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== Former hosting facilities ==
* [[Alioth (Debian)]] – In 2018, Alioth has been replaced by a GitLab based solution hosted on salsa.debian.org. Alioth has been finally switched off in June 2018.
* [[BerliOS]] – abandoned in April 2014<ref>{{cite web |url = http://developer.berlios.de/forum/forum.php?forum_id=39220 |title = BerliOS Developer: New berliOS portal launched |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140407013438/http://developer.berlios.de/forum/forum.php?forum_id=39220 |archive-date = 2014-04-07 }}</ref>
* [[Betavine]] – abandoned somewhere in 2015.
* CodeHaus – shut down in May 2015<ref>{{cite web |title=Codehaus: The once great house of code has fallen | date=2 March 2015 | url=https://www.javaworld.com/article/2892227/codehaus-the-once-great-house-of-code-has-fallen.html |access-date=2019-12-29}}</ref>
* [[CodePlex]] – shut down in December 2017.
* Fedora Hosted – closed in March 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Infrastructure/Fedorahosted-retirement|title=Infrastructure/Fedorahosted-retirement – FedoraProject|website=fedoraproject.org}}</ref>
* [[Gitorious]] – shut down in June 2015.
* [[Gna!]] – shut down in 2017.
* [[Google code|Google Code]] – closed in January 2016, all projects archived. See http://code.google.com/archive/.
* [[java.net]] – Java.net and kenai.com hosting closed April 2017.
* Tigris.org – shut down in July 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tigris.org/ |title = Tigris.org: Shut down on 1-July-2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200701011330/http://www.tigris.org/ |archive-date = 2020-07-01 }}</ref>
== Usage ==
*This user box is designed to allow you to identify your user name on a different-language Wikipedia.
*Put this Userbox on your userpage like thisLanguage code|User name}}
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== June 2022 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/Aiagoeng|your recent contributions]], such as the edit(s) you made to [[:Publishing]], did not appear to be constructive and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|policies and guidelines]]. You can find information about these at our [[Help:Getting started|welcome page]] which also provides further information about [[Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia|contributing constructively to this encyclopedia]]. If you only meant to make test edits, please use your [[User:Aiagoeng/sandbox|sandbox]] for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on [[User_talk:Fieryninja|my talk page]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-disruptive1 --> [[User:Fieryninja|Fieryninja]] ([[User talk:Fieryninja|talk]]) 07:03, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
[[File:Information orange.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Electronic publishing]]. Your edits appear to be [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editing|disruptive]] and have been or will be [[Help:Reverting|reverted]].
* If you are engaged in an article [[Wikipedia:Editing policy|content dispute]] with another editor, please discuss the matter with the editor at their talk page, or the [[:Talk:Electronic publishing|article's talk page]], and seek [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] with them. Alternatively, you can read Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution|dispute resolution]] page, and ask for independent help at one of the [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution requests|relevant noticeboards]].
* If you are engaged in any other form of dispute that is not covered on the dispute resolution page, please seek assistance at Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents|Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents]].
Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:List of policies|policies and guidelines]], and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continued disruptive editing may result in [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|loss of editing privileges]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-disruptive2 --> [[User:Fieryninja|Fieryninja]] ([[User talk:Fieryninja|talk]]) 07:10, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
== Usage ==
*This user box is designed to allow you to identify your user name on a different-language Wikipedia.
*Put this Userbox on your userpage like thisLanguage code|User name}}
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== Danbury, Connecticut: Link Revert ==
Hello. I recently linked two neighborhoods, which are listed in the [[:Danbury, Connecticut]] infobox. You have since [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danbury,_Connecticut&diff=1074245288&oldid=1074152076= reverted] these links despite the neighborhoods having their own articles. Can you please explain the logic behind this [[Help:Reverting|revert]]? Thank you. [[User:CityLimitsJunction|CLJ]] ([[User talk:CityLimitsJunction|talk]]). 21:53, 14 March 2022 (UTC)
:I reverted because your edits broke the diagram at "Places adjacent to Danbury, Connecticut" (look at how it renders after your edits compared to the reverted version). I have no objection to the other edits, as long as they do not break anything. – [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] ([[User talk:Jonesey95|talk]]) 22:51, 14 March 2022 (UTC)
===Electronic publishing===
The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world.
Alain Mille, in the book ''Pratiques de l'édition numérique'' (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati),<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.parcoursnumeriques-pum.ca/introduction-20|title=Pratiques de l'édition numérique|last1=Vitali-Rosati|first1=Marcello|last2=E. Sinatra|first2=Michael|publisher=Sens Public|year=2014|isbn=978-2-7606-3592-0|language=fr}}</ref> says that the beginnings of Internet and the [[World Wide Web|Web]] are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://parcoursnumeriques-pum.ca/histoire-des-humanites-numeriques|title=Histoire des humanités numériques|last1=Vitalli-Rosati|first1=Marcello|last2=E. Sinatra|first2=Michael|date=2014|website=parcoursnumeriques-pum.ca|series=Pratiques de l'édition numérique|___location=Montréal|pages=49–60|language=fr|isbn=978-2-7606-3202-8|access-date=April 10, 2017|agency=Presses de l'Université de Montréal}}</ref>
The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new [[desktop publishing software]]s appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and [[Directory service|directories]]. At the same time the [[multimedia]] was developing quickly, combining book, [[audiovisual]] and [[computer science]] characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediadix.u-paris10.fr/cours/Edition/305EdNum.htm|title=5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique|website=mediadix.u-paris10.fr|language=fr|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref>
The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], let their users buy eBooks; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Wikipedia, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving ___domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2016)577954|title=EBooks: Evolving markets and new challenges – Think Tank|publisher=European Parliament|access-date=July 13, 2018}}</ref>
==History==
===Digitization===
The first [[digitization]] initiative was in 1971 by [[Michael S. Hart]], a student at the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]], who launched [[Project Gutenberg]],<ref>Marie Lebert, ''Les mutations du livre à l'heure de l'internet'', Net des études françaises, Montreal, 2007</ref> designed to make literature more accessible to everyone, through the internet. It took a while to develop, and in 1989 there were only 10 texts that were manually recopied on computer by Michael S. Hart himself and some volunteers. But with the appearance of the Web 1.0 in 1991 and its ability to connect documents together through static pages, the project moved quickly forward. Many more volunteers helped in developing the project by giving access to public ___domain classics.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=DEC_DACOS_2010_01_0049|title=III. L'édition au défi du numérique|last1=Dacos|first1=Marin|last2=Mounier|first2=Pierre|publisher=La Découverte|year=2010|isbn=9782707157294|language=fr}}</ref>
In the 1970s, the [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]] digitized a thousand books from diverse subjects, mostly literature but also philosophy and science, dating back to the 12th century to present times, so as to build the foundations of a large dictionary, the ''[[Trésor de la langue française au Québec]]''. This foundation of e-texts, named Frantext, was published on a [[compact disc]] under the brand name ''Discotext'', and then on the [[worldwide web]] in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.frantext.fr/scripts/regular/7fmr.exe?CRITERE=QUI_FTX_QUEST_CE_DONC;ISIS=isis_bbibftx.txt;OUVRIR_MENU=0;s=s112c0bec;ISIS=isis_bbibftx.txt|title=Frantext|website=frantext.fr|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref>
===Mass-scale digitization===
