April 2013 |accessdate=1 May 2013 |quote=If NASA had received the President's requested funding for this plan, we would not have been forced to recently sign a new contract with Roscosmos for Soyuz transportation flights. Because the funding for the President's plan has been significantly reduced, we now won't be able to support American launches until 2017. Even this delayed availability will be in question if Congress does not fully support the President's fiscal year 2014 request for our Commercial Crew Program, forcing us once again to extend our contract with the Russians.}}</ref><ref>{{citecita web|url=http://spacenews.com/nasa-making-plans-for-russian-secession-from-iss/|titletitolo=NASA Making Plans for Russia's Secession From ISS|last=Leone|first=Dan|date=4 March 2015|publisher=SpaceNews|accessdate=5 March 2015|quote=Had we gotten the funding that was first requested when I became the NASA administrator [in 2009], we would have been all joyously going to the Kennedy Space Center later this year to watch the first launch of some commercial spacecraft with our crew members on it.}}</ref> [[Michael López-Alegría]], President of the [[Commercial Spaceflight Federation]], also attributed the delays in the program to funding problems.<ref>{{citecita web|url=http://www.commercialspaceflight.org/2013/05/csf-president-michael-lopez-alegria-statement-on-nasa-contract-extension-with-roscosmos/ |titletitolo=CSF President Michael Lopez-Alegria Statement on NASA Contract Extension with Roscosmos |date=2 May 2013 |publisher=Commercial Spaceflight Federation |accessdate=2 May 2013}}</ref>
For the fiscal year (FY) 2011 budget, US$500 million was requested for the CCDev program, but Congress granted only $270 million.<ref>{{citecita web |url=http://www.spacenews.com/civil/072110senate-panel-cuts-commercial-crew-adds-funds-for-orion-and-heavy-lift.html |titletitolo=Senate Panel Cuts Commercial Crew, Adds Funds for Orion and Heavy Lift |date=July 21, 2010 |publisher=Space News |accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> For the FY 2012 budget, $850 million was requested but Congress approved a budget of $406 million, and as a result the first flight of CCDev was postponed from 2016 to 2017.<ref name="sfnAp2013">{{citecita web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1111/23commercialcrew/|titletitolo=Reduced budget threatens delay in private spaceships|last=Clark|first=Stephen |date=2011-11-23 |publisher=Spaceflightnow |accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> For the 2013 budget, 830 million was requested but Congress approved $488 million.<ref name="April2013">{{citecita web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/742926main_20130419_heoc_mcalisiter%20=TAGGED.pdf|titletitolo=Commercial Spaceflight Update |last=McAlister |first=Phillip |date=18 April 2013 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref> For the FY 2014 budget, $821 million was requested, Congress approved $696 million.<ref name=AvBolden/>{{update after|2014|12|15}}<!-- how much was actually received by NASA in FY2104? --><ref>{{citecita web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/nasa/is-the-relationship-between-nasa-and-private-space-about-to-sour-16441487|titletitolo=Is the Relationship Between NASA and Private Space About to Sour?|author=Joe Pappalardo|date=September 16, 2014|work=Popular Mechanics}}</ref> In FY 2015, NASA received $805 million from Congress for the CCDev program; 95% of the $848 million requested by the [[Obama administration]] and the largest annual amount since the beginning of the program.<ref name="sfn20141214">{{citecita news |last1=Clark |first1=Stephen |titletitolo=NASA gets budget hike in spending bill passed by Congress |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2014/12/14/nasa-gets-budget-hike-in-spending-bill-passed-by-congress/ |accessdate=2014-12-15 |work=Spaceflight Now |date=2014-12-14}}</ref>
===Spaceflight gap after STS===
[[File:ASTP Saturn IB.jpg|thumb|[[Saturn IB]] mounted on the "milkstool" platform. Its 1975 flight was the last manned U.S. mission until 1981]]
After the last flight of the STS in 2011 the clock began ticking on a U.S. spaceflight gap.<ref name="space.com">{{citecita news |last1=Denise Chow |titletitolo=NASA Faces Awkward, Unfortunate Spaceflight Gap |url=https://www.space.com/11387-nasa-future-human-spaceflight-hurdles-nss27.html |accessdate=August 10, 2018 |work=Space.com |date=April 14, 2011}}</ref> The previous spaceflight gap was between 1975 (a [[Saturn IB]] launch) and the first STS flight in April 1981, about six years.<ref name="space.com"/> Unlike the last human spaceflight gap, the U.S. has bought seats on the still-active Russian launcher as part of their continuing joint international project, the International Space Station.<ref name="space.com"/> U.S. Congress was aware such a gap could occur and accelerated funding in 2008 and 2009 in preparation for the retirement of the Shuttle.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com"/> At that time the first crewed flight of the planned [[Ares I]] launcher would not have occurred until 2015, and its first use at ISS until 2016.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com">{{citecita web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/02/extra-nasa-funds-initial-step-towards-gap-reduction/|titletitolo=Extra NASA funds: An initial step towards gap reduction options/extension - NASASpaceFlight.com|publisher=}}</ref> Steps were also taken to extend STS operation past 2010.<ref name="nasaspaceflight.com"/> However, in 2010 the Ares I was cancelled and focus shifted to the [[Space Launch System]] and the commercial crew program.<ref>{{citecita web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/sls1.html|titletitolo=NASA Announces Design for New Deep Space Exploration System|first=Brooke|last=Boen|date=June 6, 2013|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016 the first manned flight of SLS is [[Exploration Mission 2]], to launch in 2021 at the earliest.<ref>{{citecita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars|titletitolo=First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars|first=Gary|last=Daines|date=December 1, 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016 a manned commercial crew mission might occur as early as 2018.<ref>{{citecita web|url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/human-spaceflight/boeing-spacex-update-progress-crewed-spacecraft/|titletitolo=Boeing, SpaceX update progress on commercial crew spacecraft – SpaceFlight Insider|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="arstechnica.com">{{citecita web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/09/nasa-officials-mulling-the-possibility-of-purchasing-soyuz-seats-for-2019/|titletitolo=NASA officials mulling the possibility of purchasing Soyuz seats for 2019|publisher=}}</ref> If NASA does get access to its own launcher it may be able to again trade seats rather than buy them, or the two countries may organize another sale.<ref name="arstechnica.com"/> NASA has bought seats for 2018, and it may need to buy seats for 2019 also.<ref name="arstechnica.com"/>
NASA bought seats on the Russian launcher even while the Space Shuttle was active, and partners in the International Space Station project needed to cross-train on each-others launchers and equipment.<ref>{{citecita web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7352868/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/time-running-out-space-station-deal/#.WF1OpBKeZ_4|titletitolo=Time running out for space station deal|date=April 1, 2005|publisher=}}</ref> When the STS program ended, this aspect of the involvement in ISS continued, and NASA has a contract for seats until at least 2017.<ref name="space.com1">{{citecita web|url=http://www.space.com/20897-nasa-russia-astronaut-launches-2017.html|titletitolo=NASA to Pay $70 Million a Seat to Fly Astronauts on Russian Spacecraft|publisher=}}</ref> The price has varied over time, and the batch of seats from 2016 to 2017 works out to 70.7 million per passenger per flight.<ref name="space.com1"/> The use of the Russian launcher Soyuz by NASA was a part of the ISS program which was orchestrated in the 1990s when that project was planned out: it is used as the emergency lifeboat for the station even before the Space Shuttle retired so anyone staying on the station had to train on this spacecraft regardless.<ref>{{citecita web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-the-soyuz-spacecraft-k-4|titletitolo=What Is the Soyuz Spacecraft?|first=Sandra|last=May|date=May 20, 2015|publisher=}}</ref> The first Soyuz flight to ISS in 2000 included a U.S. astronaut ([[Soyuz TM-31]] as part of [[Expedition 1]]). U.S. astronauts regularly flew on the Soyuz while the Shuttle program regularly visited the Station, even as it brought major components. Likewise Russian and other international partners also flew on the Space Shuttle and the Soyuz spacecraft, sometimes only on one direction of the journey.
