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<!-- Additionally, one should look critically{{fact|date=October 2014}} at the recent CERN experiments{{fact|date=October 2014}} in which evidence is shown supporting the physical reality of the Higgs boson, which is a force-mediating particle. One should be careful not to make the logical error known as [[Reification (fallacy)|reification]], which confuses concept and reality. -->
Use of the "force-mediating particle" picture (FMPP) is unnecessary in [[Quantum mechanics|nonrelativistic quantum mechanics]], and Coulomb's law is used as given in atomic physics and quantum chemistry to calculate both bound and scattering states. A non-perturbative [[relativistic quantum theory]], in which Lorentz invariance is preserved, is achievable by evaluating Coulomb's law as a 4-space interaction using the 3-space position vector of a reference electron obeying Dirac's equation and the quantum trajectory of a second electron which depends only on the scaled time. The quantum trajectory of each electron in an ensemble is inferred from the Dirac current for each electron by setting it equal to a velocity field times a quantum density, calculating a position field from the time integral of the velocity field, and finally calculating a quantum trajectory from the expectation value of the position field. The quantum trajectories are of course spin dependent, and the theory can be validated by checking that [[Pauli's
==Classical forces==
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