Extended parallel process model: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 03:35, 11 February 2022

Revision as of 03:40, 11 February 2022

Line 10:

== Background ==

Witte's motivations for designing an updated fear appeal model was, as described by her, due to the declining role of fear in fear appeals. While initially, fear was the pinnacle of theoretical fear appeal literature, it was starting to be considered as a [[control variable]] in subsequent models. A lack of precision in the Parallel Process Model and empirical inconsistencies in the Protection Motivation Theory were also noted by Witte as reasons for formulating an extended parallel process model.

Two main components of large-scale public messaging that induce behavioural change are fear appeals and fear appraisals. Fear appeals are specifically designed to elicit fear and nudge individuals to adapt to the recommendations outlined in the message and find their use in public health campaigns and political adverts. Appeals are designed to fit three main categories: message, behaviour, and the audience.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tannenbaum|first=Melanie B.|last2=Hepler|first2=Justin|last3=Zimmerman|first3=Rick S.|last4=Saul|first4=Lindsey|last5=Jacobs|first5=Samantha|last6=Wilson|first6=Kristina|last7=Albarracín|first7=Dolores|date=November 2015|title=Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0039729|journal=Psychological Bulletin|language=en|volume=141|issue=6|pages=1178–1204|doi=10.1037/a0039729|issn=1939-1455|pmc=5789790|pmid=26501228}}</ref>

Two main components of large-scale public messaging that induce behavioural change are fear appeals and fear appraisals. [[Fear appeal|Fear appeals]] are specifically designed to elicit fear and nudge individuals to adapt to the recommendations outlined in the message. andThey find their use in public health campaigns and political adverts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sheeran|first=Paschal|last2=Harris|first2=Peter R.|last3=Epton|first3=Tracy|date=2014-03|title=Does heightening risk appraisals change people’s intentions and behavior? A meta-analysis of experimental studies.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0033065|journal=Psychological Bulletin|language=en|volume=140|issue=2|pages=511–543|doi=10.1037/a0033065|issn=1939-1455}}</ref> Appeals are designed to fit three main categories: message, behaviour, and the audience.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tannenbaum|first=Melanie B.|last2=Hepler|first2=Justin|last3=Zimmerman|first3=Rick S.|last4=Saul|first4=Lindsey|last5=Jacobs|first5=Samantha|last6=Wilson|first6=Kristina|last7=Albarracín|first7=Dolores|date=November 2015-11|title=Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0039729|journal=Psychological Bulletin|language=en|volume=141|issue=6|pages=1178–1204|doi=10.1037/a0039729|issn=1939-1455|pmc=5789790PMC5789790|pmid=26501228}}</ref>

* Message: The content that is included in the fear-inducing message

Line 16 ⟶ 18:

* Audience: The characteristics of the audience receiving the message

Fear appraisals are the mental evaluations made in response to experiencing fear-inducing stimuli and are also known as threat appraisals. Fear appeal literature is primarily focused on understanding and deriving key fear appraisal processes in humans, with the intention of using it to drive social [[Campaign|campaigns]] and behavioural [[interventions]].<ref name=":002">{{citeCite journal|last1last=MaloneyLeventhal|first1first=E.H|last2date=Popova|first2=L|year=20111971-06-01|title=TheFear Extendedappeals Paralleland Process Modelpersuasion: Illuminating the Gapsdifferentiation inof Researcha motivational construct.|url=https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.61.6.1208|journal=HealthAmerican EducationJournal andof BehaviorPublic Health|volume=3961|issue=6|pages=455–4731208–1224|doi=10.11772105/1090198111418108AJPH.61.6.1208|issn=0090-0036|pmc=PMC1529874|pmid=4110702}}</ref>

Witte's motivations for designing an updated fear appeal model was, as described by her, due to the declining role of fear in fear appeals. While initially, fear was the pinnacle of theoretical fear appeal literature, it was starting to be considered as a control variable in subsequent models. A lack of precision in the Parallel Process Model and empirical inconsistencies in the Protection Motivation Theory were also noted by Witte as reasons for formulating an extended parallel process model.

The EPPM, in addition to message acceptance processes outlined in the Parallel Process Model, explores and expands on the fear control processes that cause message rejection.

== EPPM Components ==

Line 58 ⟶ 56:

'''No Response''' – The severity or susceptibility of the danger is perceived as low, and the individual rejects the message. There is no behavioural change.