The U.S. was working on an emergency escape vehicle called the [[HL-20 Personnel Launch System]] but was cancelled in 1993 in favor of using extra Soyuz spacecraft as lifeboats; not developing another spacecraft was seen as a way to save money in the aftermath of restructuring the Space Station Freedom project when the USSR dissolved in 1991.<ref>{{citecita web|url=http://www.aerospaceguide.net/hl_20.html|titletitolo=HL-20 – Lifting Body Spaceplane for Personnel Launch System|first=|last=x0av6|date=August 4, 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Regardless, CCDev "seats" have often been compared to Soyuz prices for comparison during its development.<ref>{{citecita web|url=http://www.americaspace.com/2011/05/14/commercial-crew-to-cost-more-than-soyuz/|titletitolo=Commercial Crew To Cost More Than Soyuz|publisher=}}</ref> With no other launcher available NASA may have to buy seats until 2019 to access the international space station.<ref name="arstechnica.com"/> The other main partners in ISS, the ESA, cancelled its own manned launch system, the [[Hermes (spacecraft)|Hermes]] mini-shuttle, in 1992.<ref>{{citecita web|url=http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_history/History_Hermes_spaceplane_1987|titletitolo=History: Hermes spaceplane, 1987|first=|last=esa|publisher=}}</ref> The ESA had previously traded Spacelab hardware for flights on Space Shuttles.<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/1a.pdf Space Transportation System – HAER No. TX-116 – p. 46. Quote: "..Later, NASA purchased LM2, the second lab"]</ref> There has been some interest from Europe in the CCDev contenders, especially with [[Dream Chaser]], with one party saying it was, "..ideal vehicle for a broad range of space applications."<ref>{{citecita news |last=de Selding |first=Peter B. |url=http://spacenews.com/dlr-renews-cooperation-with-snc-on-dream-chaser/ |titletitolo=DLR Renews Cooperation with SNC on Dream Chaser |work=Space News |date=April 17, 2015 |accessdate=April 21, 2015}}</ref>
==Phases==
[[File:CST-100 pressure vessel.jpg|thumbnail|Construction of the CST-100 pressure vessel was one of Boeing's CCDev 1 milestones]]
Under CCDev {{nowrap|phase 1}}, NASA has entered into funded [[Space Act Agreements]] with several companies working on technologies and systems for human space flight. Funding was provided as part of the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]]. A total of $50 million for 2010 was awarded to five American companies with the intention of fostering research and development into human spaceflight concepts and technologies in the private sector.<ref name="nasa20091208">{{Citecita web |url=http://hobbyspace.com/AAdmin/archive/Reference/CCDev_Source_Selection_Statement_signed-1.pdf |titletitolo=Selection Statement For Commercial Crew Development |work=JSC-CCDev-1 |date= December 9, 2008 |publisher=NASA |accessdate= February 10, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Anasa20100201">{{Citecita news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/feb/HQ_C10-004_Commercia_Crew_Dev.html |titletitolo=NASA Selects Commercial Firms to Begin Development of Crew Transportation Concepts and Technology Demonstrations for Human Spaceflight Using Recovery Act Funds |date=February 1, 2010 |work=press release |publisher=NASA |accessdate=February 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Citecita web|url=http://www.aiaa.org/pdf/industry/presentations/Lindenmoyer_C3PO.pdf |titletitolo=Commercial Crew and Cargo Program |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305034240/http://www.aiaa.org/pdf/industry/presentations/Lindenmoyer_C3PO.pdf |archivedate=March 5, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref> The {{nowrap|phase 1}} amount was originally intended to be $150 million, most of which was diverted to the [[Constellation program]] by Senator [[Richard Shelby]] (R-AL).<ref>{{Citecita web|url=http://www.spacepolitics.com/2009/07/03/shelby-wins-battle-on-stimulus-funding |titletitolo=Shelby wins battle on stimulus funding}}</ref> All 53 delivery milestones for the five companies were scheduled to be completed by the end of 2010.<ref name=nasaRendezvous2010-2/><!-- full list and details on each milestone and pay-for-performance contract amount is in the nasaRendezvous2010-2 ref -->
====Proposals selected====
NASA awarded development funds to five companies under CCDev 1:
* [[Blue Origin]]: $3.7M for an innovative 'pusher' [[Launch Escape System|Launch Abort System]] (LAS) and composite [[pressure vessel]]s.<ref>{{Citecita news |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2010/02/18/blue-origin-proposes-orbital-vehicle/ |titletitolo=Blue Origin proposes orbital vehicle |author=Jeff Foust}}</ref> {{As of|2011|2}}, with the end of the second ground test, Blue Origin has completed all work for the pusher escape system planned under the contract. It has also "completed work on the other aspect of its award, risk reduction work on a composite pressure vessel" for its vehicle.<ref name="nsj20110204">{{citecita news|titletitolo=CCDev awardees one year later: where are they now? |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2011/02/04/ccdev-awardees-one-year-later-where-are-they-now/ |newspaper=NewSpace Journal |date=February 4, 2011 |accessdate=February 5, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605111613/http://www.newspacejournal.com/2011/02/04/ccdev-awardees-one-year-later-where-are-they-now/ |archivedate=June 5, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref>
* [[Boeing]]: $18M for development of the [[CST-100]] capsule it demonstrated in October 2010.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1054|titletitolo=NASA Selects Boeing for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Award to Study Crew Capsule-based Design}}</ref> According to NASA's website all milestones were completed.<ref name="Boeing_complete">{{citecita web|titletitolo=Boeing CCDev|url=http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/boeing/index.html|work=Commercial Crew & Cargo|publisher=NASA|accessdate=February 28, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Paragon Space Development Corporation]]: $1.4M for a plug-and-play [[environmental control]] and [[life support system]] (ECLSS) Air Revitalization System (ARS) Engineering Development Unit.<ref>{{Citecita web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/ccdev_info.html |titletitolo=CCDev Information |date=July 20, 2010 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> With "the completion of testing in mid-December [2010] of its 'Commercial Crew Transport Air Revitalization System', a life support system intended for use on [multiple different] commercial crew vehicles", Paragon has completed all work under the contract.<ref name=nsj20110204/>
* [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]: $20M for development of the [[Dream Chaser (spacecraft)|Dream Chaser]],<ref>{{citecita web |url=http://www.sncorp.com/news/press/pr10/snc_ccdev_spacenews.shtml |titletitolo=SNC receives largest award of NASA's CCDev Competitive Contract |date=February 1, 2010 |publisher=SNC |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207081838/http://sncorp.com/news/press/pr10/snc_ccdev_spacenews.shtml |archivedate=February 7, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> a reusable [[spaceplane]] vehicle that can transport cargo and up to eight people to low Earth orbit.<ref name="tr20110118">{{citecita news |last=Bourzac |first=Katherine |titletitolo=A Private Space Shuttle Replacement |url=http://technologyreview.com/computing/27094/?p1=MstRcnt&a=f |newspaper=Technology Review |date= January 18, 2011 |agency=MIT |accessdate= January 22, 2011 |quote=This spacecraft, the size of a business jet, will take cargo and up to eight people into low Earth orbit, where the space station is located, and then return and land on commercial airport runways.}}</ref> Sierra Nevada completed its work under the contract in December 2010, with the structural testing of its [[Test article (aerospace)|engineering test article]]—its fourth and final milestone.<ref name=nsj20110204/>