In 1974, American inventor and futurist [[Ray Kurzweil|Raymond Kurzweil]] developed a scanner which was equipped with an [[Omnifont]] software that enabled [[optical character recognition]] for numeric inputs.{{huh|date=January 2022}} The digitization projects could then be more ambitious since the time needed for digitization decreased considerably, and digital libraries were on the rise. All over the world, e-libraries started to emerge.{{cn|date=January 2022}}
The ABU (''Association des Bibliophiles Universels)'', was a public digital library project created by the [[Conservatoire national des arts et métiers|Cnam]] in 1993. It was the first French digital library in the network; suspended since 2002, they reproduced over a hundred texts that are still available.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/27044/27044-8.txt|title=Les mutations du livre|last=Lebert|first=Marie|publisher=Project Gutenberg|year=2008|language=fr}}</ref>
In 1992, the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] launched a vast [[digitization]] program. The president [[François Mitterrand]] had wanted since 1988 to create a new and innovative digital library, and it was published in 1997 under the name of [[Gallica]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/html/und/a-propos|title=A propos {{!}} Gallica|website=gallica.bnf.fr|language=fr|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> In 2014, the digital library was offering 80 255 online books and over a million documents, including prints and manuscripts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tasrot-Gillery|first=Sylviane|date=February 2015|title=La BNF et le numérique patrimonial et culturel|url=https://www.gouvernement.fr/sites/default/files/contenu/piece-jointe/2015/02/lettre_du_coepia_no28_fevrier_2015.pdf|journal=La Lettre du Coepia|language=fr|access-date=July 13, 2018|archive-date=January 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129100532/https://www.gouvernement.fr/sites/default/files/contenu/piece-jointe/2015/02/lettre_du_coepia_no28_fevrier_2015.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 2003, [[Wikisource]] was launched, and the project aspired to constitute a digital and multilingual library that would be a complement to the Wikipedia project. It was originally named "Project Sourceberg", as a word play to remind the Project Gutenberg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wikisource.org/wiki/Wikisource:What_is_Wikisource?|title=Wikisource:What is Wikisource? – Wikisource|website=wikisource.org|access-date=July 13, 2018}}</ref> Supported by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], Wikisource proposes digitized texts that have been verified by volunteers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://libnews.binghamton.edu/news/2008/03/12/wikisource-international-full-texts/|title=Wikisource: International Full-Texts {{!}} Binghamton University Libraries News and Events|website=libnews.binghamton.edu|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref>
In December 2004, Google created [[Google Books]], a project to digitize all the books available in the world (over 130 million books) to make them accessible online.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/04/the-tragedy-of-google-books/523320/|title=Torching the Modern-Day Library of Alexandria|last=Somers|first=James|work=The Atlantic|access-date=July 13, 2018}}</ref> 10 years later, 25 000 000 books, from a hundred countries and in 400 languages, are on the platform. This was possible because by that time, robotic scanners could digitize around 6 000 books per hour.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/arts/international/google-books-a-complex-and-controversial-experiment.html|title=Google Books: A Complex and Controversial Experiment|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref>
In 2008, the prototype of [[Europeana]] was launched; and by 2010, the project had been giving access to over 10 million digital objects. The Europeana library is a European catalog that offers index cards on millions of digital objects and links to their digital libraries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/fr|title=Collections Europeana|website=Collections Europeana|language=fr|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> In the same year, [[HathiTrust]] was created to put together the contents of many university e-libraries from USA and Europe, as well as Google Books and [[Internet Archive]]. In 2016, over six millions of users had been using HathiTrust.<ref>[https://www.hathitrust.org/files/14MillionBooksand6MillionVisitors_1.pdf "14 Million Books & 6 Million Visitors: HathiTrust Growth and Usage in 2016] (pdf)</ref>
===Electronic publishing===
The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world.
Alain Mille, in the book ''Pratiques de l'édition numérique'' (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati),<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.parcoursnumeriques-pum.ca/introduction-20|title=Pratiques de l'édition numérique|last1=Vitali-Rosati|first1=Marcello|last2=E. Sinatra|first2=Michael|publisher=Sens Public|year=2014|isbn=978-2-7606-3592-0|language=fr}}</ref> says that the beginnings of Internet and the [[World Wide Web|Web]] are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has a direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://parcoursnumeriques-pum.ca/histoire-des-humanites-numeriques|title=Histoire des humanités numériques|last1=Vitalli-Rosati|first1=Marcello|last2=E. Sinatra|first2=Michael|date=2014|website=parcoursnumeriques-pum.ca|series=Pratiques de l'édition numérique|___location=Montréal|pages=49–60|language=fr|isbn=978-2-7606-3202-8|access-date=April 10, 2017|agency=Presses de l'Université de Montréal}}</ref>
The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new [[desktop publishing software]]s appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and [[Directory service|directories]]. At the same time the [[multimedia]] was developing quickly, combining book, [[audiovisual]] and [[computer science]] characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediadix.u-paris10.fr/cours/Edition/305EdNum.htm|title=5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique|website=mediadix.u-paris10.fr|language=fr|access-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref>
The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], let their users buy eBooks; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Wikipedia, and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like the e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving ___domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2016)577954|title=EBooks: Evolving markets and new challenges – Think Tank|publisher=European Parliament|access-date=July 13, 2018}}</ref>
===Online edition===
Based on new communications practices of the web 2.0 and the new architecture of participation, online edition opens the door to a collaboration of a community to elaborate and improve contents on Internet, while also enriching reading through collective reading practices. The web 2.0 not only links documents together, as did the web 1.0, it also links people together through social media: that's why it's called the [[Web 2.0|Participative (or participatory) Web]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.appliedclinicaltrialsonline.com/web-20-revolution-power-people|title=Web 2.0 Revolution: Power to the People|last=Editors|first=Applied Clinical Trials|website=appliedclinicaltrialsonline.com|access-date=July 13, 2018}}</ref>
Many tools were put in place to foster sharing and creative collective contents. One of the many is the Wikipedia encyclopedia, since it is edited, corrected and enhanced by millions of contributors. [[OpenStreetMap|Open Street Map]] is also based on the same principle. Blogs and comment systems are also now renown as online edition and publishing, since it is possible through new interactions between the author and its readers, and can be an important method for inspiration but also for visibility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediadix.parisnanterre.fr/cours/Edition/305EdNum.htm|title=5. L'édition numérique et le livre numérique|website=mediadix.parisnanterre.fr|language=fr|access-date=July 13, 2018}}</ref>
{{short description|Process of production and dissemination of literature, music, or information}}
{{Redirect|Publisher}}
{{Pp-move-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
[[File:The Caxton Celebration - William Caxton showing specimens of his printing to King Edward IV and his Queen.jpg|thumb|Printer working an early [[Gutenberg letter press|Gutenberg letterpress]] from the 15th century. (1877 engraving)]]
'''Publishing''' is the activity of making information, literature, music, software and other content available to the public for sale or for free.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/publishing|title=PUBLISHING {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref> Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as [[book]]s, [[newspaper]]s, and [[magazine]]s. With the advent of digital information systems, the scope has expanded to include [[electronic publishing]] such as [[E-book|ebooks]], [[academic journal]]s, [[micropublishing]], [[Electronic publishing|websites]], [[blog]]s, [[video game publisher|video game publishing]], and the like.
