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===ELIZA and PARRY===
In 1966, [[Joseph Weizenbaum]] created a program which appeared to pass the Turing test. The program, known as [[ELIZA]], worked by examining a user's typed comments for keywords. If a keyword is found, a rule that transforms the user's comments is applied, and the resulting sentence is returned. If a keyword is not found, ELIZA responds either with a generic riposte or by repeating one of the earlier comments.{{sfn|Weizenbaum|1966|p=37}} In addition, Weizenbaum developed ELIZA to replicate the behaviour of a [[person-centered psychotherapy|Rogerian psychotherapist]], allowing ELIZA to be "free to assume the pose of knowing almost nothing of the real world."{{sfn|Weizenbaum|1966|p=42}} With these techniques, Weizenbaum's program was able to fool some people into believing that they were talking to a real person, with some subjects being "very hard to convince that ELIZA [...] is ''not'' human."{{sfn|Weizenbaum|1966|p=42}} Thus, ELIZA is claimed by some to be one of the programs (perhaps the first) able to pass the Turing test,{{sfn|Weizenbaum|1966|p=42}}{{sfn|Thomas|1995|p=112}} even though this view is highly contentious (see [[
[[Kenneth Colby]] created [[PARRY]] in 1972, a program described as "ELIZA with attitude".{{sfn|Bowden|2006|p=370}} It attempted to model the behaviour of a [[paranoia|paranoid]] [[schizophrenic]], using a similar (if more advanced) approach to that employed by Weizenbaum. To validate the work, PARRY was tested in the early 1970s using a variation of the Turing test. A group of experienced psychiatrists analysed a combination of real patients and computers running PARRY through [[teleprinter]]s. Another group of 33 psychiatrists were shown transcripts of the conversations. The two groups were then asked to identify which of the "patients" were human and which were computer programs.{{sfn|Colby|Hilf|Weber|Kraemer|1972|p=220}} The psychiatrists were able to make the correct identification only 52 percent of the time – a figure consistent with random guessing.{{sfn|Colby|Hilf|Weber|Kraemer|1972|p=220}}
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=== Universal Turing test inspired black-box-based machine intelligence metrics ===
Based on the large diversity of intelligent systems, the Turing test inspired universal metrics should be used, which are able to measure the machine intelligence and compare the systems based on their intelligence. A property of an intelligence metric should be the treating of the aspect of variability in intelligence. Black-box-based intelligence metrics, like the MetrIntPair<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Iantovics|first=Laszlo Barna|last2=Rotar|first2=Corina|last3=Niazi|first3=Muaz A.|date=2018|title=MetrIntPair—A Novel Accurate Metric for the Comparison of Two Cooperative Multiagent Systems Intelligence Based on Paired Intelligence Measurements|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/int.21903|journal=International Journal of Intelligent Systems|language=en|volume=33|issue=3|pages=463–486|doi=10.1002/int.21903|issn=1098-111X}}</ref> and MetrIntPairII
==Conferences==
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