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Additionally, [[Hoogsteen base pair]]ing (typically written as A•U/T and G•C) can exist in some DNA sequences (e.g. CA and TA dinucleotides) in dynamic equilibrium with standard Watson–Crick pairing.<ref name="Nikolova2">{{cite journal|author1=Evgenia N. Nikolova|author2=Eunae Kim|author3=Abigail A. Wise|author4=Patrick J. O'Brien|author5=Ioan Andricioaei|author6=Hashim M. Al-Hashimi|year=2011|title=Transient Hoogsteen base pairs in canonical duplex DNA|journal=Nature|volume=470|issue=7335|pages=498–502|bibcode=2011Natur.470..498N|doi=10.1038/nature09775|pmc=3074620|pmid=21270796}}</ref> They have also been observed in some protein–DNA complexes.<ref name="Aishima">{{cite journal|author=Jun Aishima, Rossitza K. Gitti, Joyce E. Noah, Hin Hark Gan, [[Tamar Schlick]], Cynthia Wolberger|year=2002|title=A Hoogsteen base pair embedded in undistorted B‐DNA|journal=Nucleic Acids Res|volume=30|issue=23|pages=5244–5252|doi=10.1093/nar/gkf661|pmc=137974|pmid=12466549}}</ref>
In addition to these alternative base pairings, a wide range of base-base hydrogen bonding is observed in RNA secondary and tertiary structure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Leontis|first=Neocles B|last2=Westhof|first2=Eric|date=2003|title=Analysis of RNA motifs|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959440X03000769|journal=Current Opinion in Structural Biology|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=300–308|doi=10.1016/S0959-440X(03)00076-9}}</ref> These bonds are often necessary for the precise, complex shape of an RNA, as well as its binding to interaction partners.<ref name=":0" />
==Length measurements==<!-- This section is linked from [[KB]] -->
The following abbreviations are commonly used to describe the length of a D/R[[DNA|NA molecule]]:
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