Publishing may produce private, club, commons or public goods and may be conducted as a commercial, public, social or community activity.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Understanding knowledge as a commons : from theory to practice |date=2011 |publisher=MIT Press |editor=Hess, Charlotte |editor2=Ostrom, Elinor |isbn=978-0-262-51603-7 |___location=Cambridge, Mass. |oclc=709863190}}</ref> The commercial publishing industry ranges from large multinational conglomerates such as [[Bertelsmann]], [[RELX]], [[Pearson plc|Pearson]] and [[Thomson Reuters]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/gremideditorsdecatalunya/docs/2019-global50-the-world-ranking-of-the-publishing-|title=GLOBAL 50. The world ranking of the publishing industry 2019|website=Issuu|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref> to thousands of small independents. It has various divisions such as trade/retail publishing of fiction and non-fiction, educational publishing [[K–12|(k-12)]] and [[Academic publishing|academic and scientific publishing]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4251&plang=EN|title=The Global Publishing Industry in 2016|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref> Publishing is also undertaken by governments, civil society and private companies for administrative or compliance requirements, business, research, advocacy or public interest objectives.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Börjesson|first=Lisa|date=2016|title=Research outside academia? - An analysis of resources in extra-academic report writing: Research Outside Academia? - An Analysis of Resources in Extra-Academic Report Writing |journal=Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology|language=en|volume=53|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1002/pra2.2016.14505301036|s2cid=7212603|doi-access=free}}</ref> This can include [[annual report]]s, [[research reports]], [[market research]], policy briefings and [[technical report]]s. [[Self-publishing]] has become very common.
"'''Publisher'''" can refer to a publishing company or organization, or to an individual who leads a publishing company, [[imprint (trade name)|imprint]], periodical or newspaper.
== Publishing in law ==
[[Publication]] is important as a [[law|legal concept]]:
# As the process of giving formal notice to the world of a significant intention, for example, to [[marry]] or enter [[bankruptcy]]
# As the essential precondition of being able to claim [[defamation]]; that is, the alleged [[libel]] must have been published
# For [[copyright]] purposes, where there is a difference in the protection of [[Edition (book)|published]] and unpublished works
== History ==
Publishing became possible with the [[history of writing|invention of writing]], and became more practical upon the [[History of printing|introduction of printing]]. Prior to printing, distributed works were copied manually, by [[scribe]]s. Due to printing, publishing progressed hand-in-hand with the [[History of books|development of books]].
The Chinese inventor [[Bi Sheng]] made [[movable type]] of earthenware circa 1045, but there are no known surviving examples of his work. The Korean civil servant [[Choe Yun-ui]], who lived during the Goryeo Dynasty, invented the first metal moveable type in 1234-1250 AD <ref>{{cite web |last1=Newman |first1=Sophia |title=So, Gutenberg Didn't Actually Invent Printing As We Know It |url=https://lithub.com/so-gutenberg-didnt-actually-invent-the-printing-press/ |website=lithub.com |date=19 June 2019 |publisher=Literary Hub |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref>
Around 1450, in what is commonly regarded as an independent invention, [[Johannes Gutenberg]] invented movable type in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and [[hand mould]]. This invention gradually made books less expensive to produce and more widely available.
Early printed books, single sheets and images which were created before 1501 in Europe are known as [[incunable]]s or ''incunabula''. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in A.D. 330."<ref>[[Michael Clapham (industrialist)|Clapham, Michael]], "Printing" in ''A History of Technology'', Vol 2. ''From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution'', edd. Charles Singer ''et al.'' (Oxford 1957), p. 377. Cited from [[Elizabeth L. Eisenstein]], ''The Printing Press as an Agent of Change'' (Cambridge University, 1980).</ref>
Eventually, printing enabled other forms of publishing besides books. The [[History of newspaper publishing|history of modern newspaper publishing]] started in Germany in 1609, with [[magazine#History|publishing of magazines]] following in 1663.
Missionaries brought printing presses to sub-Saharan Africa in the mid-18th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theelephant.info/culture/2019/12/13/african-publishing-minefields-and-the-woes-of-the-african-writer/|title=African Publishing Minefields and the Woes of the African Writer|last=Gazemba|first=Stanley|date=2019-12-13|website=The Elephant|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref>
Historically, publishing has been handled by [[#Types of publishers|publishers]], although some authors self-published.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pw.org/content/notable_moments_in_selfpublishing_history_a_timeline|title=Notable Moments in Self-Publishing History: A Timeline|date=2013-11-01|website=Poets & Writers|language=en|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref> The [[History of the World Wide Web|establishment of the World Wide Web]] in 1989 soon propelled the [[website]] into a dominant medium of publishing. [[history of wikis|Wikis]] and [[history of blogging|Blogs]] soon developed, followed by [[online book]]s, [[Online newspaper#History|online newspapers]], and [[online magazine]]s.
Since its start, the World Wide Web has been facilitating the [[technological convergence]] of commercial and self-published content, as well as the convergence of publishing and producing into [[Online producer|online production]] through the development of [[multimedia]] content.
