Redshift quantization: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 10:15, 1 August 2022

Revision as of 02:54, 6 January 2023

Line 59:

===Karlsson's formula===

Historically, K. G. Karlsson and G. R. Burbidge were first to note that quasar redshifts were quantized in accordance with the empirical formula:<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Burbidge | first1 = G | year = 1968 | title = The Distribution of Redshifts in Quasi-Stellar Objects, N-Systems and Some Radio and Compact Galaxies | journal = [[Astrophysical Journal]] | volume = 154 | pages = L41–L48 | doi = 10.1086/180265 | bibcode=1968ApJ...154L..41B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Karlsson | first1 = K. G. | year = 1990 | title=Quasar redshifts and nearby galaxies | journal = Astron Astrophys | volume = 239| pages = 50 | bibcode=1990A&A...239...50K}}</ref>

:<math>\log_{10}(1 + z) = 0.089n - 0.0632</math>

where:

Where:

#*<math>z</math> refers to the magnitude of redshift (shift in frequency as a proportion of initial frequency).;

#*<math>n</math> is an integer with values 1, 2, 3, 4 ...

This predicts periodic redshift peaks at <math>z</math> = 0.061, 0.30, 0.60, 0.96, 1.41, and 1.9, observed originally in a sample of 600 quasars,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Burbidge| first1 = G. | year = 1978 | title=The line-locking hypothesis, absorption by intervening galaxies, and the Z = 1.95 peak in redshifts | journal = Physica Scripta | volume = 17| issue = 3| pages = 237–241 | doi = 10.1088/0031-8949/17/3/017| bibcode= 1978PhyS...17..237B| s2cid = 250841536 }}</ref> verified in later early studies.<ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=1994Ap&SS.222...65H|doi = 10.1007/BF00627083 | title=Once more on quasar periodicities | journal=Astrophysics and Space Science|date=1994|volume=222|issue=1–2|pages=65–83|first=Ágnes|last=Holba|s2cid = 118379051 }}</ref>