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An influential development in the history of communicative language teaching was the work of the [[Council of Europe]] in creating new language syllabi. When communicative language teaching had effectively replaced situational language teaching as the standard by leading linguists, the Council of Europe made an effort to once again bolster the growth of the new method, which led to the Council of Europe creating a new language syllabus. Education was a high priority for the Council of Europe, which set out to provide a syllabus that would meet the needs of European immigrants.<ref name=":10" /> Among the studies that it used in designing the course was one by a British linguist, D. A. Wilkins, that defined language using "notions" and "functions," rather than more traditional categories of grammar and vocabulary. The new syllabus reinforced the idea that language could not be adequately explained by grammar and syntax but instead relied on real interaction.<ref name=":10" />
In the mid-1990s, the Dogme 95 manifesto influenced language teaching through the [[Dogme language teaching]] movement. It proposed that published materials stifle the communicative approach. As such, the aim of the Dogme approach to language teaching is to focus on real conversations about practical subjects in which communication is the engine of learning. The idea behind the Dogme approach is that communication can lead to explanation, which leads to further learning. That approach is the antithesis of situational language teaching, which emphasizes learning by text and prioritizes grammar over communication.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Savignon |first1=Sandra J. |title=Communicative language teaching |journal=Theory
A survey of communicative competence by Bachman (1990) divides competency into the broad headings of "organizational competence," which includes both grammatical and discourse (or textual) competence, and "pragmatic competence," which includes both sociolinguistic and "[[illocutionary act|illocutionary]]" competence.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing|last=Bachman|first=Lyle|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-19-437003-5|___location=Oxford|pages=84–92}}</ref> Strategic competence is associated with the interlocutors' ability in using communication strategies.<ref name=":12" />
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