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{{Short description|Sociological theory}}
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'''Postdevelopment theory''' (also '''post-development''' or '''anti-development''' or '''development criticism''') holds that the whole concept and practice of [[international development|development]] is a reflection of Western-Northern hegemony over the rest of the world. Postdevelopment thought arose in the 1980s out of criticisms voiced against development projects and [[development theory]], which justified them.
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In his works, [[Arturo Escobar (anthropologist)|Escobar]] has outlined the common features of postdevelopment thought and societal vision. According to Escobar, the postdevelopment school of thought is interested (in terms of searching for an alternative to development) in "local culture and knowledge; a critical stance toward established scientific discourses; and the defense and promotion of localized, pluralistic grassroots movements." Grassroots movements, Escobar argues, are "local, pluralistic, and distrust organized politics and development establishment."<ref>[https://books.google.at/books?hl=en&lr=&id=M0NRDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT7&dq=arturo+escobar+designs+for+the+pluriverse&ots=NzHTavKElr&sig=4ypQm3eI3YI89k-4LshndRAXp7E&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=arturo%20escobar%20designs%20for%20the%20pluriverse&f=false Escobar, 2017]</ref>
Postdevelopment thought takes inspiration from vernacular societies, the informal sector and frugal rather than materialistic lifestyles. Furthermore, postdevelopment theorists advocate for structural changes. According to Escobar, postdevelopmental thinking believes that the economy must be based around solidarity and reciprocity; policy must focus on direct democracy; and knowledge systems should be traditional, or at least a hybrid of modern and traditional knowledge. Decolonial programmatics include [[ALBA]]: The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America,<ref name="Khaled Al-Kassimi 2018">Khaled Al-Kassimi (2018) ALBA: A decolonial delinking performance towards (western) modernity – An alternative to development project, Cogent Social Sciences, 4:1, DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2018.1546418</ref> initiated by [[Fidel Castro]] and [[Hugo Chavez]] in 2004 in response to neoliberal development projects such as [[FTAA]] and [[NAFTA]]. ALBA is analyzed and conceptualized using concepts elaborated by decolonial scholars of the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region. According to Al-Kassimi (2018),<ref>ALBA: A decolonial delinking performance towards (western) modernity – An alternative to development project, Cogent Social Sciences, 4:1, DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2018.1546418</ref> as a [[decolonial]] delinking performance, ALBA proposes an alternative to development project that embodies the spirit of Bandung and principles of South-South Cooperation thereby contesting the a priori belief that only (western) knowledge systems informing modernity and civilization lead to economic and social development.<ref
A recent survey claims that as alternatives to development, "the practice of postdevelopment is already being carried out by actors in and out of development".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morreo|first=Carlos E.|date=2019-01-01|title=Postdevelopment in practice: Alternatives, Economies, Ontologies (Introduction)|url=https://www.academia.edu/62783756|journal=Postdevelopment in Practice: Alternatives, Economies, Ontologies}}</ref> "Postdevelopment in practice begins with the insistence that an enduring diversity of socialities, a multiplicity of southern knowledges and nature/culture assemblages, and postcolonial political economies reveals already existing alternatives."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Klein|first1=Elise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snGPDwAAQBAJ&dq=Post+Development+in+practice+begins+with+the+insistence+that+an+enduring+diversity+of+socialities%2C+a+multiplicity+of+southern+knowledges+and+nature%2Fculture+assemblages+and+postco-lonial+political+economies+reveals+already+existing+alternatives.&pg=PT21|title=Postdevelopment in Practice: Alternatives, Economies, Ontologies|last2=Morreo|first2=Carlos Eduardo|date=2019-03-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-95998-1|language=en}}</ref>
===James Ferguson===
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===Serge Latouche===
{{Further|Serge Latouche}}
Serge Latouche is a [[French people|French]] [[emeritus]] [[professor]] in economy at the [[University of Paris-Sud]]. A specialist in North-South economic and cultural relations, and in social sciences epistemology, he has developed a critical theory towards economic orthodoxy. He denounces [[economism]], [[utilitarianism]] in social sciences, [[Consumerism|consumer society]] and the notion of [[sustainable development]]. He particularly criticizes the notions of [[economic efficiency]] and [[economic rationalism]]. He is one of the thinkers and most renowned partisans of the [[Degrowth|degrowth theory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.solutionslocales-lefilm.com/en/characters/serge-latouche
===Wolfgang Sachs and ''The Development Dictionary''===
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