A U.S. based study in 2016 that surveyed 34 publishers found that the publishing industry in the US in general is overwhelmingly represented by straight, able bodied, white females.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=2016-01-27|title=Publishing industry is overwhelmingly white and female, US study finds|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/27/us-study-finds-publishing-is-overwhelmingly-white-and-female|access-date=2020-11-09|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[Salon (website)|''Salon'']] described the situation as "lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world".<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-01-26|title=White women of publishing: New survey shows a lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world|url=https://www.salon.com/2016/01/26/white_women_of_publishing_new_survey_shows_a_lack_of_diversity_behind_the_scenes_in_book_world/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Salon|language=en}}</ref> A survey in 2020 by the same group found there has been no statistical significant change in the lack of diversity since the 2016 survey four years earlier.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=2020-01-30|title=US publishing remains 'as white today as it was four years ago'|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jan/30/us-publishing-american-dirt-survey-diversity-cultural-appropriation|access-date=2020-11-10|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Lack of diversity in the American publishing industry has been an issue for years. Within the industry, there was the least amount of diversity in higher level editorial positions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ITALIE|first=HILLEL|date=2020-02-11|title=Missteps lead publishing industry to review diversity effort|url=https://apnews.com/article/3bb3b469921e1f72fb3b81101ffdd9e0|access-date=2020-11-10|website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>
{{See also|List of women printers and publishers before 1800}}
{{See also|History of printing in East Asia}}
==The traditional process of publishing==
Book publishers buy or commission copy from independent authors; newspaper publishers, by contrast, usually hire staff to produce copy, although they may also employ freelance journalists, called [[Stringer (journalism)|stringers]]. Magazines may employ either strategy or a mixture.
Traditional book publishers are selective about what they publish. They do not accept manuscripts direct from authors. Authors must first submit a query letter or proposal, either to a [[literary agent]] or direct to the publisher. depending on the publisher's submission guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allenandunwin.com/being-a-writer/getting-published/submitting-your-work|title=Submitting your work - Allen & Unwin - Australia|website=www.allenandunwin.com|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref> If the publisher does accept unsolicited [[manuscript (publishing)|manuscripts]], then the manuscript is placed in the [[slush pile]], which [[publisher's reader]]s sift through to identify manuscripts worthy of publication. The acquisitions editors review these and if they agree, send them to the editorial staff. Larger companies have more levels of assessment between submission and publication than smaller companies. Unsolicited submissions have a very low rate of acceptance, with some estimates as low as 3 out of every 10,000 being accepted.<ref>{{cite web
| author=Tara K. Harper
| url=http://www.tarakharper.com/faq_pub.htm
| title = On Publishers and Getting Published
| year = 2004
|access-date= 28 May 2010}}</ref>
==Stages of publishing==
The publishing process includes creation, acquisition, [[copy editing]], production, [[printing]] (and its [[Electronic publishing|electronic equivalents]]), [[marketing]], and [[distribution (business)|distribution]].
Although listed as distinct stages, parts of these occur concurrently. As editing of text progresses, front cover design and initial layout takes place, and sales and marketing of the book begins.
The publisher may [[subcontract]] various aspects of this process to specialist companies and/or [[freelancer]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.randomhouse.com/about/faq/index.php?ToDo=view&questId=144&catId=11|title=Jobs and Careers – Help|publisher=Random House, Inc.|access-date=13 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gs12.globalsuccessor.com/fe/tpl_penguin01.asp?newms=info03#para2|title=Jobs with Penguin|publisher=Penguin Books Ltd|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906215646/http://gs12.globalsuccessor.com/fe/tpl_penguin01.asp?newms=info03#para2|archive-date=6 September 2008|access-date=13 August 2008}}</ref>
=== Binding ===
{{Main|Bookbinding}}
In the case of books, binding follows upon the printing process. It involves folding the printed sheets, "securing them together, affixing boards or sides to it, and covering the whole with leather or other materials".<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Hannett
| first = John
| title = Bibliopegia: Or the Art of Bookbinding, in All Its Branches
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6O0YcnwsR-MC
| access-date = 19 February 2013
| edition = 2
| series = Cambridge Library Collection: Printing and Publishing History
| orig-year = 1836
| year = 2010
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| isbn = 978-1-108-02144-9
| page = 3
| quote = Binding is the art of folding the sheets of a book, securing them together, affixing boards or sides thereto, and covering the whole with leather or other materials
}}
</ref>
==Types of publishers==
[[File:ChungyoEslite fullsize.png|thumb|[[Eslite Bookstore]] in [[Taiwan]].]]
There are four major types of publishers in book publishing:
* Commercial publishers are more rigid and selective as to which books they publish. If accepted, authors pay no costs to publish in exchange for selling rights to their work. They receive in-house editing, design, printing, marketing and distribution services, and are paid royalties on sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publishlawyer.com/publishing-faq/#Q_What_is_self-publishing|title=Self-publishing – In traditional royalty publishing|last1=Steven|first1=Daniel|website=publishlawyer.com|publisher=Daniel N. Steven, LLC|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Self-publishing|Self-publishers]]: Authors use self-publishing houses to publish their books and retain full rights to their works. Self-publishing houses are more open than traditional publishing houses, allowing emerging and established authors to publish their work. A number of modern or self-publishing houses offer enhanced services (e.g. editing, design) and authors may choose which one to use. Authors shoulder pre-publishing expenses and in return retain all the rights to their works, keep total control, and are paid royalties on sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publishlawyer.com/publishing-faq/#Q_What_is_self-publishing|title=What is self-publishing|last1=Steven|first1=Daniel|website=publishlawyer.com|publisher=Daniel N. Steven, LLC|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Vanity press]]es portray themselves as traditional publishers but are, in fact, just a self-publishing service. Unlike genuine self-publishing services, the author is often obliged to use some or all of their additional services, and the press will often take rights to the work as part of their contract.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.writersandartists.co.uk/writers/advice/255/self-publishing/considering-self-publishing/self-publishing-vs-vanity-publishing-confused|title=Self-publishing vs vanity publishing. Confused?|website=www.writersandartists.co.uk|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>
* [[Hybrid publisher]]s operate with a different revenue model than traditional publishing, while keeping the rest of the practices of publishing the same. There have been attempts to bridge this gap using hybrid models. No one model has been fully proven at this stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.writersdigest.com/online-editor/what-is-hybrid-publishing-here-are-4-things-you-should-know|title=What is Hybrid Publishing? Here Are 4 Things All Writers Should Know|last=Klems|first=Brian A.|date=2016-08-11|website=Writer's Digest|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>
Derided in the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']] as "a purely commercial affair" that cared more about profits than about literary quality,<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Publishing}}</ref> publishing is like any business, with a need for the expenses not to exceed the income. Publishing is now a major industry with the largest companies [[Reed Elsevier]] and [[Pearson PLC]] having global publishing operations.
