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'''Mathematical Markup Language''' ('''MathML''') is a [[mathematical markup language]], an application of [[XML]] for describing [[mathematics|mathematical]] notations and capturing both its structure and content. It aims at integrating mathematical formulae into [[World Wide Web]] pages and other documents. It is part of [[HTML5]] and is a ISO/IEC standard [https://www.iso.org/standard/58439.html ISO/IEC 40314] since 2015.
==History==
MathML 1 was released as a W3C recommendation in April 1998 as the first [[XML]] language to be recommended by the [[W3C]]. Version 1.01 of the format was released in July 1999 and version 2.0 appeared in February 2001.
In October 2003, the second edition of MathML Version 2.0 was published as the final release by the W3C Math Working Group.
MathML was originally designed before the finalization of [[XML namespace]]s. However, it was assigned a namespace immediately after the Namespace Recommendation was completed, and for XML use, the elements should be in the namespace with namespace URL <nowiki>http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML</nowiki>. When MathML is used in HTML (as opposed to XML) this namespace is automatically inferred by the HTML parser and need not be specified in the document.
===MathML version 3===
Version 3 of the MathML specification was released as a [[World Wide Web Consortium#W3C recommendation (REC)|W3C recommendation]] on 20 October 2010. A recommendation of ''A MathML for CSS Profile'' was later released on 7 June 2011;<ref name=CSSProfile>{{cite web|title=A MathML for CSS Profile|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/mathml-for-css/|publisher=W3C|access-date=25 July 2013|date=7 June 2011}}</ref> this is a subset of MathML suitable for CSS formatting. Another subset, ''Strict Content MathML'', provides a subset of content MathML with a uniform structure and is designed to be compatible with [[OpenMath]]. Other content elements are defined in terms of a transformation to the strict subset. New content elements include {{tag|bind|o}} which associates bound variables ({{tag|bvar|o}}) to expressions, for example a summation index. The new {{tag|share|o}} element allows structure sharing.<ref name="V3"/>
The development of MathML 3.0 went through a number of stages. In June 2006 the W3C rechartered the MathML Working Group to produce a MathML 3 Recommendation until February 2008 and in November 2008 extended the charter to April 2010. A sixth Working Draft of the MathML 3 revision was published in June 2009. On 10 August 2010 version 3 graduated to become a "Proposed Recommendation" rather than a draft.<ref name="V3">[http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/ Mathematical Markup Language Version 3.0 W3C Recommendation]. W3.org. Retrieved on 9 May 2012.</ref>
The Second Edition of MathML 3.0 was published as a W3C Recommendation on 10 April 2014.<ref name="w3c-standard-2nd-ed" /> The specification was approved as an [[International Electrotechnical Commission|ISO/IEC]] international standard 40314:2015 on 23 June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/2015/06/mathmlpas.html.en |title=W3C MathML 3.0 Approved as ISO/IEC International Standard |website=W3.org |date=23 June 2015 |access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref>
==Presentation and semantics==
MathML deals not only with the ''presentation'' but also the ''meaning'' of formula components (the latter part of MathML is known as "Content MathML"). Because the meaning of the equation is preserved separate from the presentation, how the content is communicated can be left up to the user. For example, web pages with MathML embedded in them can be viewed as normal web pages with many browsers, but visually impaired users can also have the same MathML read to them through the use of [[screen readers]] (e.g. using the [[MathPlayer]] [[Plug-in (computing)|plugin]] for [[Internet Explorer]] or [[Firefox]], [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]] 9.50 build 9656+ or the Fire Vox extension for Firefox). Newer versions of [[JAWS (screen reader)|JAWS]] support MathML voicing as well as braille output.<ref>{{Cite web|title=JAWS Version 16|url=https://support.freedomscientific.com/downloads/jaws/JAWSWhatsNew?version=16|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Presentation MathML===
Presentation MathML focuses on the display of an equation, and has about 30 elements. The elements' names all begin with {{code|m}}. A Presentation MathML expression is built up out of ''tokens'' that are combined using higher-level elements, which control their layout (there are also about 50 attributes, which mainly control fine details).
