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'''Tayap''' (also spelled '''Taiap'''; called '''Gapun''' in earlier literature, after the name of the village in which it is spoken) is an [[endangered language|endangered]] Papuan language spoken by fewer than 50 people in [[Gapun]] village of [[Marienberg Rural LLG]] in [[East Sepik Province]], [[Papua New Guinea]] ({{coord|-4.028746|144.50304|name=Gapun|type:city_region:PG}}, located just to the south of the [[Sepik River]] mouth near the coast).<ref name="Ethnologue22-PNG">{{
==History==
The first European to describe Tayap was {{ill|Georg Höltker|de}}, a German missionary-linguist, in 1937. Höltker spent three hours in the village and collected a word list of 125 words, which he published in 1938. He wrote that “it will be awhile before any other researcher ‘stumbles across’ Gapun, if only because of the small chances of worthwhile academic yields in this tiny village community, and also because of the inconvenient and arduous route leading to this linguistic island”.<ref>{{
Höltker's list was all that was known about Tayap in literature until the early 1970s, when the Australian linguist [[Donald Laycock]] travelled around the lower Sepik to collect basic vocabulary lists that allowed him to identify and propose classifications of the many languages spoken there. Tayap and its speakers have been extensively studied by linguistic anthropologist [[Don Kulick]] since the mid-1980s. The language is described in detail in ''Tayap Grammar and Dictionary: The Life and Death of a Papuan Language'' and in ''A Death in the Rainforest: How a Language and a Way of Life Came to an End in Papua New Guinea''.<ref
Until World War II, when Japanese soldiers occupied the area and caused the villagers to flee into the rainforest, [[Gapun]] was located on a hill that several thousand years earlier had been an island in the sea that receded and formed the lower Sepik River. This indicates that Tayap may be the descendant of an ancient, autochthonous language that was already in place before the various waves of migration from the inland to the coast began occurring thousands of years ago.<ref>{{
==Sociolinguistics==
Up to 2018, [[Gapun]] was the only village where Tayap is spoken, although some speakers of the language also lived in neighboring villages such as Wongan and Watam, having moved there because of marriage or as a result of conflicts over land or sorcery in Gapun. However, in 2018, Gapun village was burned down and abandoned due to violence among households. The former residents fled to the nearby villages of Wongan ({{coord|-3.999326|144.532123|type:city_region:PG|name=Wongan}}), Watam ({{coord|-3.906592|144.545246|type:city_region:PG|name=Watam}}), and Boroi.<ref name="Kulick
Gapun villagers associate Tok Pisin with Christianity, modernity and masculinity, and they associate Tayap with paganism, "backwardness", disruptive femininity and childish stubbornness. As a result, Tayap is being increasingly replaced by [[Tok Pisin]].<ref name="harvp|Kulick|1992">{{harvp|Kulick|1992}}</ref>
Unlike the neighboring patrilineal [[Lower Sepik-Ramu languages|Lower Sepik-Ramu]] speakers, Tayap speakers are matrilineal.<ref name="harvp|Kulick|1992" /> Tayap is typologically very different from the neighboring Lower Sepik-Ramu languages.
Tayap also has many loanwords from the [[Kopar language|Kopar]] and [[Adjora language|Adjora]] languages.<ref name="Kulick
==Classification==
Tayap is not related to the neighboring Lower Sepik languages, though a relationship to the more distant [[Torricelli languages|Torricelli]] family has been proposed by Usher (2020).<ref name="ngw">[https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/torricelli-range-sepik-coast/sepik-coast/taiap New Guinea World
In the 1970s Australian linguist [[Donald Laycock]] classified Tayap (which he called "[[Gapun]]") as a sub-phylum of the Sepik-Ramu language phylum, on the basis of Georg Höltker's 1938 word list and a few verb paradigms that Laycock gathered from two speakers.<ref>{{
Kulick and Terrill (2019) found no evidence that Tayap is related to the Lower Sepik languages, another branch of the erstwhile Sepik-Ramu phylum. The conclude that Tayap is a [[language isolate]], though they do not compare it to other language families, as would be required to establish Tayap as an independent language family. Comparative vocabulary demonstrates the lexical aberrancy of Tayap as compared to the surrounding Lower Sepik languages: e.g. ''sene'' 'two' (cf. [[proto-Lower Sepik]] *ri-pa-), ''neke'' 'ear' (*kwand-), ''ŋgino'' 'eye' (*tambri), ''tar'' 'hear' (*and-), ''min'' 'breast' (*nɨŋgay), ''nɨŋg'' 'bone' (*sariŋamp), ''malɨt'' 'tongue' (*minɨŋ), ''mayar'' 'leaf' (*nɨmpramp) among the Holman ''et al.'' (2008) ranking of the [[Swadesh list]]. Cultural vocabulary such as 'village', 'canoe', 'oar', and 'lime', as well as the basic words ''awin'' 'water' (cf. *arɨm) and ''a'' 'eat' (cf. *am ~ *amb), may be shared with Lower Sepik languages. The word ''karep'' 'moon' is shared specifically with [[Kopar language|Kopar]] (''karep''). However, most basic vocabulary items have no apparent cognates in surrounding languages.<ref name="Foley-Sepik-Ramu">{{
==Phonology==
The Tayap consonants are:<ref name="Kulick & Terrill 2009" />
:{| {{table}}
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Tayap has 6 vowels, which are:<ref name="Kulick
:{| {{table}}
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==Pronouns==
Tayap pronouns are:<ref name="Kulick
:{| {{table}}
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===Nouns===
Nouns generally do not mark number themselves, although there is a small class of largely human nouns which mark plural, and a smaller class which mark [[dual (grammatical number)|dual]]. These categories, where marked, are largely marked by partial or full suppletion. [[Oblique case]]s, largely local, are marked by [[clitic]]s attached to the end of the oblique [[noun phrase]].<ref name="Kulick
===Gender===
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==Lexicon==
Selected Tayap words from Kulick and Terrill (2019:
===Vertebrates===
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In Tayap, a felled [[Metroxylon sagu|sago palm]] tree can be divided into 7 parts. The Tayap names are listed below, from the base (''wot'') to the crown (''mar'').<ref name="Kulick
*''wot''
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==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kulick |first=Don |title=Language Shift and Cultural Reproduction: Socialization, Self, and Syncretism in a Papua New Guinean Village |
* {{
* {{Cite book |last=Kulick |first=Don |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VXWcDwAAQBAJ |title=A Grammar and Dictionary of Tayap: The Life and Death of a Papuan Language
* {{Cite book |last=Laycock |first=D. C. |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146478/1/PL-B25.pdf |title=Sepik Languages
* {{Cite book |
* {{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Malcolm |title=Papuan Pasts: Cultural, Linguistic and Biological Histories of Papuan-Speaking Peoples |date=2005 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |isbn=0-85883-562-2 |editor-last=Pawley |editor-first=Andrew |series=Pacific Linguistics 572 |___location=Canberra |pages=17–65 |language=en |chapter=Pronouns as a Preliminary Diagnostic for Grouping Papuan Languages |hdl=1885/146735 |editor-last2=Attenborough |editor-first2=Robert |editor-last3=Golson |editor-first3=Jack |editor-last4=Hide |editor-first4=Robin |hdl-access=free}}
{{refend}}
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