Some businesses maximize their profit margins through [[vertical integration]]; book publishing is not one of them. Although newspaper and magazine companies still often own printing presses and binderies, book publishers rarely do. Similarly, the trade usually sells the finished products through a [[distribution (business)|distributor]] who stores and distributes the publisher's wares for a percentage fee or sells on a sale or return basis.
The advent of the Internet has provided the electronic way of book distribution without the need of physical printing, physical delivery and storage of books. This, therefore, poses an interesting question that challenges publishers, distributors, and retailers. The question pertains to the role and importance the publishing houses have in the overall publishing process. It is a common practice that the author, the original creator of the work, signs the contract awarding him or her only around 10% of the proceeds of the book.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexbooks.net/publishingcontract.htm |title=Sample Publishing Contract |publisher=Indexbooks.net |access-date=19 November 2012}}</ref> Such contract leaves 90% of the book proceeds to the publishing houses, distribution companies, marketers, and retailers. One example (rearranged) of the distribution of proceeds from the sale of a book was given as follows:<ref name="ireaderreview.com">{{cite web|url=http://ireaderreview.com/2009/05/03/book-cost-analysis-cost-of-physical-book-publishing/|title=Book Cost Analysis – Cost of Physical Book Publishing - Kindle Review – Kindle Phone Review, Kindle Fire HD Review|work=Kindle Review}}</ref>
* 45% to the retailer
* 10% to the wholesaler
* 10.125% to the publisher for printing (this is usually subcontracted out)
* 7.15% to the publisher for marketing
* 12.7% to the publisher for pre-production
* 15% to the author (royalties)
Within the electronic book path, the publishing house's role remains almost identical. The process of preparing a book for e-book publication is exactly the same as print publication, with only minor variations in the process to account for the different mediums of publishing. While some costs, such as the discount given to retailers (normally around 45%)<ref name="ireaderreview.com"/> are eliminated, additional costs connected to ebooks apply (especially in the conversion process), raising the production costs to a similar level.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
[[Print on demand]] is rapidly becoming an established alternative to traditional publishing.
Book clubs are almost entirely direct-to-retail, and niche publishers pursue a mixed strategy to sell through all available outlets — their output is insignificant to the major booksellers, so lost revenue poses no threat to the traditional symbiotic relationships between the four activities of printing, publishing, distribution, and retail.
==Industry sub-divisions==
===Newspaper publishing===
{{Main|Newspaper}}
Newspapers are regularly scheduled publications that present recent news, typically on a type of inexpensive paper called [[newsprint]]. Most newspapers are primarily sold to [[subscriber]]s, through retail newsstands or are distributed as advertising-supported [[free newspaper]]s. About one-third of publishers in the United States are newspaper publishers.<ref name=DOL>{{cite web | title = Career Guide to Industries, 2010–11 Edition: Publishing, Except Software | url = http://www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs013.htm | publisher = U.S. Department of Labor | author = Bureau of Labor Statistics | date = 17 December 2009 | access-date = 28 May 2010 }}</ref>
===Periodical publishing===
{{Main|Periodical publication}}
Nominally, periodical publishing involves publications that appear in a new edition on a regular schedule. Newspapers and magazines are both periodicals, but within the industry, the periodical publishing is frequently considered a separate branch that includes magazines and even [[academic journal]]s, but not newspapers.<ref name=DOL /> About one-third of publishers in the United States publish periodicals (not including newspapers).<ref name=DOL /> The library and information science communities often refer to periodicals as [[Serial (publishing)|serials]].
===Book publishing=== <!-- [[Big Five (publishers)]] links here. Please do not change. -->
{{See also|History of books}}
{{Redirect|Book publishing company|the publisher named Book Publishing Company|The Farm (Tennessee)}}
[[File:Otava päivällä.jpg|thumb|Facade of [[Otava (publisher)|Otava]]'s publishing office in [[Helsinki]], Finland]]
The global book publishing industry accounts for over $100 billion of annual revenue, or about 15% of the total media industry.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/data-statistics/2012/ipa-global-publishing-statistics-2.pdf|publisher =IPA Global|title=Publishing Statistics|first =Rüdiger |last=Wischenbart|year = 2012}}</ref>
For-profit publishers of books that serve the general public are often referred to as "trade publishers." Book publishers represent less than a sixth of the publishers in the United States.<ref name=DOL /> Most books are published by a small number of very large book publishers, but thousands of smaller book publishers exist. Many small- and medium-sized book publishers specialize in a specific area. Additionally, thousands of authors have created publishing companies and self-published their own works. Within the book publishing, the '''publisher of record''' for a book is the entity in whose name the book's [[ISBN]] is registered. The publisher of record may or may not be the actual publisher.
In 2013, [[Penguin Group|Penguin]] (owned by Pearson) and [[Random House]] (owned by [[Bertelsmann Stiftung|Bertelsmann]]) merged, narrowing the industry to a handful of big publishers as it adapted to digital media.<ref name="Penguin Random House to Buy Simon & Schuster"/> The merger created the largest consumer book publisher in the world, with a global market share of more than 25 percent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pfanner |first1=Eric |last2=Chozick |first2=Amy |title=Random House and Penguin Merger Creates Global Giant |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/30/business/global/random-house-and-penguin-to-be-combined.html |access-date=November 25, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=October 29, 2012}}</ref> Approximately 60%<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/20/drm-lawsuit-independent-bookstores-amazon_n_2727519.html | work=Huffington Post |first=Andrew |last=Losowsky |title=Indie Bookstores File Lawsuit Against Amazon | date=20 February 2013}}</ref> of English-language books are produced through the "'''Big Five'''" publishing houses: [[Penguin Random House]], [[Hachette Book Group USA|Hachette]], [[HarperCollins]], [[Simon & Schuster]], and [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]. In November 2020, ViacomCBS agreed to sell Simon & Schuster, the third largest book publisher in the United States, to Penguin Random House in a deal that will create the first megapublisher.<ref name="Penguin Random House to Buy Simon & Schuster">{{cite news |last1=Alter |first1=Alexandra |last2=Lee |first2=Edmund |title=Penguin Random House to Buy Simon & Schuster |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/25/books/simon-schuster-penguin-random-house.html?surface=most-popular&fellback=false&req_id=737305395&algo=bandit-all-surfaces&imp_id=517891980&action=click&module=Most%20Popular&pgtype=Homepage |access-date=November 25, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=November 25, 2020}}</ref>
Leadstart, Shristi Publisher, Rupa Publications, and Jaico Publishing House are major publishers in India.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}
===Directory publishing===
Directory publishing is a specialized genre within the publishing industry. These publishers produce mailing lists, [[telephone book]]s, and other types of directories.<ref name=DOL /> With the advent of the Internet, many of these directories are now online.
