Content deleted Content added
→Sources: wl |
|||
Line 51:
Tolkien was somewhat embarrassed by the subject of his linguistic aesthetics, as he was aware of the conventional view, due to [[Ferdinand de Saussure]] and from the 1950s strengthened by [[Noam Chomsky]] and his [[generative grammar]] school, that linguistic signs (such as words) were arbitrary, unrelated to their real-world referents (things, people, places). The Tolkien scholar Ross Smith notes that Tolkien was in fact not the only person who disagreed with the conventional view, "unassailable giants of linguistic theory and philosophy like [[Otto Jespersen|[Otto] Jespersen]] and [[Roman Jakobson|[Roman] Jakobson]]" among them.<ref name="Smith 2006">{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Ross |title=Fitting Sense to Sound: Linguistic Aesthetics and Phonosemantics in the Work of J.R.R. Tolkien |journal=[[Tolkien Studies]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=2006 |doi=10.1353/tks.2006.0032 |pages=1–20}}</ref>
More recently, [[sound symbolism]] has been demonstrated to be widespread in natural language.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blasi |first1=Damián E. |last2=Wichmann |first2=Søren |last3=Hammarström |first3=Harald |last4=Stadler |first4=Peter F. |last5=Christiansen |first5=Morten H. |title=Sound–meaning association biases evidenced across thousands of languages |journal=[[PNAS]] |date=27 September 2016 |volume=113 |issue=39 |pages=10818–10823 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1605782113|pmid=27621455 |pmc=5047153 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joo |first1=Ian |title=Phonosemantic biases found in Leipzig-Jakarta lists of 66 languages |journal=[[Linguistic Typology]] |date=27 May 2020 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1515/lingty-2019-0030|hdl=21.11116/0000-0004-EBB1-B |s2cid=209962593 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Erben Johansson |first1=Niklas |last2=Anikin |first2=Andrey |last3=Carling |first3=Gerd |last4=Holmer |first4=Arthur |title=The typology of sound symbolism: Defining macro-concepts via their semantic and phonetic features |journal=[[Linguistic Typology]] |date=27 August 2020 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=253–310 |doi=10.1515/lingty-2020-2034 |s2cid=209913202 }}</ref> The [[bouba/kiki effect]], for example, describes the cross-cultural association of sounds like "bouba" with roundness and "kiki" with sharpness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bremner |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Caparos |first2=Serge |last3=Davidoff |first3=Jules |last4=de Fockert |first4=Jan |last5=Linnell |first5=Karina J. |last6=Spence |first6=Charles |title="Bouba" and "Kiki" in Namibia? A remote culture make similar shape–sound matches, but different shape–taste matches to Westerners |journal=[[Cognition (journal)|Cognition]] |date=February 2013 |volume=126 |issue=2 |pages=165–172 |doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2012.09.007 |pmid=23121711 |s2cid=27805778 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ćwiek |first1=Aleksandra |last2=Fuchs |first2=Susanne |last3=Draxler |first3=Christoph |last4=Asu |first4=Eva Liina |last5=Dediu |first5=Dan |last6=Hiovain |first6=Katri |last7=Kawahara |first7=Shigeto |last8=Koutalidis |first8=Sofia |last9=Krifka |first9=Manfred |last10=Lippus |first10=Pärtel |last11=Lupyan |first11=Gary |last12=Oh |first12=Grace E. |last13=Paul |first13=Jing |last14=Petrone |first14=Caterina |last15=Ridouane |first15=Rachid |last16=Reiter |first16=Sabine |last17=Schümchen |first17=Nathalie |last18=Szalontai |first18=Ádám |last19=Ünal-Logacev |first19=Özlem |last20=Zeller |first20=Jochen |last21=Perlman |first21=Marcus |last22=Winter |first22=Bodo |display-authors=6 |title=The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]] |date=3 January 2022 |volume=377 |issue=1841 |pages=20200390 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2020.0390 |pmid=34775818 |s2cid=244103844 }}</ref> Svetlana Popova comments that Tolkien "came very close" to the findings of [[psycholinguistics]] including the bouba/kiki effect, and that his ideas of what makes the sound of a language pleasurable agree with [[David Crystal]]'s findings.<ref name="Popova Magsymov pp. 8–26">{{cite journal |last=Popova |first=Svetlana |last2=Marsymov |first2=А. | title=Sound symbolism as a phonetic phenomenon and a means of artistic expression |journal=Issues of Applied Linguistics |publisher=The Business and Vocational Foreign Languages Teachers National Association | volume=41 |date=30 March 2021 |issn=2306-1286 |doi=10.25076/vpl.41.01 |pages=8–26 |language=en |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Svetlana-Popova-8/publication/350501330_ZVUKOVOJ_SIMVOLIZM_KAK_FONETICESKOE_AVLENIE_I_SREDSTVO_HUDOZESTVENNOJ_VYRAZITELNOSTI/links/6093a9cea6fdccaebd0dfc5f/ZVUKOVOJ-SIMVOLIZM-KAK-FONETICESKOE-AVLENIE-I-SREDSTVO-HUDOZESTVENNOJ-VYRAZITELNOSTI.pdf }}</ref>
=== True names ===
| |||