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==Ecology==
The flora and fauna of the Himalayas varies with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the front of the range. This diversity of climate, altitude, rainfall and soil conditions generates a variety of distinct plant and animal communities, or [[ecoregion]]s.
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===Lowland forests===
On the [[Indo-Gangetic plain]] at the base of the mountains, an [[alluvial plain]] drained by the Indus and Ganges-Brahmaputra river systems, vegetation varies from west to east with rainfall. The [[deserts and xeric shrublands|xeric]] [[Northwestern thorn scrub forests]] occupy the plains of Pakistan and the [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]]. Further east lie the [[Upper Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests]] of [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]]. These are monsoon forests, with drought-deciduous trees that lose their leaves during the dry season. The moister [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] occupy the plains of [[Assam]].
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