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{{Short description|Software user interface}}
'''Human-in-the-loop''' or '''HITL''' is used in multiple context.s It can be defined as a model that requires human interaction.<ref>"DoD Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Glossary", DoD 5000.59-M, [[United States Department of Defense|DoD]], January 1998 {{cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/500059m.pdf |title=Directives Division |accessdate=2009-04-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710104756/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/500059m.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-10 }}</ref><ref>Karwowski, Waldemar, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3hkbHSV81XMC&pg=PA2407 International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors]'', {{ISBN|0-415-30430-X}}, 9780415304306, [[CRC Press]], 2006</ref> HITL is associated with [[modeling and simulation]] (M&S) in the [[live, virtual, and constructive]] [[Taxonomy (general)|taxonomy]]. HITL along with the related human-'''on'''-the-loop is also used in relation to [[artificial intelligence]] systems that control weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/May-June-2017/Pros-and-Cons-of-Autonomous-Weapons-Systems/|title=Pros and Cons of Autonomous Weapons Systems|author1=Amitai Etzioni|author2=Oren Etzioni|work=army.mil|date=June 2017}}</ref> HITL is used in the context of [[machine learning]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://medium.com/vsinghbisen/what-is-human-in-the-loop-machine-learning-why-how-used-in-ai-60c7b44eb2c0|title=What is Human in the Loop Machine Learning: Why & How Used in AI?|author=Vikram Singh Bisen|date=May 20, 2020|work=medium.com}}</ref>
==Simulation== In simulation, HITL models may conform to [[human factors]] requirements as in the case of a [[mockup]]. In this type of simulation a human is always part of the simulation and consequently influences the outcome in such a way that is difficult if not impossible to reproduce exactly. HITL also readily allows for the identification of problems and requirements that may not be easily identified by other means of simulation. HITL is often referred to as interactive simulation, which is a special kind of physical simulation in which physical simulations include human operators, such as in a [[flight simulator|flight]] or a [[driving simulator]].
===Benefits===
Human-in-the-loop allows the user to change the outcome of an event or process. HITL is extremely effective for the purposes of training because it allows the trainee to immerse themselves in the event or process {{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}. The immersion effectively contributes to a positive transfer of acquired skills into the real world. This can be demonstrated by trainees utilizing flight simulators in preparation to become pilots.
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As with most processes, there is always the possibility of [[human error]], which can only be reproduced using HITL simulation. Although much can be done to automate systems, humans typically still need to take the information provided by a system to determine the next course of action based on their judgment and experience. Intelligent systems can only go so far in certain circumstances to automate a process; only humans in the simulation can accurately judge the final design. Tabletop simulation may be useful in the very early stages of project development for the purpose of collecting data to set broad parameters, but the important decisions require human-in-the-loop simulation.<ref>Human-in-the-loop simulation: (2007, Spring). Port Technology International, 32, 1-2. Retrieved July 19, 2010, from http://www.marinesafety.com/research/documents/HumanintheloopSimulationasPublishedinPortTechnologyInternationalIssue32.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714034605/http://www.marinesafety.com/research/documents/HumanintheloopSimulationasPublishedinPortTechnologyInternationalIssue32.pdf |date=2011-07-14 }}</ref>
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Virtual simulations inject HITL in a central role by exercising [[motor control]] skills (e.g. flying an airplane), [[decision making]] skills (e.g. committing fire control resources to action), or [[communication skills]] (e.g. as members of a [[C4I]] team).
=== Examples
*[[Flight simulators]]
*[[Driving simulators]]
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* [[Digital puppetry]]
===Misconceptions===
Although human-in-the-loop simulation can include a computer simulation in the form of a synthetic environment, computer simulation is not necessarily a form of human-in-the-loop simulation, and is often considered as human-out-of-the loop simulation. In this particular case, a computer model’s behavior is modified according to a set of initial parameters. The results of the model differ from the results stemming from a true human-in-the-loop simulation because the results can easily be replicated time and time again, by simply providing identical parameters.
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