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==Expertise==
===Divided attention===
There are several factors that contribute to the exceptional performance of a skill: memory capacities,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chase | first1 = W. G. | last2 = Simon | first2 = H. A. | year = 1973 | title = Perception in chess | journal = Cognitive Psychology | volume = 4 | pages = 55–81 | doi=10.1016/0010-0285(73)90004-2}}</ref><ref>Starkes, J. L., & Deakin, J. (1984). Perception in sport: A cognitive approach to skilled performance. In W. F. Straub & J. M. Williams (Eds.), Cognitive sport psychology (pp. 115–128). Lansing, MI: Sport Science Associates.</ref> knowledge structures,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chi | first1 = M. T. | last2 = Feltovich | first2 = P. J. | last3 = Glaser | first3 = R. | year = 1981 | title = Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices | journal = Cognitive Science | volume = 5 | issue = 2| pages = 121–152 | doi=10.1207/s15516709cog0502_2| doi-access = free }}</ref> problem-solving abilities,<ref>Tenenbaum, G., & Bar-Eli, M. (1993). Decision-making in sport: A cognitive perspective. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphey, & L. K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 171–192). New York: Macmillan.</ref> and attentional abilities.<ref name="attention">{{cite journal | last1 = Beilock | first1 = S.L. | last2 = Carr | first2 = T.H. | last3 = MacMahon | first3 = C. | last4 = Starkes | first4 = J.L. | year = 2002 | title = When Paying Attention Becomes Counterproductive: Impact of Divided Versus Skill-Focused Attention on Novice and Experienced Performance of Sensorimotor Skills | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/3bbd5a432c08263b0bebcc888d9592ffe4bec50f| journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied | volume = 8 | issue = 1| pages = 6–16 | doi=10.1037/1076-898x.8.1.6| pmid = 12009178 | s2cid = 15358285 }}</ref> They all play key roles, each with its own degree of importance based on the procedures and skills required, the context, and the intended goals of the performance. Using these individualized abilities to compare how experts and novices differ regarding both cognitive and sensorimotor skills has provided a wealth of insight into what makes an expert excellent, and conversely, what sorts of mechanisms novices lack. Evidence suggests that an often overlooked condition for skill excellence is attentional mechanisms involved in the effective utilization and deployment of procedural memory during the real-time execution of skills. Research suggests that early in skill learning, execution is controlled by a set of unintegrated procedural steps that are held in working memory and attended to one-by-one in a step-by-step fashion.<ref>Anderson, J. R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</ref><ref name="Anderson, J. R. 1993">Anderson, J. R. (1993). Rules of mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.</ref><ref>Proctor, R. W., & Dutta, A. (1995). Skill acquisition and human performance. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</ref> The problem with this is that attention is a limited resource. Therefore, this step-by-step process of controlling task performance occupies attentional capacity which in turn reduces the performer's ability to focus on other aspects of the performance, such as decision making, fine motor-skills, self-monitoring of energy level and "seeing the field or ice or court". However, with practice, [[procedural knowledge]] develops, which operates largely outside of working memory, and thus allows for skills to be executed more automatically.<ref name="Anderson, J. R. 1993"/><ref name="Langer, E. 1979">{{cite journal | last1 = Langer | first1 = E. | last2 = Imber | first2 = G. | year = 1979 | title = When practice makes imperfect: Debilitating effects of overlearning | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 37 | issue = 11| pages = 2014–2024 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2014| pmid = 521900 }}</ref> This, of course, has a very positive effect on overall performance by freeing the mind of the need to closely monitor and attend to the more basic, mechanical skills, so that attention can be paid to other processes.<ref name="attention"/>
===Choking under pressure===
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