Token elements generally only contain characters (not other elements). They include:
* {{code|<mi>x</mi>}} – identifiers;
* {{code|<mo>+</mo>}} – operators;
* {{code|<mn>2</mn>}} – numbers.
* {{code|<mtext>non zero</mtext>}} – text.
Note, however, that these token elements may be used as extension points, allowing markup in host languages.
MathML in [[HTML5]] allows most inline HTML markup in mtext, and {{code|<mtext><b>non</b> zero</mtext>}} is conforming, with the HTML markup being used within the MathML to mark up the embedded text (making the first word bold in this example).
These are combined using layout elements, that generally contain only elements. They include:
* {{tag|mrow|o}} – a horizontal row of items;
* {{tag|msup|o}}, {{tag|munderover|o}}, and others – superscripts, limits over and under operators like sums, etc.;
* {{tag|mfrac|o}} – fractions;
* {{tag|msqrt|o}} and {{tag|mroot|o}} – roots;
* {{tag|mfenced|o}} – surrounding content with fences, such as parentheses.
As usual in HTML and XML, many [[character entity reference|entities]] are available for specifying special symbols by name, such as {{code|π}} and {{code|→}}. An interesting feature of MathML is that entities also exist to express normally-invisible operators, such as {{code|⁢}} (or the shorthand {{code|⁢}}) for implicit multiplication. They are:
* {{unichar|2061|FUNCTION APPLICATION}};
* {{unichar|2062|INVISIBLE TIMES}};
* {{unichar|2063|INVISIBLE SEPARATOR}};
* {{unichar|2064|INVISIBLE PLUS}}.
The full specification of MathML entities<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/chapter7.html|title=Characters, Entities and Fonts|website=www.w3.org}}</ref> is closely coordinated with the corresponding specifications for use with HTML and XML in general.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-entity-names/Overview.html|title=XML Entity Definitions for Characters (2nd Edition)|website=www.w3.org}}</ref>
Thus, the expression <math forcemathmode=mathml>a x^2+b x+c</math> requires two layout elements: one to create the overall horizontal row and one for the superscripted exponent. Including only the layout elements and the (not yet marked up) bare tokens, the structure looks like this:
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<mrow>
a ⁢ <msup>x 2</msup>
+ b ⁢ x
+ c
</mrow>
</syntaxhighlight>
However, the individual tokens also have to be identified as identifiers (mi), operators (mo), or numbers (mn). Adding the token markup, the full form ends up as
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup>
<mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</syntaxhighlight>
A valid MathML document typically consists of the XML declaration, [[Document type declaration|DOCTYPE]] declaration, and document element.
The document body then contains MathML expressions which appear in <math> elements as needed in the document. Often, MathML will be embedded in more general documents, such as [[HTML]], [[DocBook]], or other [[XML]] schemas. A complete document that consists of just the MathML example above, is shown here:
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE math PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD MathML 2.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/mathml2.dtd">
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup>
<mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</math>
</syntaxhighlight>
===Content MathML===
Content MathML focuses on the semantics, or meaning, of the expression rather than its layout. Central to Content MathML is the {{tag|apply|o}} element that represents function application. The function being applied is the first child element under {{tag|apply|o}}, and its operands or parameters are the remaining child elements. Content MathML uses only a few attributes.
Tokens such as identifiers and numbers are individually marked up, much as for Presentation MathML, but with elements such as {{code|ci}} and {{code|cn}}. Rather than being merely another type of token, operators are represented by specific elements, whose mathematical semantics are known to MathML: {{code|times}}, {{code|power}}, etc. There are over a hundred different elements for different functions and operators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML3/chapter4.html#contm.opel|title=Content Markup|website=www.w3.org}}</ref>
For example, {{code|2=xml|<apply><sin/><ci>x</ci></apply>}} represents <math>\sin(x)</math> and {{code|2=xml|<apply><plus/><ci>x</ci><cn>5</cn></apply>}} represents <math>x+5</math>. The elements representing operators and functions are empty elements, because their operands are the other elements under the containing {{tag|apply|o}}.
