Quantum image processing: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 22:26, 10 May 2022

Revision as of 22:27, 10 May 2022

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{{Short description|Quantum image processing (QIMP) is devoted to using quantum computing and quantum information processing to create and work with quantum images.}}

'''Quantum image processing (QIMP)''' is using [[quantum computing]] or [[quantum information processing]] to create and work with [[quantum image]]s.<ref name="Venegas-Andraca2005">{{cite thesis |last= Venegas-Andraca |first= Salvador E.|date= 2005 |title= Discrete Quantum Walks and Quantum Image Processing|type= DPhil thesis|publisher= The University of Oxford|url= https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2baab08b-ee68-4ce5-8e68-8201f086a1ba}}</ref><ref name="Iliyasu Towards 2013">{{cite journal |title=Towards realising secure and efficient image and video processing applications on quantum computers |journal=Entropy |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=2874–2974 |year=2013 |last1=Iliyasu |first1=A.M.|bibcode=2013Entrp..15.2874I |doi=10.3390/e15082874 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Due to some of the properties inherent to quantum computation, notably [[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]] and [[Parallel computing|parallelism]], it is anticipated that QIPQIMP technologies will offer capabilities and performances that surpass their traditional equivalents, in terms of computing speed, security, and minimum storage requirements.<ref name="Iliyasu Towards 2013" /><ref name="Yan Quantum 2017">{{cite journal |title=Quantum image processing: A review of advances in its security technologies |journal=International Journal of Quantum Information |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=1730001–44 |year=2017 |last1=Yan |first1=F.|last2=Iliyasu |first2=A.M.|last3=Le |first3=P.Q.|doi=10.1142/S0219749917300017 |bibcode=2017IJQI...1530001Y |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Background==

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*Quantum-assisted digital image processing (QDIP): These applications aim at improving digital or classical image processing tasks and applications.<ref name="Iliyasu Towards 2013" />

*Optics-based quantum imaging (OQI)<ref name="Pittman Optical 1995">{{cite journal |title=Quantum imaging|journal= Progress in Optics |volume=51 |issue=7 |pages=251–348 |year=2008 |last1=Gatti |first1=A. |last2=Brambilla |first2=E. |doi= 10.1016/S0079-6638(07)51005-X }}</ref>

*Classically-inspired quantum image processing (QIPQIMP)<ref name="Iliyasu Towards 2013" />

A survey of quantum image representation has been published in.<ref name="Yan2016">{{cite journal |title=A survey of quantum image representations |journal=Quantum Informatiom Processing |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |year=2016 |last1=Yan |first1=F.|last2=Iliyasu |first2=A.M.|last3=Venegas-Andraca |first3=S.E.| bibcode=2016QuIP...15....1Y|doi=10.1007/s11128-015-1195-6 |s2cid=31229136 }}</ref> Furthermore, the recently published book ''Quantum Image Processing'' <ref name="Yan2020">{{cite book |last1=Yan |first1= Fei| last2=Venegas-Andraca |first2= Salvador E.|date= 2020|title= Quantum Image Processing|url= https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789813293304 |publisher= Springer|isbn= 978-9813293304}}</ref> provides a comprehensive introduction to quantum image processing, which focuses on extending conventional image processing tasks to the quantum computing frameworks. It summarizes the available quantum image representations and their operations, reviews the possible quantum image applications and their implementation, and discusses the open questions and future development trends.

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==Quantum image manipulations==

