Extended parallel process model: Difference between revisions

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Fear appraisals are the mental evaluations made in response to experiencing fear-inducing stimuli and are also known as threat appraisals. Fear appeal literature is primarily focused on understanding key fear appraisal processes in humans, with the intention of using it to drive social [[Campaign|campaigns]] and behavioural [[interventions]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Leventhal|first=H|date=1971-06-01|title=Fear appeals and persuasion: the differentiation of a motivational construct.|url=https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.61.6.1208|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=61|issue=6|pages=1208–1224|doi=10.2105/AJPH.61.6.1208|issn=0090-0036|pmc=PMC1529874|pmid=4110702}}</ref>

== EPPM Components ==

The EPPM uses persuasive fear-inducing messages to induce intended behavioural responses. Wittle details three main processes involved in fear appraisal: the fear appeal ''inputs,'' the ''message processing'' of the inputs, and the ''outputs'', or action taken after evaluating the perceived threat.

=== Fear Appeal Inputs ===

[[File:Extended Parallel Process Model.png|400px|thumb|Illustration of the Extended Parallel Process Model.]]According to fear appeal studies, a fear appeal has two components: a component of threat and a component of efficacy. These two components are further divided into two categories each. ''Severity'' and ''susceptibility'' make up the threat component, and ''response-efficacy'' and ''self-efficacy'' make up the efficacy component. These four key factors, as defined by the EPPM, predict the likely outcome of communications that involve a fear appeal:

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The outcome of fear appeals is determined by an ''appraisal'', that is, the evaluation of the message as either dangerous or indifferent.

=== Fear Appraisal ===

[[Appraisal theory|Appraisal Theory]] states that an individual makes either an emotional or affective response to external stimuli. The EPPM outlines two primary appraisals an individual makes in response to a fear appeal: a threat appraisal, followed by an efficacy appraisal.

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After appraisals of the fear appeal, individuals then take action based on whether the threat is imminent or trivial.

=== Fear Appeal Outcomes ===

The EPPM predicts three possible outcomes after the fear appraisal is carried out:

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The EPPM model is mainly used in [[Social and behavior change communication|Social and behaviour change communication]] (SBCC). Practitioners design a general communications program, such as a campaign or an advert, and then test the effectiveness of the program through implementation. SBCC methods in healthcare, education, and marketing have employed the EPPM to induce behavioural change in patients and customers.

Multiple versions of the EPPM in are employed in health campaigns. For example, EPPM-based campaigns have helped increase colorectal cancer screening participation among young adults.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Birmingham|first=Wendy C.|last2=Hung|first2=Man|last3=Boonyasiriwat|first3=Watcharaporn|last4=Kohlmann|first4=Wendy|last5=Walters|first5=Scott T.|last6=Burt|first6=Randall W.|last7=Stroup|first7=Antoinette M.|last8=Edwards|first8=Sandie L.|last9=Schwartz|first9=Marc D.|last10=Lowery|first10=Jan T.|last11=Hill|first11=Deirdre A.|date=2015|title=Effectiveness of the extended parallel process model in promoting colorectal cancer screening|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pon.3899|journal=Psycho-Oncology|language=en|volume=24|issue=10|pages=1265–1278|doi=10.1002/pon.3899|issn=1099-1611|pmc=PMC7161702|pmid=26194469}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pengchit|first=Watcharaporn|last2=Walters|first2=Scott T.|last3=Simmons|first3=Rebecca G.|last4=Kohlmann|first4=Wendy|last5=Burt|first5=Randall W.|last6=Schwartz|first6=Marc D.|last7=Kinney|first7=Anita Y.|date=2011-04-04|title=Motivation-based intervention to promote colonoscopy screening: An integration of a fear management model and motivational interviewing|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105311402408|journal=Journal of Health Psychology|volume=16|issue=8|pages=1187–1197|doi=10.1177/1359105311402408|issn=1359-1053|pmc=PMC3162074|pmid=21464114}}</ref> Other usages of EPPM lie in shaping public perceptions, tosuch as the adverts on lockdown measures and pandemic protocols during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|Covid-19 Pandemic]], influencing individuals to stay home. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsoy|first=Diana|last2=Tirasawasdichai|first2=Tanin|last3=Ivanovich Kurpayanidi|first3=Konstantin|date=2021|title=Role of Social Media in Shaping Public Risk Perception during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Theoretical Review|url=https://researchleap.com/role-of-social-media-in-shaping-public-risk-perception-during-covid-19-pandemic-a-theoretical-review/|journal=THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION|volume=7|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.72.1005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Shuguang|last2=Wu|first2=Xuan|date=2021|title=From Information Exposure to Protective Behaviors: Investigating the Underlying Mechanism in COVID-19 Outbreak Using Social Amplification Theory and Extended Parallel Process Model|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631116|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=12|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631116|issn=1664-1078|pmc=PMC8185043|pmid=34113280}}</ref>

== Criticisms ==