Impero russo: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 12:03, 29 ago 2007

Versione delle 11:04, 2 set 2007

Riga 80:

{{main|Governing Senate}}

The Senate (Pravitelstvuyushchi Senat, i.e. directing or governing senate), originally established during the [[Government reform of Peter I]], consisted of members nominated by the emperor. Its functions, which were exceedingly various, were carried out by the different departments into which it is divided. It was the supreme court of cassation; an audit office, a high court of justice for all political offences; one of its departments fullfiled the functions of a heralds' college. It also had supreme jurisdiction in all disputes arising out of the administration of the empire, notably differences between the representatives of the central power and the elected organs of local self-government. Lastly, it examined into registers and promulgated new laws, a function which, in theory, gives it a power, akin to that of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], of rejecting measures not in accordance with the fundamental laws.

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===Amministrazione provinciale===

===Provincial administration===

Per motivi di amministrazione provinciale, a partire dal [[1914]] la Russia fu divisa in 81 province (''[[guberniya]]''), in 20 regioni (''[[oblast]]'') e un distretto ([[okrug]]).</br>

I territori sottoposti a [[vassallaggio]] e i [[protettorato|protettorati]] dell'Impero Russo includevano i territori di [[Bukhara]], di [[Khiva]] e, dopo il 1914, di [[Tuva]].</br>

For purposes of provincial administiation Russia was divided ([[1914|as of 1914]]) into 81 provinces (''[[guberniya]]s'') and 20 regions (''[[oblast]]s'') and 1 district ([[okrug]]). [[Vassals]] and [[protectorates]] of the Russian Empire included the [[Emirate of Bukhara]], the [[Khanate of Khiva]] and, after 1914, [[Tuva]] (Uriankhai). Of these 11 Governorates, 17 provinces and 1 district ([[Sakhalin]]) belonged to [[Asia]]tic Russia. Of the rest 8 Governorates were in Finland, 10 in Poland. European Russia thus embraced 59 governments and 1 province (that of the [[Don]]). The Don province was under the direct jurisdiction of the ministry of war; the rest have each a governor and deputy-governor, the latter presiding over the administrative council. In addition there were governors-general, generally placed over several governments and armed with more extensive powers usually including the command of the troops within the limits of their jurisdiction. In 1906 there were governors-general in Finland, Warsaw, [[Vilna]], Kiev, Moscow and Riga. The larger cities (St Petersburg, Moscow, [[Odessa]], [[Sevastopol]], [[Kerch]], [[Mykolaiv|Nikolayev]], [[Rostov-on-Don|Rostov]]) have an administrative system of their own, independent of the governments; in these the [[chief of police]] acts as governor.

Di questi, 11 governatorati, 17 province e un distretto ([[Sakhalin]]) appartenevano alla Russia [[Asia|Asiatica]].</br>

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Per il resto 8 governatorati erano in [[Finlandia]] e 10 in [[Polonia]].</br>

La Russia Europea abbracciava così 59 governatorati e una provincia (quella del [[Don]]).</br>

La provincia del Don era sotto la giurisdizione diretta del Ministero della guerra; le altre province avevano ognuna un governatore e un vicegovernatore, con quest'ultimo che presiedeva il consiglio amministrativo.</br>

Inoltre vi erano governatori generali, generalmente competenti su diversi governatorati e muniti di poteri molto vasti che di solito includevano il comando delle truppe entro i limiti della loro giurisdizione.</br>

Nel 1906 c'erano governatori generali in [[Finlandia]], a [[Varsavia]], [[Vilnius]], [[Kiev]], [[Mosca|Mosca (Russia)]] e [[Riga]].</br>

Le città più grandi ([[San Pietroburgo]], [[Mosca|Mosca (Russia)]], [[Odessa]], [[Sebastopoli]], [[Kerch]], [[Mykolaiv|Nikolayev]], [[Rostov-sul-Don|Rostov]]) avevano un sistema amministrativo proprio, indipendente dai governatorati; in questi il capo della polizia fungeva da governatore.

[[Immagine:Russia_(corona).gif|thumb|200px|Corona per il titolo imperiale russo.]]