A lot of the effort in QIPQIMP has been focused on designing [[Algorithm|algorithms]] to manipulate the position and color information encoded using flexible representation of quantum images (FRQI) and its many variants. For instance, FRQI-based fast [[Geometry|geometric]] transformations including (two-point) swapping, flip, (orthogonal) rotations<ref name="Le Fast 2010">{{cite journal |title= Multi-dimensional color image storage and retrieval for a normal arbitrary quantum superposition state |journal= IAENG International Journal of Applied Mathematics |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=113–123 |year=2010 |last1=Le |first1=P. |last2=Iliyasu |first2=A. |last3= Dong |first3=F. |last4= Hirota |first4=K. }}</ref> and restricted geometric transformations to constrain these operations to a specified area of an image<ref name="Le Strategies 2011">{{cite journal |title= Strategies for designing geometric transformations on quantum images |journal= Theoretical Computer Science |volume=412 |issue=15 |pages=1406–1418 |year=2011 |last1=Le |first1=P. |last2=Iliyasu |first2=A. |last3= Dong |first3=F. |last4= Hirota |first4=K. |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82724999.pdf|doi= 10.1016/j.tcs.2010.11.029 |doi-access=free }}</ref> were initially proposed. Recently, NEQR-based quantum image translation to map the position of each picture element in an input image into a new position in an output image<ref name="Wang Quantum 2015">{{cite journal |title= Quantum image translation |journal= Quantum Information Processing |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=1589–1604 |year=2015 |last1=Wang |first1=J. |last2=Jiang |first2=N. |last3= Wang |first3=L. |doi= 10.1007/s11128-014-0843-6 |bibcode= 2015QuIP...14.1589W |s2cid= 33839291 }}</ref> and quantum image scaling to resize a quantum image<ref name="Jiang Quantum 2015">{{cite journal |title= Quantum image scaling up based on nearest-neighbor interpolation with integer scaling ratio |journal= Quantum Information Processing |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=4001–4026 |year=2015 |last1=Jiang |first1=N. |last2=Wang |first2=J. |last3= Mu |first3=Y. |doi= 10.1007/s11128-015-1099-5 |bibcode= 2015QuIP...14.4001J |s2cid= 30804812 }}</ref> were discussed. While FRQI-based general form of color transformations were first proposed by means of the single [[Quantum logic gate|qubit gates]] such as X, Z, and H gates.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Efficient colour transformations on quantum image |journal= Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=698–706 |year=2011 |last1=Le |first1=P. |last2= Iliyasu |first2=A. |last3= Dong |first3=F. |last4= Hirota |first4=K. |doi= 10.20965/jaciii.2011.p0698 }}</ref> Later, Multi-Channel Quantum Image-based channel of interest (CoI) operator to entail shifting the [[grayscale]] value of the preselected color channel and the channel swapping (CS) operator to swap the grayscale values between two channels have been fully discussed.<ref name="Sun Multi 2014">{{cite journal |title= Multi-channel information operations on quantum images |journal= Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=140–149 |year=2014 |last1=Sun |first1=B. |last2=Iliyasu |first2=A. |last3= Yan |first3=F. |last4= Garcia |first4=J. |last5= Dong |first5=F. |last6= Al-Asmari |first6=A.|doi= 10.20965/jaciii.2014.p0140 }}</ref>