* [[United Launch Alliance]]: $6.7M for an [[Emergency Detection System]] (EDS) for [[Human-rating certification|human-rating]] its [[Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle]]s (EELVs).<ref>{{citecita web |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/45 |titletitolo=NASA Selects United Launch Alliance for Commercial Crew Development Program |date=February 2, 2010}}</ref> In December 2010, ULA carried out a demonstration of its Emergency Detection System;<ref name=nsj20110204/> according to NASA's website all milestones were completed.<ref name="ULA_completed">{{citecita web|titletitolo=United Launch Alliance CCDev|url=http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/unitedlaunchalliance/index.html|work=Commercial Crew & Cargo|publisher=NASA|accessdate=February 28, 2013}}</ref>
====Proposals received====
NASA sought a second set of Commercial Crew Development proposals in October 2010. These could be both new concepts and proposals that mature the design and development of system elements, such as launch vehicles and spacecraft. NASA originally planned to issue about $200 million of Space Act Agreements in March 2011.<ref name=nasa20101025/> On April 18, 2011, NASA awarded nearly $270 million to four companies for developing U.S. vehicles that could fly astronauts after the Space Shuttle fleet's retirement.<ref name="ft20110418">Dean, James. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143351/http://space.flatoday.net/2011/04/nasa-awards-270-million-for-commercial.html "NASA awards $270 million for commercial crew efforts"]. space.com, April 18, 2011.</ref>
In August the same year, NASA provided status on the progress milestones of the four companies developing crew vehicle technologies under CCDev 2.<ref name="nsdc20110801">{{citecita news |last=Bergin|first=Chris |titletitolo=NASA oversight of CCDev-2 Partners reveals progress milestones |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/08/nasa-ccdev-2-partners-reveals-progress-milestones/ |newspaper=NASA Spaceflight |date= August 1, 2011 |accessdate= August 3, 2011}}</ref> There are nine-to-eleven specific milestones, spread over the second quarter of 2011 through to the second quarter of 2012, that each company must meet to receive their performance-based funding for CCDev 2.<ref name="nasa20110816">{{citecita web |titletitolo=CCDev 2 Milestone Schedule |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/580961main_CCPCCDev2-Public_508.pdf |format=pdf |date= August 16, 2011 |publisher=NASA |accessdate= August 20, 2011}}</ref>
====Proposals selected====
Winners of funding in the second round of the CCDev were:<ref name="aw20110422">{{citecita news |last=Morring |first=Frank, Jr. |titletitolo=Five Vehicles Vie To Succeed Space Shuttle |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/awst/2011/04/25/AW_04_25_2011_p24-313867.xml&headline=Five%20Vehicles%20Vie%20To%20Succeed%20Space%20Shuttle |newspaper=Aviation Week |date=2011-04-22 |accessdate=2011-02-23 |quote=''the CCDev-2 awards, ... went to Blue Origin, Boeing, Sierra Nevada Corp. and Space Exploration Technologies Inc. (SpaceX).'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221070704/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2Fawst%2F2011%2F04%2F25%2FAW_04_25_2011_p24-313867.xml&headline=Five%20Vehicles%20Vie%20To%20Succeed%20Space%20Shuttle |archivedate=December 21, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* [[Blue Origin]], Kent, Washington: $22 million. Blue Origin proposed advancing technologies in support of a [[nose cone design#Bi-conic|biconic nose cone design]] orbital vehicle, including launch abort systems and restartable, [[liquid oxygen]]/[[liquid hydrogen]] engines.<ref>{{citecita web|url=http://procurement.ksc.nasa.gov/documents/NNK11MS02S_SAA_BlueOrigin_04-18-2011.pdf |titletitolo=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-12-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215051509/http://procurement.ksc.nasa.gov/documents/NNK11MS02S_SAA_BlueOrigin_04-18-2011.pdf |archivedate=February 15, 2013 |df=mdy }}, p. 2-1</ref><ref>[https://www.blueorigin.com/technology " Blue Origin Technology"]. Blue Origin. Retrieved February 1, 2016.</ref> Blue Origin has since completed all of its CCDev 2 milestones.<ref name=CCPDec2012Update/> In November 2014, NASA announced three additional unfunded milestones, which include further testing of Blue Origin's propellant tank, BE-3 engine and pusher escape system.<ref name="NASArelease20141114">{{citecita web |titletitolo=RELEASE 14-317 NASA Commercial Crew Partners Continue System Advancements |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2014/release-20141114.html#.VPgYUY5lyp0 |website=NASA.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref>
* [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]], Louisville, Colorado: $80 million. Sierra Nevada proposed four {{nowrap|phase 2}} extensions of its [[Dream Chaser]] [[spaceplane]] technology.<ref name=aw20101217/> Like the Orbital Sciences proposal, the Dream Chaser was also a [[lifting body]] design.<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.com/article/20101217/UPDATES01/101217126/Companies-submit-plans-for-new-NASA-spacecraft- Companies submit plans for new NASA spacecraft]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Daily Record'', 2010-12-17, accessed 2010-12-20.</ref> Sierra Nevada will use [[Virgin Galactic]] to market Dream Chaser commercial services and will use Virgin's [[WhiteKnightTwo]] carrier aircraft as a platform for drop trials of the Dream Chaser atmospheric test vehicle in 2012.<ref name="aw20101217">[http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p32-277537.xml&headline=Orbital%20Aims%20For%20Station%20With%20Lifting%20Body Orbital Aims For Station With Lifting Body]. ''[[Aviation Week]]'', 2010-12-17, accessed 2010-12-20. "will use Virgin to market its services. But Sierra is also in discussions about using Virgin's WhiteKnightTwo carrier aircraft as a platform for drop trials of the Dream Chaser atmospheric test vehicle"</ref><ref name="nsj20101216">[http://www.newspacejournal.com/2010/12/16/virgin-joins-forces-with-two-companies-on-ccdev/ Virgin joins forces with two companies on CCDev], ''NewSpace Journal'', 2010-12-16, accessed 2010-12-18.</ref><ref name="bdc20110206">{{citecita news |last=Trivers |first=Elise |titletitolo=NASA Deputy Administrator Lori Garver touts Colorado's role in space exploration |url=http://www.dailycamera.com/boulder-county-news/ci_17304881 |at= 00:18 |accessdate=2011-02-06 |newspaper=Boulder Daily Camera |date=2011-02-05 |quote=Behind me is the Dream Chaser. It's the core structure that will become an atmospheric flight test vehicle in 2012 for drop tests. We're gonna take it up on the Virgin Galactic White Knight 2, the big airplane, that's gonna carry it underneath, drop it, and we'll do approach and landing tests, much like what was done for the Space Shuttle before it flew into space.}}</ref>