The expression <math>a x^2+b x+c</math> could be represented as
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<math>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>a</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>x</ci>
<cn>2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>b</ci>
<ci>x</ci>
</apply>
<ci>c</ci>
</apply>
</math>
</syntaxhighlight>
Content MathML is nearly isomorphic to [[Binary expression tree|expressions]] in a [[Functional programming|functional language]] such as [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]. {{tag|apply}} amounts to Scheme's {{code|(...)}}, and the many operator and function elements amount to Scheme functions. With this trivial literal transformation, plus un-tagging the individual tokens, the example above becomes:
<syntaxhighlight lang="scheme">
(plus
(times a (power x 2))
(times b x)
c)
</syntaxhighlight>
This reflects the long-known close relationship between XML element structures, and [[Lisp (programming language)|LISP]] or Scheme [[S-expressions]].<ref>Steven DeRose. The SGML FAQ Book: Understanding the Relationship of SGML and XML, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997. {{isbn|978-0-7923-9943-8}}.</ref><ref>[[Canonical S-expressions#cite note-0]]</ref>
====Wikidata annotation in Content MathML====
According to the OM Society,<ref name="OpenMath">{{Cite web|url=https://www.openmath.org/|title=OpenMath Home · OpenMath|website=www.openmath.org}}</ref> OpenMath Content Dictionaries can be employed as collections of symbols and identifiers with declarations of their semantics{{snd}}names, descriptions and rules. A 2018 paper presented at the [[Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval|SIGIR]] conference<ref name="SchubotzScharpfGipp2018">{{cite journal|author1=Moritz Schubotz|author2=Philipp Scharpf|author3=Bela Gipp|title=Representing Mathematical Formulae in Content MathML using Wikidata.|url=http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2132/paper5.pdf|date=2018|journal=Birndl@sigir}}</ref> proposed that the semantic knowledge base [[Wikidata]] could be used as an OpenMath Content Dictionary to link semantic elements of a mathematical formula to unique and language-independent Wikidata items.
==Example and comparison to other formats==
The well-known [[quadratic formula]]:
: <math>x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}</math>
would be marked up using [[LaTeX]] syntax like this:
<syntaxhighlight lang="latex">
x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}
</syntaxhighlight>
in [[eqn (software)|troff/eqn]] like this:
x = {-b +- sqrt{b sup 2 – 4ac}} over 2a
in [[Apache OpenOffice Math]] and [[LibreOffice Math]] like this (all three are valid):
x = {-b plusminus sqrt {b^2 – 4 ac}} over {2 a}
x = {-b +- sqrt {b^2 – 4ac}} over {2a}
x = {-b ± sqrt {b^2 – 4ac}} over {2a}
in [[AsciiMath]] like this:
x = (-b +- sqrt(b^2 - 4ac))/(2a)
The above equation could be represented in Presentation MathML as an expression tree made up from layout elements like ''mfrac'' or ''msqrt'' elements:
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<math mode="display" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<semantics>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo form="prefix">−</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>±</mo>
<msqrt>
<msup><mi>b</mi><mn>2</mn></msup>
<mo>−</mo>
<mn>4</mn><mo>⁢</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>⁢</mo><mi>c</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⁢</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex"><!-- TeX -->
x = \frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}
</annotation>
<annotation encoding="StarMath 5.0">
x = {-b plusminus sqrt {b^2 - 4 ac}} over {2 a}
</annotation>
<!-- More annotations can be written: application/x-troff-eqn for eqn, application/x-asciimath for AsciiMath... -->
<!-- Semantic MathML go under <annotation-xml encoding="MathML-Content">. -->
</semantics>
</math>
</syntaxhighlight>
This example uses the {{tag|annotation|open}} element, which can be used to embed a semantic annotation in non-XML format, for example to store the formula in the format used by an equation editor such as [[StarMath]] or the markup using [[LaTeX]] syntax. The {{code|encoding}} field is usually a [[MIME type]], although most of the equation encodings don't have such a registration; freeform text may be used in such case.
