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A '''common data model''' ('''CDM''') can refer to any standardizedstandardised [[data model]] which allows for [[data]] and [[information exchange]] between different [[Application software|applications]] and [[Database|data sources]]. Common data models aim to standardise logical infrastructure so that related applications can "operate on and share the same data",<ref>[https://www.synopsys.com/glossary/what-is-common-data-model.html What is a Common Data Model? – How Does it Work? | Synopsys]</ref> and can be seen as a way to "organize data from many sources that are in different formats into a standard structure".<ref>[https://www.jamesserra.com/archive/2019/06/common-data-model/ Common Data Model | James Serra's Blog]</ref>
A common data model has been described as one of the components of a "[[Technical data management system#Comparison between strong information systems and weak information systems|strong information system]]".<ref>[http://www.marcolazzari.it/publications/weak-information-systems-for-technical-data-management-preprint.pdf Salvaneschi, Paolo; Lazzari, Marco (1997). Weak information systems for technical data management (PDF). Worldwide ECCE Symposium on computers in the practice of building and civil engineering. Lahti, Finland. pp. 310–314. Retrieved 2015-11-29]</ref> A standardizedstandardised common data model has also been described as a typical component of a well- designed [[agile application]] besides a common communication protocol.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} Providing a single common data model within an organizationorganisation is one of the typical tasks of a [[data warehouse]].
== Examples of common data models ==
=== Climate data ===
The [https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/toolbox/doc/how-to/15_how_to_understand_the_common_data_model/15_how_to_understand_the_common_data_model.html Climate Data Store Common Data Model] is a common data model set up by the [[Copernicus Climate Change Service]] for harmonizingharmonising essential [[climate change|climate variables]] from different sources and data providers.
=== General information technology ===
Within [[service-oriented architecture]], [[S-RAMP]] is a specification released by [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], [[IBM]], [[Software AG]], [[TIBCO]], and [[Red Hat]]<ref name="Lublinsky 2010">Boris Lublinsky HP, IBM, Software AG and TIBCO Releases Version 0.9 of the SOA Repository Specification - http://www.infoq.com/news/2010/04/SOARepository InfoQ, April 27, 2010</ref> which defines a common data model for SOA repositories<ref name="Stam 2014">Kurt Stam, Eric Wittmann S-RAMP Version 1.0. Part 1: Foundation - http://docs.oasis-open.org/s-ramp/s-ramp/v1.0/s-ramp-v1.0-part1-foundation.html OASIS, December 23, 2013</ref> as well as an interaction protocol to facilitate the use of common tooling and sharing of data.<ref name="Smithson 2014">Martin Smithson, Vincent Brunssen S-RAMP Version 1.0. Part 2: Atom Binding - http://docs.oasis-open.org/s-ramp/s-ramp/v1.0/s-ramp-v1.0-part2-atom-binding.html OASIS, December 23, 2013</ref>
[[Content Management Interoperability Services]] (CMIS) is an open standard for inter-operation of different [[content management system]]s over the internet, and provides a common data model for typed files and folders used with [[version control]].
The NetCDF software libraries for array-oriented scientific data implementimplements a common data model called the [[NetCDF#NetCDF-Java common data model|NetCDF Java common data model]], which consists of three layers built on top of each other to add successively richer semantics.
=== Health ===
=== Microsoft Common Data Model ===
The Microsoft Common Data Model is a collection of many standardizedstandardised extensible data schemas with entities, attributes, semantic metadata, and relationships, which represent commonly used concepts and activities in various businesses areas such as "automotive, banking, commerce, educational, healthcare, marketing, sales, legal and non-profit institutions".<ref>[https://www.avantiico.com/microsoft-power-platform/common-data-model/ Common Data Model - Avantiico]</ref> It is maintained by [[Microsoft]] and its partners, and is published on [[GitHub]].<ref>[https://github.com/Microsoft/CDM GitHub - microsoft/CDM: The Common Data Model (CDM) is a standard and extensible collection of schemas (entities, attributes, relationships) that represents business concepts and activities with well-defined semantics, to facilitate data interoperability. Examples of entities include: Account, Contact, Lead, Opportunity, Product, etc.]</ref> Microsoft's Common Data Model is used amongst others in [[Microsoft Dataverse]]<ref>[https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/common-data-model/use About - Common Data Model - Common Data Model | Microsoft Docs]</ref> and with various [[Microsoft Power Platform]]<ref>[https://radacad.com/what-is-the-common-data-model-and-why-should-i-care-part-3-of-dataflow-series-in-power-bi What is the Common Data Model and Why Should I Care? Part 3 of Dataflow Series in Power BI - RADACAD]</ref> and [[Microsoft Dynamics 365]]<ref>[https://www.nigelfrank.com/insights/microsoft-dynamics-365-the-common-data-model-explained Microsoft Dynamics 365: the Common Data Model explained | Nigel Frank]</ref> services.
=== Rail transport ===
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