* [[Space Exploration Technologies]] (SpaceX), Hawthorne, California: $75 million. SpaceX proposed<ref>{{citecita web|url=http://www.spacex.com/multimedia/videos.php?id=58 |titletitolo=Commercial Crew Development (CCDEV) video|at=3:40 |publisher=[[SpaceX]] |format=video |date=2011-01-14 |accessdate=2011-01-17}}</ref> to develop an "integrated launch abort system design" for the [[Dragon spacecraft]], with theoretical advantages over the more traditional tractor tower approaches used on earlier manned space capsules. The system would be part of SpaceX's Draco maneuvering system, which is currently used on the Dragon capsule for in-orbit maneuvering and de-orbit burns.<ref name="sxu20110117">{{citecita web |titletitolo=Taking the next step: Commercial Crew Development Round 2 |url=http://www.spacex.com/updates.php |work=SpaceX Updates webpage |publisher=[[SpaceX]] |date=2010-01-17 |accessdate=2011-01-17}}</ref> SpaceX completed its CCDev 2 milestones by August 2012.<ref name=CCPDec2012Update/>
* [[Boeing|The Boeing Company]], Houston, Texas: $92.3 million. Boeing proposed additional development for the seven-person [[CST-100|CST-100 spacecraft]], beyond the objectives for the $18 million received from NASA in CCDev 1. The capsule will have personnel and cargo configurations, and is designed to be launched by multiple different rockets and be reusable up to 10 times.<ref name="mab20101214">[http://moonandback.com/2010/12/14/boeing-submits-proposal-for-2nd-round-of-commercial-crew-dev/ Boeing Submits Proposal for 2nd Round Of Commercial Crew Dev]. ''moonandback.com'' spaceflight news, December 14, 2010, accessed December 27, 2010.</ref>
====Proposals selected without NASA funding====
* [[United Launch Alliance]] proposed to extend development work on [[Human-rating certification|human-rating]] the [[Atlas V]] rocket.<ref name="tss20110110">{{citecita web |last=Sowers |first=George |titletitolo=Broadcast 1493, @07:10 |url=http://www.thespaceshow.com/detail.asp?q=1493 |work=broadcast of The Space Show |date=January 10, 2011 |publisher=[[The Space Show]] |accessdate=2011-01-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727162848/http://www.thespaceshow.com/detail.asp?q=1493 |archivedate=July 27, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Although not selected for funding, NASA entered into an unfunded Space Act Agreement with ULA in July 2011 to share information with the goal of advancing the development of the rocket, which is the proposed launch vehicle for the Blue Origin, Boeing and Sierra Nevada Corporation proposals.<ref name="NASA-ULA">{{citecita web |titletitolo=NASA Begins Commercial Partnership With United Launch Alliance |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2011/release-20110718.html |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=18 July 2011}}</ref><ref>Bergin, Chris. [http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/07/nasa-ula-saa-complete-human-rating-atlas-v/ "NASA and ULA agree SAA to complete the human rating of Atlas V"]. nasaspaceflight.com, July 18, 2011.</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g5cmAe26QGOSkayCOzR_wAkKd4nw?docId=CNG.683c48c2b56ffbdeb1682f2da8863427.c31 "NASA inks agreement with maker of Atlas V rocket"]</ref><ref>Amos, Jonathon. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14194716 "Atlas rocket in line for human launches"]. ''BBC News''. July 18, 2011. Retrieved: July 19, 2011.</ref> ULA finished completing all of their CCDev 2 milestones by September 2012.<ref name="CCPDec2012Update">{{citecita web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/713715main_CCP_Overview_20121203_508.pdf |titletitolo=Commercial Crew Program Update |date=December 2012|publisher=NASA |accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref>
* [[Alliant Techsystems]] (ATK) and [[Astrium]] proposed development of the [[Liberty (rocket)|Liberty rocket]] derived from the [[Ares I]] and [[Ariane 5]].<ref name="sdc20110208">{{citecita news |last=Malik|first=Tariq |titletitolo=Scrapped NASA Rocket May be Resurrected for Commercial Launches |url=http://www.space.com/10792-liberty-rocket-ressurects-scrapped-nasa-ares1.html |accessdate=2010-02-10 |publisher=SPACE.com |date= 2010-02-08}}</ref> On September 13, 2011, it was reported that NASA intended to form at agreement with ATK to further develop the Liberty rocket as a heavy launch vehicle capable of launching humans into space. Although no funding is to be provided by NASA, the agency will share expertise and technology.<ref>{{citecita web |url= https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/story/2011-09-13/NASA-atk-liberty-rocket/50386970/1 |titletitolo= NASA, private firm may team up on Liberty rocket |accessdate= 2011-09-13 |publisher= USA Today}}</ref><ref>[http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=278 "Commercial Crew Program Forum Presentation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020145602/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=278 |date=October 20, 2011 }}, p. 7. commercialcrew.nasa.gov, September 16, 2011.</ref> ATK finished completing all of its CCDev 2 milestones by August 2012.<ref name=CCPDec2012Update/>
* [[Excalibur Almaz]] Inc. is developing a crewed system incorporating modernized, Soviet-era space hardware designs intended for tourism flights to orbit. On October 26, 2011, NASA announced it had entered into an unfunded Space Act Agreement with EAI, establishing a framework to collaborate to further develop EAI's spacecraft concept for low Earth orbit crew transportation. EAI's concept for commercial crew to the ISS is to use the company's planned three-person space vehicle with an intermediate stage and fly the integrated vehicle on a commercially available launch vehicle.<ref name="Excalibur Almaz Agreement">{{citecita web|titletitolo=CCP and Excalibur Sign Space Act Agreement|url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/CCP-Excalibur.html|publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref>[http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20111103/NEWS02/311030050/Excalibur-Almaz-NASA-sign-commercial-spaceflight-deal "Excalibur Almaz, NASA sign commercial spaceflight deal"]</ref> Excalibur Almaz finished completing all of their CCDev 2 milestones by June 2012.<ref name=CCPDec2012Update/>
====Proposals not selected====
Proposals that were not awarded funds in the second round of the CCDev program were:
