Plains Apache language: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 22:46, 14 July 2021

Revision as of 23:39, 19 July 2021

Line 43:

! rowspan="3" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]

! <small>[[tenuis consonant|unaspirated]]</small>

| {{IPAlink|p}} {{angbr|b}}

|b {{IPA|/p/}}||d {{IPA|/t/}}||dl {{IPA|/tɬ/}}||dz {{IPA|/ts/}}||dž {{IPA|/tʃ/}}|| ||g {{IPA|/k/}}||

| {{IPAlink|t}} {{angbr|d}}

| {{IPAlink|tɬ}} {{angbr|dl}}

| {{IPAlink|ts}} {{angbr|dz}}

| {{IPAlink|tʃ}} {{angbr|dž}}

|

| {{IPAlink|k}} {{angbr|g}}

|

|-

! <small>[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>

|

| || ||tł {{IPA|/tɬʰ/}}||ts {{IPA|/tsʰ/}}||tš {{IPA|/tʃʰ/}}|| ||k {{IPA|/kʰ/}}||

|

| {{IPA|tɬʰ}} {{angbr|tł}}

| {{IPA|tsʰ}} {{angbr|ts}}

| {{IPA|tʃʰ}} {{angbr|tš}}

|

| {{IPA|kʰ}} {{angbr|k}}

|

|-

! <small>[[Glottalized consonant|glottalized]]</small>

|

| || {{IPA|tʼ}} ||tłʼ {{IPA|/tɬʼ/}}||{{IPA|tsʼ}} ||tšʼ {{IPA|/tʃʼ/}}|| || {{IPA|kʼ}} ||{{IPA|ʔ}}

| {{IPAlink|tʼ}}

| {{IPAlink|tɬʼ}} {{angbr|tłʼ}}

| {{IPAlink|tsʼ}}

| {{IPAlink|tʃʼ}} {{angbr|tšʼ}}

|

| {{IPAlink|kʼ}}

| {{IPAlink|ʔ}}

|-

! rowspan="2" | [[Continuant]]

! <small>[[voiceless]]</small>

|

| || ||ł {{IPA|/ɬ/}}||{{IPA|s}} ||š {{IPA|/ʃ/}}|| || {{IPA|x}} ||{{IPA|h}}

|

| {{IPAlink|ɬ}} {{angbr|ł}}

| {{IPAlink|s}}

| {{IPAlink|ʃ}} {{angbr|š}}

|

| {{IPAlink|x}}

| {{IPAlink|h}}

|-

! <small>[[voiced]]</small>

|

| || || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|z}} ||ž {{IPA|/ʒ/}}|| || {{IPA|ɣ}} ||

|

| {{IPAlink|l}}

| {{IPAlink|z}}

| {{IPAlink|ʒ}} {{angbr|ž}}

|

| {{IPAlink|ɣ}}

|

|-

! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]

!<small>[[Stop consonant|stop]]</small>

|

| {{IPA|ⁿd}}

|

|

Line 70 ⟶ 105:

|-

!<small>[[continuant]]</small>

| {{IPAlink|m}}

|{{IPA|m}}||{{IPA|n}}|| || || || || ||

| {{IPAlink|n}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Glide]]

|

| || || || || ||y {{IPA|/j/}}|| ||

|

|

|

|

| {{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|y}}

|

|

|}

The phoneme {{IPA|/ⁿd/}} is only found in prefixes and does not occur before {{IPA|/o/}}. {{IPA|/h/}} is in free variation with {{IPA|/x/}} preceding {{IPA|/a/}} and also does not occur before {{IPA|/o/}}. The fricated alveolar and postalveolar series are tend to be realized as slightly retroflex preceding {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/e/}}, though these variants are in free variation with the unretroflexed realizations. The plain alveolar and velar series are slightly fronted preceding {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/e/}}, and slightly backed and rounded preceding {{IPA|/o/}}.

Line 80 ⟶ 130:

Plains Apache distinguishes four vowel qualities, much like the other Southern Athabaskan languages.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

!

! scope="col" |

! scope="col" | [[Front vowel|Front]]

! [[Back vowel|Back]]

|-

! [[Close vowel|High]]

| {{IPAlink|i}}

|i|| rowspan="2" | {{IPAlink|o}}

|-

! [[Open-mid vowel|Mid]]

|e {{IPAIPAlink|/ɛ/}} {{angbr|e}}

|-

! [[Open vowel|Low]]

| colspan="2" | {{IPAIPAlink|a}}

|}

Additionally, all vowels may be either short or long and nasal or oral. Length is indicated in the orthography by writing the vowel twice (e.g. ''kóó'', "water"); nasalization is indicated with an [[ogonek]] (e.g. ''nǫ̀ǫ̀'', "earth"). When long, the realization of {{IPA|/i/}} tends to be closer to {{IPA|[i]}}, and when short, closer to {{IPA|[ɪ]}}. An analogous alternation is true of {{IPA|/o/}} {{IPA|[u~o]}}, although this variation is more free, and is lexicalized by some speakers in certain words.