== Applications ==

The EPPM model is mainly used in [[Social and behavior change communication|Social and behaviour change communication]] (SBCC). Practitioners design a general communications program, such as a campaign or an advert, and then test the effectiveness of the program through implementation.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=Leventhal|first=H|date=1971-06-01|title=Fear appeals and persuasion: the differentiation of a motivational construct.|url=https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.61.6.1208|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=61|issue=6|pages=1208–1224|doi=10.2105/AJPH.61.6.1208|issn=0090-0036|pmc=PMC1529874|pmid=4110702}}</ref> SBCC methods in healthcare, education, and marketing have employed the EPPM to induce behavioural change in patients and customers.

Multiple versions of the EPPM in campaigns have helped increase colorectal cancer screening participation among young adults.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Birmingham|first=Wendy C.|last2=Hung|first2=Man|last3=Boonyasiriwat|first3=Watcharaporn|last4=Kohlmann|first4=Wendy|last5=Walters|first5=Scott T.|last6=Burt|first6=Randall W.|last7=Stroup|first7=Antoinette M.|last8=Edwards|first8=Sandie L.|last9=Schwartz|first9=Marc D.|last10=Lowery|first10=Jan T.|last11=Hill|first11=Deirdre A.|date=2015|title=Effectiveness of the extended parallel process model in promoting colorectal cancer screening|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pon.3899|journal=Psycho-Oncology|language=en|volume=24|issue=10|pages=1265–1278|doi=10.1002/pon.3899|issn=1099-1611|pmc=PMC7161702|pmid=26194469}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pengchit|first=Watcharaporn|last2=Walters|first2=Scott T.|last3=Simmons|first3=Rebecca G.|last4=Kohlmann|first4=Wendy|last5=Burt|first5=Randall W.|last6=Schwartz|first6=Marc D.|last7=Kinney|first7=Anita Y.|date=2011-04-04|title=Motivation-based intervention to promote colonoscopy screening: An integration of a fear management model and motivational interviewing|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105311402408|journal=Journal of Health Psychology|volume=16|issue=8|pages=1187–1197|doi=10.1177/1359105311402408|issn=1359-1053|pmc=PMC3162074|pmid=21464114}}</ref> Other usages of EPPM lie in shaping public perceptions to lockdown measures and pandemic protocols during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|Covid-19 Pandemic]], influencing individuals to stay home. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsoy|first=Diana|last2=Tirasawasdichai|first2=Tanin|last3=Ivanovich Kurpayanidi|first3=Konstantin|date=2021|title=Role of Social Media in Shaping Public Risk Perception during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Theoretical Review|url=https://researchleap.com/role-of-social-media-in-shaping-public-risk-perception-during-covid-19-pandemic-a-theoretical-review/|journal=THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION|volume=7|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.72.1005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Shuguang|last2=Wu|first2=Xuan|date=2021|title=From Information Exposure to Protective Behaviors: Investigating the Underlying Mechanism in COVID-19 Outbreak Using Social Amplification Theory and Extended Parallel Process Model|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631116|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=12|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631116|issn=1664-1078|pmc=PMC8185043|pmid=34113280}}</ref>

== Criticisms ==

While the EPPM has been effective in health campaigns and behavioural change interventions, limitations have been pointed out through rigorous [[Meta-analysis|meta-analytical]] studies.

Lucy Popova's '''The Extended Parallel Process Model: Illuminating the Gaps in Research''<nowiki/>', is an extensive review on the theoretical and empirical applications of the EPPM.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Popova|first=Lucy|date=2011-10-14|title=The Extended Parallel Process Model|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198111418108|journal=Health Education & Behavior|volume=39|issue=4|pages=455–473|doi=10.1177/1090198111418108|issn=1090-1981}}</ref> Popova discovered that the strong theoretical foundations has some inconsistencies in a few of its operational definitions. Additionally, a systematic review of existing literature on EPPMs found that the twelve propositions had no clear empirical support.

The second biggest criticism came from Ooms, Jansen, and Hoeks from the University of Groningen, who tested four main propositions of the EPPM. They discovered that threat and intention were unrelated, and that the outcomes of fear appeals differ slightly from what the EPPM claims. This questions the practical validity of the EPPM. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ooms|first=Joëlle|last2=Jansen|first2=Carel|last3=Hoeks|first3=John|date=2015-01-01|title=The EPPM put to the test: Evaluating four basic propositions|url=https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/dujal.4.2.07oom|journal=Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=241–256|doi=10.1075/dujal.4.2.07oom|issn=2211-7245}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Social and behavior change communication|Social and behaviour change communication]]

* [[Behavioural change theories]]

* [[Theory of planned behavior]]