* [[Orbital Sciences]] proposed the [[Prometheus (spacecraft)|Prometheus]] lifting-body spaceplane vehicle, about one-quarter the size of the Space Shuttle.<ref>{{Citecita web |url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/OrbitalQuarterly_Winter2011.pdf?prid=762#search=%22prometheus%22 |titletitolo=The Shape of Things to Come – Orbital's Prometheus™ Space Plane Ready for NASA's Commercial Crew Development Initiative}}</ref> The [[VTVL#Other approaches|Vertical Takeoff, Horizontal Landing]] (VTHL) vehicle would be launched on a human-rated Atlas V rocket but would land on a runway.<ref name="wsj20101214">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704694004576020192942362626?mod=WSJ_topics_obama Orbital Proposes Spaceplan for Astronauts], ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', December 14, 2010, accessed December 15, 2010.</ref> The initial design would carry a crew of four, but it could carry up to six people or a combination of crew and cargo. In addition to Orbital Sciences, the consortium included [[Northrop Grumman]] that would have built the spaceplane and the [[United Launch Alliance]] that would have provided the launch vehicle.<ref name="ps20101216">[http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-12/jumping-new-space-race-orbital-sciences-unveils-mini-shuttle-spaceplane-design Jumping into the New Space Race, Orbital Sciences Unveils Mini-Shuttle Spaceplane Design], ''[[Popular Science]]'', 2010-12-16, accessed 2010-12-18. ''"Orbital Sciences isn't the kind of independent, private, "new space" enterprise as, say, SpaceX. It's a consortium of defense and aviation heavy-hitters: Northrop would build the plane, and the rockets would be provided by United Launch Alliance (read: Boeing and Lockheed)."''</ref> [[Virgin Galactic]] also confirmed it would be teaming with Orbital on the Orbital CCDev 2 project.<ref name=nsj20101216/> After failing to be selected for a CCDev phase 2 award by NASA, Orbital announced in April 2011 it would likely wind down its efforts to develop a commercial crew vehicle.<ref name="nsj20110422">{{citecita journal |titletitolo=Orbital may wind down its commercial crew effort |journal=NewSpace Journal |date=2011-04-22 |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2011/04/22/orbital-may-wind-down-its-commercial-crew-effort |accessdate=2011-04-25 |quote=''CEO Dave Thompson said ... "I don't, at this time, anticipate that we'll continue to pursue our own project in that race. We'll watch it and if an opportunity develops we may reconsider. But at this point, I would not anticipate a lot of activity on our part in the commercial crew market."''}}</ref>
* [[Paragon Space Development Corporation]] proposed additional development of the Commercial Crew Transport-Air Revitalization System (CCT-ARS) program in 2011, to permit the building-out of the other parts of the Environmental Control and Life Support Systems to provide the complete solution for its commercial crew transport customers.<ref>{{citecita web |titletitolo=(press release) Paragon Space Development Corporation Completes All Development Milestones on the NASA Commercial Crew Development Program |url=http://www.paragonsdc.com/docs/CCT-ARS%20Press%20Release.pdf |publisher=Paragon |date=2011-01-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715043642/http://www.paragonsdc.com/docs/CCT-ARS%20Press%20Release.pdf |archivedate=July 15, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
*[[t/Space]] proposed a recoverable, reusable, eight-person crew or cargo transfer spacecraft that could launch on a variety of launch vehicles including the Atlas V, [[Falcon 9]] and [[Taurus II]] rockets.<ref name="cl20110211">{{citecita web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |titletitolo=Let's talk about the final frontier |url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/02/11/6035600-lets-talk-about-the-final-frontier |work=Cosmic Log |publisher=MSNBC |accessdate=2011-02-13 |date=2011-02-11 |quote=''the proposal calls for the development of a spaceship that could be sent into space on a variety of launch vehicles. ... "Up to eight crew, Soyuz-like architecture (recoverable reusable crew element, expendable orbital/cargo module). Incorporates HMX's patented integral abort system (uses OMS/RCS propellant in separate abort engines). Can fly on Atlas 401 [a configuration for the Atlas 5 rocket], F9 [SpaceX's Falcon 9] or [[Taurus II]] (enhanced) but with a reduced cargo and crew capability on the latter vehicle. Goal is to be the lowest-price provider on a per-seat basis. Nominal land recovery with water backup."'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215002006/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/02/11/6035600-lets-talk-about-the-final-frontier |archivedate=February 15, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>
*[[United Space Alliance]] proposed under a plan called Commercial Space Transportation Service (CSTS) to fly commercially the two remaining Space Shuttle vehicles, ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]'' and ''[[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]]'', twice a year from 2013 to 2017.<ref>{{citecita web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41397955/ns/technology_and_science-space/|titletitolo=NASA weighs plan to keep shuttle until 2017 – Technology & science – Space – NBC News|work=msnbc.com}}</ref>
===Commercial Crew integrated Capability===
[[File:Dream Chaser pre-drop tests.3.jpg|thumbnail|Flight testing of the Dream Chaser Engineering Test Article was one of Sierra Nevada's CCiCap milestones]]
The Commercial Crew integrated Capability (CCiCap) initiative is the third round of the CCdev program and was originally called CCDev 3.<ref name="gov">{{citecita web |url=https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=230715a3035c3af460f542da1ad80562&tab=core&_cview=0 |titletitolo=COMMERCIAL CREW INTEGRATED CAPABILITY |date=2012-01-23 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=25 January 2012}}</ref>
For this phase of the program, NASA wanted proposals to be complete, end-to-end designs including spacecraft, launch vehicles, launch services, ground and mission operations, and recovery. In September 2011, NASA released a draft request for proposals (RFP).<ref name="Gerstenmaier_statement">{{citecita web |url=http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/101211_Gerstenmaier.pdf |titletitolo=Statement of William H. Gerstenmaier, Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; before the Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics Committee on Science, Space and Technology; U. S. House of Representatives |pages=6–7 |date=October 12, 2011}}</ref>
The U.S. government's was originally intended to use a new contracting mechanism for CCiCap that differed from the Space Act Agreement's fixed-price, milestone-based contracts of the previous phases. {{As of|2011|10}}, NASA was planning to award competitive contracts under the more traditional [[Federal Acquisition Regulations]] (FAR) system instead of using Space Act Agreements.<ref name=Gerstenmaier_statement/> After some months of planning for the new-style contracting approach, NASA announced in mid-December 2011 it would resume use of Space Act Agreements because of Congressional funding reductions to the program for [[2012 United States federal budget|Fiscal Year 2012]].<ref name="aw20121215">{{citecita news |last=Morring |first=Frank |titletitolo=NASA Shifts CCDev Back To Space Act |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news/awx/2011/12/15/awx_12_15_2011_p0-406939.xml&headline=NASA%20Shifts%20CCDev%20Back%20To%20Space%20Act |work=Aviation Week |date=December 15, 2011 |accessdate=December 16, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="sn20121216">{{citecita news |last=Leone |first=Dan |titletitolo=Citing Budget Uncertainty, NASA Switches Commercial Crew Procurement Approach |url=http://spacenews.com/civil/111215-budget-nasa-switches-commercial-crew-procurement.html |work=Space News |date=December 15, 2011 |accessdate=December 16, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> NASA planned to use FAR contracts for the certification of Commercial Transportation Services to the ISS.<ref>{{citecita web |url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=502 |titletitolo=Commercial Crew Program – December 20, 2011 Program Forum presentation |date=December 20, 2011 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=January 25, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612115703/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=502 |archivedate=June 12, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The final RFP was released on February 7, 2012, with proposals due on March 23, 2012.<ref>{{citecita web |url=http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eps/sol.cgi?acqid=149848 |titletitolo=CCiCap Solicitation |date=2012-02-07 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=11 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216214755/http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eps/sol.cgi?acqid=149848 |archivedate=February 16, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{citecita web |url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=579 |titletitolo=Commercial Crew Integrated Capability Pre-Proposal Conference |date=February 14, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=February 14, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217052232/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=579 |archivedate=February 17, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