To illustrate the feasibility and capability of QIMP algorithms and application, researchers always prefer to simulate the digital image processing tasks on the basis of the QIRs that we already have. By using the basic quantum gates and the aforementioned operations, so far, researchers have contributed to quantum image feature extraction,<ref name="Zhang Local 2015">{{cite journal |title= Local feature point extraction for quantum images |journal= Quantum Information Processing |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=1573–1588 |year=2015 |last1=Zhang |first1=Y. |last2=Lu |first2=K. |last3= Xu |first3=K. |last4= Gao |first4=Y. |last5= Wilson |first5=R. |doi= 10.1007/s11128-014-0842-7 |bibcode= 2015QuIP...14.1573Z |s2cid= 20213446 }}</ref> quantum [[image segmentation]],<ref name="Caraiman Histogram 2014">{{cite journal |title= Histogram-based segmentation of quantum images |journal= Theoretical Computer Science |volume=529 |pages=46–60 |year=2014 |last1=Caraiman |first1=S. |last2=Manta |first2=V. |doi= 10.1016/j.tcs.2013.08.005 |doi-access=free }}</ref> quantum image morphology,<ref name="Yuan Quantum 2015">{{cite journal |title= Quantum morphology operations based on quantum representation model |journal= Quantum Information Processing |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=1625–1645 |year=2015 |last1=Yuan |first1=S. |last2=Mao |first2=X. |last3= Li |first3=T. |last4= Xue |first4=Y. |last5= Chen |first5=L. |last6= Xiong |first6=Q.|doi= 10.1007/s11128-014-0862-3 |bibcode= 2015QuIP...14.1625Y |s2cid= 44828546 }}</ref> quantum image comparison,<ref name="Yan A 2013">{{cite journal |title= A parallel comparison of multiple pairs of images on quantum computers |journal= International Journal of Innovative Computing and Applications |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=199–212 |year=2013 |last1=Yan |first1=F. |last2=Iliyasu |first2=A. |last3= Le |first3=P. |last4= Sun |first4=B. |last5= Dong |first5=F. |last6= Hirota |first6=K.|doi= 10.1504/IJICA.2013.062955 }}</ref> quantum image filtering,<ref name="Caraiman Quantum 2013">{{cite journal |title= Quantum image filtering in the frequency ___domain |journal= Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=77–84 |year=2013 |last1=Caraiman |first1=S. |last2=Manta |first2=V. |doi= 10.4316/AECE.2013.03013 |doi-access=free }}</ref> quantum image classification,<ref name="Ruan Quantum 2016">{{cite journal |title= Quantum computation for large-scale image classification |journal= Quantum Information Processing |volume=15 |issue=10|pages=4049–4069 |year=2016 |last1=Ruan |first1=Y. |last2=Chen |first2=H. |last3= Tan |first3=J. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305644388|doi= 10.1007/s11128-016-1391-z |bibcode= 2016QuIP...15.4049R |s2cid= 27476075 }}</ref> quantum [[image stabilization]],<ref name="Yan Strategy 2016">{{cite journal |title= Strategy for quantum image stabilization |journal= Science China Information Sciences |volume=59 |issue= 5 |pages=052102 |year=2016 |last1=Yan |first1=F. |last2=Iliyasu |first2=A. |last3= Yang |first3=H. |last4= Hirota |first4=K. |doi= 10.1007/s11432-016-5541-9 |doi-access=free }}</ref> among others. In particular, QIMP-based security technologies have attracted extensive interest of researchers as presented in the ensuing discussions. Similarly, these advancements have led to many applications in the areas of [[Watermark|watermarking]],<ref name="Iliyasu Watermarking 2012">{{cite journal |title= Watermarking and authentication of quantum images based on restricted geometric transformations |journal= Information Sciences |volume=186 |issue=1|pages=126–149 |year=2012 |last1=Iliyasu |first1=A. |last2=Le |first2=P. |last3= Dong |first3=F. |last4= Hirota |first4=K. |doi= 10.1016/j.ins.2011.09.028 }}</ref><ref name="Heidari Watermarking 2016">{{cite journal |title= A Novel Lsb based Quantum Watermarking |journal= International Journal of Theoretical Physics |volume= 55 |issue=10 |pages=4205–4218 |year=2016|last1=Heidari |first1=S. |last2=Naseri |first2=M. |doi= 10.1007/s10773-016-3046-3 |bibcode= 2016IJTP...55.4205H |s2cid= 124870364 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= A quantum watermark protocol |journal= International Journal of Theoretical Physics |volume=52 |issue=2|pages=504–513 |year=2013 |last1=Zhang |first1=W. |last2=Gao |first2=F. |last3= Liu |first3=B. |last4= Jia |first4=H. |bibcode=2013IJTP...52..504Z |doi=10.1007/s10773-012-1354-9 |s2cid= 122413780 }}</ref> encryption,<ref name="Zhou Quantum 2013">{{cite journal |title= Quantum image encryption and decryption algorithms based on quantum image geometric transformations. International |journal= Journal of Theoretical Physics |volume=52 |issue=6|pages=1802–1817 |year=2013 |last1=Zhou |first1=R. |last2=Wu |first2=Q. |last3= Zhang |first3=M. |last4= Shen |first4=C. |doi= 10.1007/s10773-012-1274-8 |s2cid= 121269114 }}</ref> and [[steganography]]<ref name="Jiang Lsb 2015">{{cite journal |title= Lsb based quantum image steganography algorithm |journal= International Journal of Theoretical Physics |volume=55 |issue=1|pages=107–123 |year=2015 |last1=Jiang |first1=N. |last2=Zhao |first2=N. |last3= Wang |first3=L. |doi= 10.1007/s10773-015-2640-0 |s2cid= 120009979 }}</ref> etc., which form the core security technologies highlighted in this area.