Although less compact than TeX, the XML structuring promises to make it widely usable, allows instant display in applications such as [[Web browser]]s, and facilitates an interpretation of its meaning in mathematical software products. MathML is not intended to be written or edited directly by humans.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-MathML/#abstract
| title = Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) 1.01 Specification (Abstract)
| access-date =26 September 2006
| last = Buswell
| first = Steven
| author2 = Devitt, Stan
| author3 = Diaz, Angel
| display-authors=etal
| date = 7 July 1999
| quote = While MathML is human-readable it is anticipated that, in all but the simplest cases, authors will use equation editors, conversion programs, and other specialized software tools to generate MathML.
}}</ref>
==Embedding MathML in HTML/XHTML files==
MathML, being XML, can be embedded inside other XML files such as [[XHTML]] files using XML namespaces. Browsers such as Firefox 3+ and Opera 9.6+ (support incomplete) can display Presentation MathML embedded in XHTML.
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1 plus MathML 2.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/xhtml-math11-f.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<title>Example of MathML embedded in an XHTML file</title>
<meta name="description" content="Example of MathML embedded in an XHTML file"/>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Example of MathML embedded in an XHTML file</h1>
<p>
The area of a circle is
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⁢<!-- ⁢ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</math>.
</p>
</body>
</html>
</syntaxhighlight>
[[File:MathMLxhtml.png|thumb|435px|A rendering of the formula for a circle in MathML+XHTML using Firefox 22 on Mac OS X]]
Inline MathML is also supported in [[HTML5]] files in the current versions of [[WebKit]] ([[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] and [[JavaFX|JavaFX/WebView]] ), [[Gecko (software)|Gecko]] ([[Firefox]]). There is no need to specify namespaces like in the XHTML.
{{clear}}
<syntaxhighlight lang="html5">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Example of MathML embedded in an HTML5 file</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Example of MathML embedded in an HTML5 file</h1>
<p>
The area of a circle is
<math>
<mi>π</mi>
<mo>⁢</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
</math>.
</p>
</body>
</html>
</syntaxhighlight>
==Browser support==
{{outdated section|date=September 2021}}
Of the major [[web browser]]s, [[Gecko (software)|Gecko]]-based browsers (e.g., [[Firefox]]) have the most complete native support for MathML.<ref>{{citation |url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla_MathML_Project/Status |title=Mozilla MathML Status |first=Frédéric |last=Wang |publisher=Mozilla}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.mozilla.org/projects/mathml/authoring.html |title=Authoring MathML for Mozilla |first=Roger B. |last=Sidje |publisher=Mozilla}}</ref>
While the [[WebKit]] layout engine has a development version of MathML,<ref>{{citation |url=https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=3251 |title=Bug 3251 – Implement MathML (master bug) |publisher=WebKit}} . . . (However, "see also") https://trac.webkit.org/wiki/MathML%20Status</ref> this feature is only available in version 5.1 and higher of [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]]. It was available in Chrome up through <ref>{{citation|url=http://www.leancrew.com/all-this/2011/07/safari-5-1-and-math/|title=Safari 5.1 and math}}</ref> [[Google Chrome|Chrome]] 24<ref>{{Citation|title=MathML Support Coming To Chrome|url=http://browserfame.com/900/mathml-in-chrome|publisher=BrowserFame|access-date=16 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014191355/http://browserfame.com/900/mathml-in-chrome|archive-date=14 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Stable Chrome 24 supports MathML and closes security holes |url=http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Stable-Chrome-24-supports-MathML-and-closes-security-holes-1781648.html|publisher=The H Online|access-date=11 January 2013}}</ref> at which point it was removed.<ref>{{Citation|title=Stable Channel Update |url=http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.ca/2013/02/stable-channel-update_21.html|access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> At the time, Google removed support of MathML claiming architectural security issues and low usage did not justify their engineering time.