The funded Space Act Agreements were awarded on August 3, 2012, and amended on August 15, 2013. CCiCap contracts were planned to be completed by August 2014.<ref name="nasa20120803">{{citecita web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20120803.html |titletitolo= NASA Announces Next Steps in Effort to Launch Americans from U.S. Soil |date= August 3, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate= August 3, 2012}}</ref><ref name=srnasa20130815/> NASA hoped facilitating development of this U.S. capability will provide safe, reliable and cost effective human transportation to low-Earth orbit (LEO).<ref name=gov/>
====Proposals selected====
====Proposals that passed acceptability screening====
* ATK – [[Liberty (rocket)|Liberty]]<ref name="CCiCap">{{citecita web|url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docID=645|titletitolo=Commercial Crew Integrated Capabilities Selection Statement|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910072408/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docID=645|archivedate=September 10, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
====Proposals not selected====
====Development achievements====
NASA reported that {{as of|2014|11|lc=y}}, Boeing had completed its CCiCap milestones;<ref name=NASArelease20141114/> Sierra Nevada had completed 10 of its 13 milestones; SpaceX had completed 13 of its 18 milestones. SpaceX received an extra milestone that is to be completed by March 2015.<ref name="nasaroi20140700">{{citecita web |titletitolo=Commercial Spaceflight – 60 Day Report, Issue 16 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/NASA_ROI_Report_July_2014_Final_TAGGED_2.pdf |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 10, 2014}}</ref> The milestones are listed in the appendixes to the Funded Space Act Agreements.{{refn|The Agreements and amendments are linked to from the CCiCap page of the NASA web site and in the External links below.<ref name=ksc_20130416/>|group=N|}}<ref name="ksc_20130416">{{citecita web |titletitolo=Commercial Crew Program (CCP) – Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap) |url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/page.cfm?ID=38 |website=commercialcrew.nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 10, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119064658/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/page.cfm?ID=38 |archivedate=November 19, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In May 2014, Boeing, Sierra Nevada Corporation and SpaceX completed reviews detailing plans to meet NASA's certification requirements to transport crew members to and from the ISS.<ref name="NASA_20140530">{{citecita web |titletitolo=NASA and Industry Complete First Phase to Certify New Crew Transportation Systems |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-and-industry-complete-first-phase-to-certify-new-crew-transportation-systems/#.U742bkAUqSo |website= nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 10, 2014}}</ref>
====Preparation for the next phase====
In June 2014, Boeing announced it intended to send out preliminary lay-off notices to 215 employees—approximately 170 in Houston and 45 in Florida—to prepare for the possibility that Boeing would not be selected to continue work into the next phase following the expected NASA shortlist in mid-2014. These advance notices are required under the [[Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act]] (WARN) legislation under U.S. law, and must be issued 60 days before any large lay-off is expected to take effect. If Boeing was selected to continue, the lay-offs would not occur and Boeing would hire an additional 75 personnel. Sierra Nevada "is not preparing any WARN notices to its Dream Chaser workforce".<ref name="sn20140617">{{citecita news |last1=Koltz|first1=Irene |titletitolo=Boeing Preparing Layoff Notices in Case of Commercial Crew Loss |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/40931boeing-preparing-layoff-notices-in-case-of-commercial-crew-loss|accessdate=2014-06-18 |publisher=Space News |date=2014-06-17 }}</ref>
===Certification Products Contract (CPC) phase 1===
The first phase of the Certification Products Contract (CPC) involved the review of the integrated crew transportation systems through the creation of a certification plan that would result in the development of engineering standards, tests and analyses of the systems' designs.<ref name="CPC1">{{citecita web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20121210.html |titletitolo= NASA Awards Contracts In Next Step Toward Safely Launching American Astronauts From U.S. Soil |date=10 December 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=11 December 2012}}</ref> This phase of CPC was expected to run from January 22, 2013, to May 30, 2014.<ref name=CPC1/>
====Proposals selected====
===Certification Products Contract (CPC) phase 2===
The second phase of the CPC was expected to begin in mid-2014; it would involve a full and open competition and would include the final development, testing and verifications to allow crewed demonstration flights to the ISS.<ref name=CPC1/> Phase 2 is called Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap).<ref name="CCtCap RFP 20130719"/> NASA proposed the second phase of the program would begin purchasing commercial astronaut transportation services with the CCtCap solicitation. Contract award and funding occurred in 2014; flights of NASA astronauts on CCtCap-provided vehicles would not occur before 2017.<ref name=pm20140131/> In a change from previous CCDev programs where commercial providers tested the developed technology to NASA contractual requirements, CCtCap will include Joint Test Teams (JTT) with NASA personnel operating in a traditional NASA acquisition approach in which NASA oversees some design choices and offers flexible-price cost-sharing to pay for the tests.<ref name=pm20140131/> NASA issued the draft CCtCap contract's Request For Proposals (RFP) on July 19, 2013; the response date was August 15, 2013.<ref name="CCtCap RFP 20130719">{{citecita news |titletitolo=NASA Commercial Crew Transportation Capability Contract CCTCAP Draft RFP |url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=44387 |date=July 19, 2013 |work=SpaceREF |accessdate=July 22, 2013 }}</ref>
According to the letter and Executive Summary:
* Under CCtCap the final Design, Development, Test, and Evaluation (DDTE) activities necessary to achieve NASA's certification of a Crew Transportation System (CTS) will be conducted.<ref name="Draft CCtDev RFP"/>{{rp|p. 4}} The contract will be issued under Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) Part 15 and will be Firm Fixed Price (FFP).<ref name="Draft CCtDev RFP"/>{{rp|p. 4}}
There are four separate Contract Line Items (CLINs) for CTS certification; ISS mission support, special studies and additional cargo capability if proposed.<ref name="Draft CCtDev RFP">{{citecita web |titletitolo=Draft Request for Proposal, NNK14467515R, CCtCap |url=http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/eps/eps_data/157250-DRAFT-001-001.pdf |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 22, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|p. 4}} NASA was to supply four Docking System Block 1 Units on a no-charge-for-use basis. The first unit would be available in February 2016.<ref name="Draft CCtDev RFP"/>{{rp|p. 8}} NASA held a Commercial Crew Pre-proposal Conference at Kennedy Space Center on December 4, 2013, after formally requesting proposals for CCtCap in late November that year.<ref name="pa20131206">{{citecita news |last=Messier|first=Doug |titletitolo=NASA Holds Commercial Crew Pre-proposal Conference |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/12/06/nasa-holds-commercial-crew-preproposal-conference/ |accessdate=2013-12-07 |newspaper=Parabolic Arc |date=2013-12-06 }}</ref>
NASA's 2014 budget for CCtCap was {{USD|696 million}}; it was reduced from an [[Obama Administration]] request of {{USD|821 million}}.<ref name="pm20140131">{{citecita news |last=Pappalardo|first=Joe |titletitolo=Is the Relationship Between NASA and Private Space About to Sour? |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/nasa/is-the-relationship-between-nasa-and-private-space-about-to-sour-16441487 |accessdate=2014-02-01 |newspaper=Popular Mechanics |date=2014-01-31 }}</ref> In May 2014, NASA announced each awardee was to perform at least one crewed test flight to verify the spacecraft could dock with the ISS and all its systems performed as expected. NASA intended to meet its station crew rotation requirements by including at least two, and at most six crewed, post-certification missions in the contracts.<ref name="NASA_web_20140530">{{citecita web |last1=Anna Heiney |titletitolo=NASA and Industry Complete First Phase to Certify New Crew Transportation Systems |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-and-industry-complete-first-phase-to-certify-new-crew-transportation-systems/ |website=NASA.gov |date= |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 6, 2014}}</ref> NASA also intended CCtCap would allow U.S. providers to supply other customers.<ref name=NASA_web_20140530/>
====Awards====
On September 16, 2014, NASA announced that Boeing and SpaceX had received contracts to provide crewed launch services to the ISS. For completing the same contract requirements, Boeing could receive up to US$4.2 billion, while SpaceX could receive up to US$2.6 billion.<ref name="CCtCapBlogAnnounce">{{citecita web |titletitolo=American Companies Selected to Return Astronaut Launches to American Soil |last=Bolden |first=Charlie |url=http://blogs.nasa.gov/bolden/2014/09/16/american-companies-selected-to-return-astronaut-launches-to-american-soil/ |website=NASA.gov |accessdate=September 16, 2014}}</ref> Both Boeing [[CST-100]] flying on United Launch Alliance (ULA) [[Atlas V]] and SpaceX [[Dragon V2]] flying on [[Falcon 9 Full Thrust|Falcon 9]] were awarded for the same set of requirements: completing development and certification of their crew vehicle then flying a certification flight followed by up to six operational flights to the ISS. The contracts included at least two operational flights for each company.<ref name=sn20140921/>
The total program award of US$6.8 billion covers development costs through CCtCap program funding—$3.42 billion over the years 2015–2019 with $848 million in the commercial crew budget request for FY 2015—and $3.4 billion for operational crew resupply to the ISS—12 flights with four astronauts on each flight, where NASA assumed the same per-seat price of $70.7 million it would pay for each Soyuz seat in 2016.<ref name="sn20140921">{{citecita news |last1=Foust|first1=Jeff |titletitolo=NASA Commercial Crew Awards Leave Unanswered Questions |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/41924nasa-commercial-crew-awards-leave-unanswered-questions |accessdate=2014-09-21 |work=Space News |date=2014-09-19 |quote= "We basically awarded based on the proposals that we were given," Kathy Lueders, NASA commercial crew program manager, said in a teleconference with reporters after the announcement. "Both contracts have the same requirements. The companies proposed the value within which they were able to do the work, and the government accepted that."}}</ref><ref name="NASApress20140916">{{citecita web |titletitolo=RELEASE 14-256 NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to International Space Station |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international |website=www.nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> With the program awards in September, NASA did not release the number of proposals it received or any details about the selection process; it stated such information would be released "at an 'appropriate' but unspecified date".<ref name=sn20140921/>
On September 26, 2014, Sierra Nevada Corporation submitted a protest of the CCtCap awards, stating to have undercut Boeing by $900 million while scoring close to its competitors in the other criteria.<ref name="CCtCapSNCProtest">{{citecita web |titletitolo=Sierra Nevada Corporation Challenges Award of NASA's Commercial Crew Transportation Capability Contract |url=http://www.sncorp.com/press_more_info.php?id=634 |website=sncorp.com |date= |accessdate=October 3, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928122638/http://www.sncorp.com/press_more_info.php?id=634 |archivedate=September 28, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The [[Government Accountability Office]] (GAO) had until January 5, 2015, to rule on the protest.<ref>{{citecita web|url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/42266court-rejects-sierra-nevada-motion-to-reinstate-commercial-crew-stop-work|titletitolo=Court Rejects Sierra Nevada Motion to Reinstate Commercial Crew Stop-Work Order|work=SpaceNews.com}}</ref> By October 1, 2014, NASA had instructed Boeing and SpaceX to halt work on the CCtCap contracts.<ref name="CCtCapWorkHalt">{{citecita news |last1=Clark |first1=Stephen |titletitolo=Boeing, SpaceX told to stop work under crew contracts |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1410/01cctcapprotest/ |work=Space News |date=October 1, 2014 |accessdate=October 3, 2014}}</ref> On October 8, 2014, NASA instructed the contractors to proceed with contract work during the GAO review.<ref name="Proceed_order">{{citecita web |titletitolo=NASA Exercises Authority to Proceed with Commercial Crew Contracts |url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/crew/index.html#.VDcj91et81B |website=www.nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=October 10, 2014}}</ref> In January 2015, the GAO denied Sierra Nevada Corporation's protest.<ref name="blog20150105">{{citecita web |last1=scovey |titletitolo=GAO denies SNC Protest |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2015/01/05/gao-denies-snc-protest |publisher=NASA |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref>