===Tie-in publishing===
{{Main|Tie-in}}
Technically, radio, television, cinemas, VCDs and DVDs, music systems, games, computer hardware and mobile telephony publish information to their audiences. Indeed, the marketing of a major film often includes a [[novelization]], a graphic novel or comic version, the soundtrack album, a game, model, toys and endless promotional publications.
Some of the major publishers have entire divisions devoted to a single franchise, e.g. Ballantine Del Rey Lucasbooks has the exclusive rights to ''Star Wars'' in the United States; Random House UK (Bertelsmann)/Century LucasBooks holds the same rights in the United Kingdom. The game industry self-publishes through BL Publishing/[[Black Library]] ([[Warhammer Fantasy (setting)|Warhammer]]) and Wizards of the Coast ([[Dragonlance]], [[Forgotten Realms]], etc.). The BBC has its publishing division that does very well with long-running series such as [[Doctor Who]]. These multimedia works are cross-marketed aggressively and sales frequently outperform the average stand-alone published work, making them a focus of corporate interest.<ref name="cave">Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer (ed.), "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas", 1990, British Museum publications, {{ISBN|0-7141-1447-2}}.</ref>
==Recent developments==
[[Accessible publishing]] uses the digitization of books to mark up books into [[XML]] and then produces multiple formats from this to sell to customers, often targeting those with difficulty reading. Formats include a variety larger print sizes, specialized print formats for [[dyslexia]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://papercuts.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/20/making-reading-easier/ |title=Making Reading Easier – Paper Cuts Blog |newspaper=NYTimes.com |date=20 May 2008|author=Dwight Garner}}</ref> eye tracking problems and [[macular degeneration]], as well as [[Braille]], [[Digital accessible information system|DAISY]], [[audiobook]]s and [[e-books]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.readhowyouwant.com/Technology/overview.aspx |title=Overview of the Technology- Awards, Cost Savings|publisher=Radhowyouwant.com|access-date=19 November 2012}}</ref>
Green publishing means adapting the publishing process to minimise environmental impact. One example of this is the concept of on-demand printing, using digital or print-on-demand technology. This cuts down the need to ship books since they are manufactured close to the customer on a just-in-time basis.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kanter |first=James |url=http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/reading-green-on-demand/?scp=1&sq=green%20publishing%20toby&st=cse |title=Reading Green On Demand |publisher=Green blogs, New York Times |date=2 December 2008 |access-date=19 November 2012}}</ref>
A further development is the growth of on-line publishing where no physical books are produced. The ebook is created by the author and uploaded to a website from where it can be downloaded and read by anyone.
An increasing number of authors are using [[niche marketing]] online to sell more books by engaging with their readers online.<ref>{{cite news |first=Alan |last=Rinzler |title=The Magic of Niche Marketing for Authors |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/booked/2010/07/29/the-magic-of-niche-marketing-for-authors/ |work=[[Forbes]] |date=29 July 2010 |access-date=3 July 2012 }}</ref>
==Standardization==
Refer to the [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] divisions of ICS 01.140.40 and 35.240.30 for further information.<ref name=pub>{{cite web
| author = International Organization for Standardization
| title = 01.140.40: Publishing
| url = http://www.iso.org/iso/products/standards/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=01&ICS2=140&ICS3=40&
| access-date = 14 July 2008 }}</ref><ref name=itpub>{{cite web
| author = International Organization for Standardization
| title = 35.240.30: IT applications in information, documentation and publishing
| url = http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_ics_browse?ICS1=35&ICS2=240&ICS3=30&
| access-date = 14 July 2008 }}</ref>
==Legal issues==
[[File:068 WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization or Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle OMPI.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[World Intellectual Property Organization]], [[Geneva]]]]
{{Main|Publication}}
Publication is the distribution of copies or [[Content (media and publishing)|content]] to the [[General public|public]].<ref name="bc">{{cite web |author=WIPO |url=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 |title=Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works |publisher=Wipo.int |access-date=19 November 2012 |archive-date=1 September 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ALEplYLi?url=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ucc">{{cite web|url=http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/lipa/copyrights/The%20Universal%20Copyright%20Convention%20_Geneva%20Text--September.pdf |title=Microsoft Word – The Universal Copyright Convention _Geneva Text—September |access-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125161930/http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/lipa/copyrights/The%20Universal%20Copyright%20Convention%20_Geneva%20Text--September.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2012 }}</ref> The [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] requires that this can only be done with the consent of the copyright holder, which is initially always the author.<ref name="bc"/> In the [[Universal Copyright Convention]], "publication" is defined in article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived."<ref name="ucc"/>
==Privishing==
'''Privishing''' (''priv''ate publ''ishing'', but not to be confused with [[self-publishing]]) is a modern term for publishing a book but printing so few copies or with such lack of marketing, advertising or sales support that it effectively does not reach the public.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.commondreams.org/views02/0711-05.htm |title=Journalists Thrown 'Into the Buzzsaw' |last=Winkler |first=David |date=11 July 2002 |publisher=CommonDreams.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804080018/http://www.commondreams.org/views02/0711-05.htm |archive-date=4 August 2007 }}</ref> The book, while nominally published, is almost impossible to obtain through normal channels such as bookshops, often cannot be ordered specially, and has a notable lack of support from its publisher, including refusal to reprint the title. A book that is privished may be referred to as "killed". Depending on the motivation, privishing may constitute [[breach of contract]], [[censorship]],<ref>{{cite journal
|title = Making censorship backfire
|journal= [[Counterpoise]] |volume = 7 |date= July 2003
|url = http://www.uow.edu.au/~bmartin/pubs/03counterpoise.html
|author=Sue Curry Jansen |author2=Brian Martin|author2-link= Brian Martin (social scientist) }}</ref> or good business practice (e.g., not printing more books than the publisher believes will sell in a reasonable length of time).
