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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
'''Comparison of user features of operating systems''' refers to a comparison of the general user features of major [[operating system]]s in a narrative format. It does not encompass a full exhaustive comparison or description of all technical details of all operating systems. It is a comparison of basic roles and the most prominent features. It also includes the most important features of the operating system's origins, historical development, and role.
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For hardware functions such as [[input and output]] and [[memory allocation]], the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware,<ref>{{cite book | last = Stallings | title = Operating Systems, Internals and Design Principles | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | ___location = Pearson |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Dhotre| first = I.A.| title = Operating Systems. | publisher = Technical Publications | year = 2009 |page=1}}</ref> although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes [[system call]]s to an OS function or is [[interrupt]]ed by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer{{snd}} from cellular phones and video game consoles to [[web server]]s and [[supercomputer]]s.
The dominant general-purpose<ref>[https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html Special purpose systems and general-purpose systems terms]</ref> desktop operating system is [[Microsoft Windows]] with a market share of around 76.45%. [[macOS]] by [[Apple Inc.]] is in second place (17.72%), and the varieties of [[Linux]] are collectively in third place (1.73%).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop Operating System Market Share Worldwide|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/desktop/worldwide/|access-date=31 October 2020|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref> In the [[Mobile operating system|mobile]] sector (including smartphones and [[Tablet computer|tablets]]), [[Android (operating system)|Android's]] share is up to 72% in the year 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobile & Tablet Operating System Market Share Worldwide|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/mobile-tablet/worldwide/|access-date=31 October 2020|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref> According to third quarter 2016 data, Android's share on smartphones is dominant with 87.5 percent with also a growth rate of 10.3 percent per year, followed by Apple's [[iOS]] with 12.1 percent with per year decrease in market share of 5.2 percent, while other operating systems amount to just 0.3 percent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161102006440/en/Strategy-Analytics-Android-Captures-Record-88-Percent |title=Strategy Analytics: Android Captures Record 88 Percent Share of Global Smartphone Shipments in Q3 2016 |date=2 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105223332/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161102006440/en/Strategy-Analytics-Android-Captures-Record-88-Percent |archive-date=5 November 2016
Some operating systems require installation or may come pre-installed with purchased computers ([[OEM]]-installation), whereas others may run directly from media (i.e. [[live cd]]) or flash memory (i.e. usb stick).
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====Overview====
[[MacOS]]<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.apple.com/apple-events/june-2016/|time=36:28|title=Apple Events – WWDC Keynote June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911214036/https://www.apple.com/apple-events/june-2016/|archive-date=11 September 2017}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5jXg_NNiCA&t=2186 YouTube mirror.]</ref> previously '''Mac OS X''' and later '''OS X''') is a series of [[Proprietary software|proprietary]] [[graphical user interface|graphical]] [[operating system]]s developed and marketed by [[Apple Inc.]] since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's [[Macintosh|Mac computers]]. Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the [[Usage share of operating systems#Desktop and laptop computers|second most widely used desktop OS]], after [[Microsoft Windows]].<ref name="Net Applications">{{cite web |url=http://www.netmarketshare.com/ |title=Desktop Operating System Market Share |publisher=Net Applications |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203031223/http://www.netmarketshare.com/ |archive-date=3 December 2014
macOS is the direct successor to the [[classic Mac OS]], the line of [[Macintosh operating systems]] with nine releases from 1984 to 1999. macOS adopted the [[Unix]] kernel and inherited technologies developed between 1985 and 1997 at [[NeXT]], the company that Apple co-founder [[Steve Jobs]] created after leaving Apple in 1985. Releases from [[Mac OS X Leopard|Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard]]<ref name="leopard_unix_cert">{{cite web|title=Mac OS X Version 10.5 on Intel-based Macintosh computers|url=http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3555.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511222112/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3555.htm|archive-date=11 May 2008|access-date=4 December 2014|publisher=The Open Group}}</ref> and thereafter are [[UNIX 03]] certified.<ref>* {{cite web|title=Mac OS X Version 10.6 on Intel-based Macintosh computers|url=http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3581.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116122629/http://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3581.htm|archive-date=16 November 2014|access-date=4 December 2014|publisher=The Open Group}}
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Initially intended for use inside the [[Bell System]], AT&T [[license]]d Unix to outside parties in the late 1970s, leading to a variety of both academic and commercial Unix variants from vendors including [[University of California, Berkeley]] ([[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]]), [[Microsoft]] ([[Xenix]]), [[Sun Microsystems]] ([[SunOS]]/[[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]]), [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]]/[[Hewlett Packard Enterprise|HPE]] ([[HP-UX]]), and [[IBM]] ([[AIX]]). In the early 1990s, AT&T sold its rights in Unix to [[Novell]], which then sold its Unix business to the [[Santa Cruz Operation]] (SCO) in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Novell Completes Sale of UnixWare Business to The Santa Cruz Operation {{!}} Micro Focus|url = http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/1995/12/pr95274.html|website = www.novell.com|access-date = 20 December 2015|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151220013149/http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/1995/12/pr95274.html|archive-date = 20 December 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The UNIX trademark passed to [[The Open Group]], an industry consortium founded in 1996, which allows the use of the mark for certified operating systems that comply with the [[Single UNIX Specification]] (SUS). However, Novell continues to own the Unix copyrights, which the [[SCO Group, Inc. v. Novell, Inc.]] court case (2010) confirmed.
Unix systems are characterized by a [[modular design]] that is sometimes called the "[[Unix philosophy]]". According to this philosophy, the operating system should provide a set of simple tools, each of which performs a limited, well-defined function.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Art of Unix Programming |first=Eric |last=Raymond |author-link=Eric S. Raymond |date=19 September 2003 |isbn=978-0-13-142901-7 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/ |access-date=9 February 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212183726/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/ |archive-date=12 February 2009
Unix distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first [[Software portability|portable]] operating system: almost the entire operating system is written in the [[C (programming language)|C programming language]], which allows Unix to operate on numerous platforms.<ref name="dottcl">{{cite web|url = https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf|title = The Development of the C Language|last = Ritchie|first = Dennis M.|author-link = Dennis Ritchie|date = January 1993|access-date = 20 December 2015|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150611114354/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.pdf|archive-date = 11 June 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
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==Google ChromeOS==
'''ChromeOS''' (formerly '''Chrome OS''',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://9to5google.com/2022/03/15/google-prepares-chromeos-rebrand-to-drop-the-space/ |title=Google prepares 'ChromeOS' rebrand to drop the space |last=Bradshaw |first=Kyle |date=
Google announced the project in July 2009, conceiving it as an operating system in which both applications and user data reside in the [[Cloud computing|cloud]]: hence ChromeOS primarily runs [[web application]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/chromiumos-design-docs/chromium-os-kernel|title = Kernel Design|website = The Chromium Projects}}</ref> Source code and a public demo came that November. The first ChromeOS laptop, known as a [[Chromebook]], arrived in May 2011. Initial Chromebook shipments from [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]] and [[Acer Inc.|Acer]] occurred in July 2011.
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