In 2016 the firms scheduled additional testing and certification milestones. The auditors do not expect the first flights until late 2018.<ref name="Audit_CCtCap_20160901">{{citecita book |last1=NASA Office of Inspector General, Office of Audits |titletitolo=NASA's Commercial Crew Program: Update on Development and Certification Efforts |date=September 1, 2016 |publisher=NASA |edition=Report No. IG-16-028 |url=https://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY16/IG-16-028.pdf |accessdate=September 4, 2016}}</ref>
====CCtCap contract progress====
{{As of|2014|12}}, both SpaceX and Boeing had started work on their Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contracts.<ref name="NASArelease20141222">{{citecita web |titletitolo=RELEASE 14-207 NASA Commercial Crew Partners Complete 23 Milestones in 2014, Look Ahead to 2015 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2014/release-20141222b.html |website=NASA.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=March 5, 2015}}</ref>
{{As of|2016|9}} although both companies are advancing they are running behind their previous schedule. Additional milestones have been agreed with NASA see Annex B (Boeing) and Annex C (SpaceX) of the September 2016 Audit of the Commercial Crew Program.<ref name="Audit_CCtCap_20160901"/> Boeing increased its milestones from 23 to 34 and has achieved 15.<ref name="Boeing_Milestones_20160903">{{citecita news |last1=Doug Messier |titletitolo=Boeing Commercial Crew Milestone Status |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2016/09/03/boeing-commercial-crew-milestone-status |accessdate=September 4, 2016 |publisher=Parabolic Arc |date=September 3, 2016}}</ref> SpaceX has increased its milestones from 18 to 21 and has achieved 8. SpaceX also has an uncompleted milestone left over from CCiCap.<ref name="SpaceX_Milestones_20160903">{{citecita news |last1=Doug Messier |titletitolo=SpaceX Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap) Milestone Status |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2016/09/03/spacex-commercial-crew-milestone-status |accessdate=September 4, 2016 |publisher=Parabolic Arc}}</ref>
==Flights==
|Uncrewed test flight
|None
|2 March 2019<ref>{{Citecita web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/22/demo-1-flight-readiness-concludes/|titletitolo=Demo-1 Flight Readiness Concludes|website=blogs.nasa.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref>
|-
|[[CST-100 Starliner|CST-100]]
|Uncrewed test flight
|None
|NET April 2019<ref name=":0">{{Citecita web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/nasa-partners-update-commercial-crew-launch-dates/|titletitolo=NASA, Partners Update Commercial Crew Launch Dates – Commercial Crew Program|website=blogs.nasa.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dragon 2]]
|+ Funding Summary (millions of [[USD|US$]])
! Round<br><small>(years)</small>
! CCDev1<ref name="Bnasa20100201">{{Citecita news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/feb/HQ_C10-004_Commercia_Crew_Dev.html |titletitolo=NASA Selects Commercial Firms to Begin Development of Crew Transportation Concepts and Technology Demonstrations for Human Spaceflight Using Recovery Act Funds |date=February 1, 2010 |work=press release |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 9, 2012}}</ref> <br><small>(2010–2011)</small>
! CCDev2<ref>{{citecita news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/home/agreementsfeature.html |titletitolo=NASA Awards Next Set Of Commercial Crew Development Agreements |work=press release |date= April 18, 2011 |publisher=NASA |accessdate= June 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{citecita news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/sep/HQ_11-312_CCDEV_Announ.html |titletitolo=NASA Releases Commercial Crew Draft RFP, Announces CCDEV2 Optional Milestones |date=September 19, 2011 |work=press release |publisher=NASA |accessdate= June 9, 2012}}</ref><br><small>(2011–2012)</small>
! CCiCap<ref name=nasa20120803/><ref name="srnasa20130815">{{citecita web|titletitolo=NASA Announces Additional Commercial Crew Development Milestones|url=http://spaceref.biz/2013/08/nasa-announces-additional-commercial-crew-development-milestones.html|work=Space Ref|date= August 15, 2013|publisher=SpaceRef Interactive Inc.|accessdate=August 16, 2013}}</ref> <br><small>(2012–2014)</small>
! CPC1<ref name=CPC1/><br><small>(2013–2014)</small>
! CCtCap<ref name=NASApress20140916/>
== Requisiti ==
I requisiti principali dei veicoli per questo programma sono:
▲* Deliver andPortare returnquattro fourastronauti crewe membersla andloro theirattrezzatura equipment toalla [[ InternationalStazione SpaceSpaziale StationInternazionale]] (ISS);<ref name="nasa20110726">{{ citecita web |url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107 | titletitolo=Commercial Crew Program: Key Driving Requirements Walkthrough | lastcognome=Bayt | firstnome=Rob | datedata= July 26 , luglio 2011 | publishereditore=NASA | accessdateaccesso= July 27 , luglio 2011 | deadurlurlmorto=yes | archiveurlurlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328055242/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107 | archivedatedataarchivio= March 28 , marzo 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="CCfactsheet">{{ citecita web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/660622main_2012.06.18_CCP.pdf | titletitolo=Commercial Crew Program – fact sheet | datedata= Februaryfebbraio 2012 | publishereditore=NASA | accessdateaccesso=14 Julyluglio 2012}}</ref>
* Assicurare il ritorno dell'equipaggio in caso di emergenza;<ref name="nasa20110726" />
▲* Serve asServire ada 24-hourrifugio safesicuro havenper in24 theore eventin ofcaso andi emergencyemergenza;<ref name= "nasa20110726 " /><ref name= "CCfactsheet " />
▲* Capable ofCapace remainingdi dockedrimanere foragganciato per 210 days—giorni—<ref name= "nasa20110726 " /><ref name= "CCfactsheet " /> thelo [[Space Shuttle]] couldpoteva onlyrimanere remainagganciato dockedsolo forper aun maximummassimo ofdi 12 daysgiorni.<ref name="boeing200507">{{ citecita web |url=http://www.boeing.com/news/frontiers/archive/2005/july/i_ids4.html | titletitolo=Space Shuttle upgrade lets astronauts at ISS stay in space longer | lastcognome=Memi | firstnome=Ed | datedata= Julyluglio 2005 | publishereditore=Boeing | accessdateaccesso=16 Decemberdicembre 2011}}</ref>
== Panoramica del programma ==
== Voci correlate ==
<br />
* [[Commercial Orbital Transportation Services]] - programma predecessore ai CRS e al CCDev
* [[Commercial Resupply Services]]
== Collegamenti esterni ==
<br />
* [http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/crew/index.html Sito ufficiale del NASA Commercial Crew Program]
* [https://www.nasa.gov/specials/ccp-press-kit/main.html Press Kit ufficiale relativo al Commercial Crew Program]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/document_library.html Commercial Crew & Cargo Document Library su NASA.gov]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/contracts/CCDev.html CCDev 1 Space Act agreements]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMrlv-YAjTs Partners Mature Spacecraft Designs], video aggiornamento NASA, 14 gennaio 2014.
* [http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Boeing-CCtCap-Contract(1).pdf Contratto CCtCap con Boeing CCtCap Contract (censurato)]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/SpaceX-CCtCap-Contract.pdf Contratto CCtCap con SpaceX (censurato)]
▲{{ ...Portale|astronautica}}
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