==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
'''General:'''
* [[Accessible publishing]]
* [[Concentration of media ownership]]
* [[Edition (book)|Editions]]
* [[Global spread of the printing press]]
* [[Lists of publishing companies]]
* [[List of book distributors]]
* [[Mass media]]
* [[Media proprietor]]
* [[Open access publishing]]
* [[Open publishing]]
* [[Publication]]
* [[Self-publishing]]
* [[Serials, periodicals and journals]]
* [[Small press]]
* [[Zines]]
'''Publishing on specific contexts:'''
* [[Academic publishing]]
* [[Books published per country per year]]
* [[List of best-selling books]]
* [[Document management system]]
* [[Scientific literature]]
'''Publishing tools:'''
* [[Desktop publishing]]
* [[Electronic publishing]]
* [[Mobile publishing]]
* [[Web template system|Web publishing tools]]
}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{sisterlinks |d=Q3972943 |s=Portal:Book industries and trade |c=category:Publishing |wikt=publishing |n=no |species=no |m=no |mw=no |b=no |v=Open publishing}}
{{stack |{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Publishing}}}}
* [http://www.internationalpublishers.org/ International Publishers' organisation]
{{Book publishing process}}
{{Academic publishing}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Publishing| ]]
[[Category:Mass media industry]]
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|map-format =
|map-url-access =
|scale =
|cartography =
|inset =
|sections =
|interviewer-last1 =
|interviewer-first1 =
|interviewer-link1 =
|interviewer-last2 =
|interviewer-first2 =
|interviewer-link2 =
|interviewer-mask1 =
|interviewer-mask2 =
|display-interviewers =
|season =
|series-number =
|series-separator =
|network =
|station =
|transcript =
|transcript-url =
|transcript-format =
|conference =
|conference-url =
|conference-format =
}}
</pre>
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author-first; (etc.)|first1}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| Author's first name. Don't link.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author-link; author1-link; subject-link1; subject-link; (etc.)|author-link1}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.)|last2}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd author.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: given2; author-first2; (etc.)|first2}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.)|last2}}
| Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd author.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author2-link; subject-link2; (etc.)|author-link2}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.)|last2}}
| Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd author.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.)|last3}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.)|last2}}
| Like <code>last1</code>, but for 3rd author.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: given3; author-first3; (etc.)|first3}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.)|last3}}
| Like <code>first1</code>, but for 3rd author.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author3-link; subject-link3; (etc.)|author-link3}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.)|last3}}
| Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 3rd author.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.)|last4}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.)|last3}}
| Like <code>last1</code>, but for 4th author.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: given4; author-first4; (etc.)|first4}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.)|last4}}
| Like <code>first1</code>, but for 4th author.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author4-link; subject-link4; (etc.)|author-link4}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.)|last4}}
| Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 4th author.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.)|last5}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.)|last4}}
| Like <code>last1</code>, but for 5th author. Similar: last6, etc.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: given5; author-first5; (etc.)|first5}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.)|last5}}
| Like <code>first1</code>, but for 5th author. Similar: first6, etc.
|-
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author5-link; subject-link5; (etc.)|author-link5}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.)|last5}}
| Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 5th author. Similar: author-link6, etc.
|-
|| name-list-style || || <code>vanc</code> to emulate [[Vancouver style]]
|-
|| vauthors || ||
|-
|| translator-last1 || ||
|-
|| translator-first1 || translator-last1 ||
|-
|| translator-link1 || translator-last1 ||
|-
|| translator-last2 || translator-last1 || Additional translators: translator-last3, etc.
|-
|| translator-first2 || translator-last2 ||
|-
|| translator-link2 || translator-last2 ||
|-
|| collaboration || ||
|-
|| contributor-last1 || ||
|-
|| contributor-first1 || ||
|-
|| contributor-link1 || ||
|-
|| contributor-last2 || ||
|-
|| contributor-first2 || ||
|-
|| contributor-link2 || ||
|-
|| others || ||
|-
|| editor-last1 || ||
|-
|| editor-first1 || editor-last1 ||
|-
|| editor-link1 || editor-last1 ||
|-
|| editor-last2 || editor-last1 ||
|-
|| editor-first2 || editor-last2 ||
|-
|| editor-link2 || editor-last2 ||
|-
|| editor-last3 || editor-last2 ||
|-
|| editor-first3 || editor-last3 ||
|-
|| editor-link3 || editor-last3 ||
|-
|| veditors || ||
|-
|| title || ||
|-
|| script-title || ||
|-
|| trans-title || title or script-title ||
|-
|| work || ||
|-
|| script-work || ||
|-
|| trans-work || work or script-work ||
|-
|| issue || ||
|-
|| department || ||
|-
|| chapter || || Chapter title can be wikilinked unless when a <code>chapter-url</code> is given
|-
|| script-chapter || ||
|-
|| trans-chapter || chapter or script-chapter ||
|-
|| contribution || ||
|-
|| type || ||
|-
|| edition || || Ordinal number
|-
|| series || ||
|-
|| series-link || ||
|-
|| episode || ||
|-
|| event || ||
|-
|| agency || ||
|-
|| volume || ||
|-
|| date || ||
|-
|| year || ||
|-
|| orig-date || date or year ||
|-
|| df || ||
|-
|| publisher || ||
|-
|| ___location || publisher ||
|-
|| publication-place || ||
|-
|| via || ||
|-
|| language || ||
|-
|| page || || choose one: "page", "pages", or "at"
|-
|| pages || || choose one: "page", "pages", or "at". Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text.
|-
|| no-pp || page or pages || set no-pp to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers
|-
|| at || || choose one: "page", "pages", or "at"
|-
|| minutes || ||
|-
|| time || ||
|-
|| time-caption || ||
|-
|| id || ||
|-
|| arxiv || ||
|-
|| asin || ||
|-
|| asin-tld || ||
|-
|| bibcode || ||
|-
|| biorxiv || ||
|-
|| citeseerx || ||
|-
|| doi || ||
|-
|| doi-broken-date || doi ||
|-
|| eissn || ||
|-
|| hdl || ||
|-
|| sbn || ||
|-
|| isbn || || '''always include ISBN''', if one has been assigned
|-
|| ismn || ||
|-
|| issn || ||
|-
|| jfm || ||
|-
|| jstor || ||
|-
|| lccn || ||
|-
|| mr || ||
|-
|| oclc || ||
|-
|| ol || ||
|-
|| osti || ||
|-
|| pmc || ||
|-
|| embargo || ||
|-
|| pmid || ||
|-
|| rfc || ||
|-
|| ssrn || ||
|-
|| zbl || ||
|-
|| url || title or script-title ||
|-
|| format || url ||
|-
|| archive-url || archive-date, url ||
|-
|| archive-format || ||
|-
|| url-status || archive-url ||
|-
|| archive-date || archive-url ||
|-
|| chapter-url || chapter or script-chapter ||
|-
|| chapter-format || chapter-url ||
|-
|| access-date || url ||
|-
|| no-tracking || ||
|-
|| quote || ||
|-
|| ref || ||
|-
|| mode || || <code>cs1</code> or <code>cs2</code>
|-
|| author-mask1 || last1 ||
|-
|| author-mask2 || last2 ||
|-
|| author-mask3 || last3 ||
|-
|| author-mask4 || last4 ||
|-
|| author-mask5 || last5 ||
|-
| {{Hover title|or alias displayauthors|display-authors}}
| {{Hover title|or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}}
| number (number of authors displayed) or <code>etal</code> (more authors)
|-
|| translator-mask1 || translator-last1 ||
|-
|| translator-mask2 || translator-last2 ||
|-
|| display-translators || ||
|-
|| contributor-mask1 || ||
|-
|| contributor-mask2 || ||
|-
|| display-contributors || ||
|-
|| editor-mask1 || editor-last1 ||
|-
|| editor-mask2 || editor-last2 ||
|-
|| editor-mask3 || editor-last3 ||
|-
|| display-editors || ||
|-
|| postscript || ||
|-
|| url-access || ||
|-
|| chapter-url-access || ||
|-
|| bibcode-access || ||
|-
|| doi-access || ||
|-
|| hdl-access || ||
|-
|| jstor-access || ||
|-
|| ol-access || ||
|-
|| osti-access || ||
|-
|| map || ||
|-
|| script-map || ||
|-
|| trans-map || ||
|-
|| map-url || ||
|-
|| map-format || ||
|-
|| map-url-access || ||
|-
|| scale || ||
|-
|| cartography || ||
|-
|| inset || ||
|-
|| sections || ||
|-
|| interviewer-last1 || ||
|-
|| interviewer-first1 || ||
|-
|| interviewer-link1 || ||
|-
|| interviewer-last2 || ||
|-
|| interviewer-first2 || ||
|-
|| interviewer-link2 || ||
|-
|| interviewer-mask1 || ||
|-
|| interviewer-mask2 || ||
|-
|| {{nowrap|display-interviewers}} || ||
|-
|| season || ||
|-
|| series-number || ||
|-
|| series-separator || ||
|-
|| network || ||
|-
|| station || ||
|-
|| transcript || ||
|-
|| transcript-url || ||
|-
|| transcript-format || ||
|-
|| conference || ||
|-
|| conference-url || ||
|-
|| conference-format || ||
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center " | If a field name is listed in the '''Prerequisites''' column it is a prerequisite for the field to the left.
|-
! colspan="4" | Additional parameters (available for at least some cite templates)
|-
|| || || || {{para|authors}}
|-
|| || || || {{para|book-title}}
|-
|| || || || {{para|class}}
|-
|| || || || {{para|degree}}
|-
|| || || || {{para|docket}}
|-
|| || || || {{para|encyclopedia}}
|-
|| || || || {{para|mailing-list}}
|-
|| || || || {{para|message-id}}
|-
|| || || || {{para|number}}
|-
|| || || || {{para|publication-date}}
|-
|| || || || {{para|section}}
|-
|| || || || {{para|sheet}}
|-
|| || || || {{para|sheets}}
|-
|| || || || {{para|title-link}}
|-
|| || || (available from late April 2020) || {{para|s2cid}}
|}
{{csdoc|usage full}}
:<code><nowiki>{{cite xxxxx |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |last3= |first3= |author-link3= |last4= |first4= |author-link4= |last5= |first5= |author-link5= |name-list-style= |vauthors= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |collaboration= |contributor-last1= |contributor-first1= |contributor-link1= |contributor-last2= |contributor-first2= |contributor-link2= |others= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |editor-last3= |editor-first3= |editor-link3= |veditors= |title= |script-title= |trans-title= |work= |script-work= |trans-work= |issue= |department= |chapter= |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |contribution= |type= |edition= |series= |series-link= |episode= |event= |agency= |volume= |date= |year= |orig-date= |df= |publisher= |___location= |publication-place= |via= |language= |page= |pages= |no-pp= |at= |minutes= |time= |time-caption= |id= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |sbn= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |embargo= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |url= |format= |archive-url= |archive-format= |url-status= |archive-date= |chapter-url= |chapter-format= |access-date= |no-tracking= |quote= |ref= |mode= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |author-mask3= |author-mask4= |author-mask5= |display-authors= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |display-translators= |contributor-mask1= |contributor-mask2= |display-contributors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |editor-mask3= |display-editors= |postscript= |url-access= |chapter-url-access= |bibcode-access= |doi-access= |hdl-access= |jstor-access= |ol-access= |osti-access= |map= |script-map= |trans-map= |map-url= |map-format= |map-url-access= |scale= |cartography= |inset= |sections= |interviewer-last1= |interviewer-first1= |interviewer-link1= |interviewer-last2= |interviewer-first2= |interviewer-link2= |interviewer-mask1= |interviewer-mask2= |display-interviewers= |season= |series-number= |series-separator= |network= |station= |transcript= |transcript-url= |transcript-format= |conference= |conference-url= |conference-format=}}</nowiki></code>
{{end}}
Full parameter set in horizontal format
{{cite xxxxx |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |last3= |first3= |author-link3= |last4= |first4= |author-link4= |last5= |first5= |author-link5= |name-list-style= |vauthors= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |collaboration= |contributor-last1= |contributor-first1= |contributor-link1= |contributor-last2= |contributor-first2= |contributor-link2= |others= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |editor-last3= |editor-first3= |editor-link3= |veditors= |title= |script-title= |trans-title= |work= |script-work= |trans-work= |issue= |department= |chapter= |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |contribution= |type= |edition= |series= |series-link= |episode= |event= |agency= |volume= |date= |year= |orig-date= |df= |publisher= |___location= |publication-place= |via= |language= |page= |pages= |no-pp= |at= |minutes= |time= |time-caption= |id= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |sbn= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |embargo= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |url= |format= |archive-url= |archive-format= |url-status= |archive-date= |chapter-url= |chapter-format= |access-date= |no-tracking= |quote= |ref= |mode= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |author-mask3= |author-mask4= |author-mask5= |display-authors= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |display-translators= |contributor-mask1= |contributor-mask2= |display-contributors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |editor-mask3= |display-editors= |postscript= |url-access= |chapter-url-access= |bibcode-access= |doi-access= |hdl-access= |jstor-access= |ol-access= |osti-access= |map= |script-map= |trans-map= |map-url= |map-format= |map-url-access= |scale= |cartography= |inset= |sections= |interviewer-last1= |interviewer-first1= |interviewer-link1= |interviewer-last2= |interviewer-first2= |interviewer-link2= |interviewer-mask1= |interviewer-mask2= |display-interviewers= |season= |series-number= |series-separator= |network= |station= |transcript= |transcript-url= |transcript-format= |conference= |conference-url= |conference-format=}}
The above set is organised contextually rather than alphabetically. The following parameters, which are usually available for at least a few cite templates, are not included in the full parameter set above: |authors=; |book-title=; |class=; |degree=; |docket=; |encyclopedia=; |mailing-list=; |message-id=; |number=; |publication-date=; |section=; |sheet=; |sheets=; |title-link=; |s2cid=.
== Usage ==
| |||