<ref name="CNET">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-subtracts-mathml-from-chrome-and-anger-multiplies/|title=Google subtracts MathML from Chrome, and anger multiplies|work=CNET|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref> In January 2023, support for MathML was reintroduced to Chrome in version 109 due to work by Igalia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.chrome.com/blog/new-in-chrome-109/|title=New in Chrome 109 |date=10 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-10 |publisher=Chrome Developers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.igalia.com/2023/01/10/Igalia-Brings-MathML-Back-to-Chromium.html|title=Igalia Brings MathML Back to Chromium|date=10 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-10 |publisher=Igalia News}}</ref> {{As of|October 2013}}, the WebKit/Safari implementation has numerous bugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maths-informatique-jeux.com/blog/frederic/?post/2013/10/12/Funding-MathML-Developments-in-Gecko-and-WebKit|title=Funding MathML Developments in Gecko and WebKit - Blog de Frédéric|author=Frédéric Wang|work=maths-informatique-jeux.com|access-date=22 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214030114/http://www.maths-informatique-jeux.com/blog/frederic/?post%2F2013%2F10%2F12%2FFunding-MathML-Developments-in-Gecko-and-WebKit|archive-date=14 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[JavaFX|JavaFX/WebView]]. Also based on WebKit, the JavaFX embedded web browser supports MathML starting with JavaFX 8 Update 192 and JavaFX 11 versions. Support is broken, in JavaFX 8 previous versions, JavaFX 9 and JavaFX 10.
[[Opera (web browser)|Opera]], between version 9.5 and 12, supports MathML for CSS profile,<ref>{{citation |url=http://dev.opera.com/articles/view/can-kestrels-do-math-mathml-support-in/ |title=Can Kestrels do Math? MathML support in Opera Kestrel |first=Charles |last=McCathieNevile |date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Opera}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://my.opera.com/desktopteam/blog/2007/11/16/even-more-work |title=Even more work |first=Tommy A. |last=Olsen |date=16 November 2007 |publisher=Opera|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118141611/http://my.opera.com/desktopteam/blog/2007/11/16/even-more-work |archive-date=18 November 2007}}</ref> but is unable to position diacritical marks properly.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081211143506/http://my.opera.com/mathml/blog/show.dml/1460837#comments MathML – The Opera MathML blog]. My.opera.com (1 November 2007). Retrieved on 9 May 2012.</ref> Prior to version 9.5 it required User JavaScript or custom stylesheets to emulate MathML support.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080928225043/http://my.opera.com/community/forums/topic.dml?id=124033 UserJS for MathML 2.0]. My.opera.com. Retrieved on 9 May 2012.</ref> Starting with [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]] 14, Opera drops support for MathML by switching to the Chromium 25 engine.<ref>{{citation|url=http://my.opera.com/ODIN/blog/2013/03/05/opera-14-beta-for-android-is-out|title=Opera 14 beta for Android is out|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308155256/http://my.opera.com/ODIN/blog/2013/03/05/opera-14-beta-for-android-is-out |archive-date=2013-03-08}}</ref>
[[Microsoft Edge]] does not support MathML, nor are there plans to add support.<ref>{{citation |url=https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/status/mathml/?q=MathML |title=Microsoft Edge Platform Status |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>
[[Internet Explorer]] does not support MathML natively. Support for [[Internet Explorer 6|IE6]] through [[Internet Explorer 9|IE9]] can be added by installing the [[MathPlayer]] plugin.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.dessci.com/en/products/mathplayer/versionhistory.htm |title=MathPlayer – version history}}</ref> IE10 has some crashing bugs with MathPlayer and Microsoft decided to completely disable in IE11 the binary plug-in interface that MathPlayer needs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.dessci.com/2013/10/microsoft-cripples-display-math-ie10-11.html|title=Microsoft cripples the display of math in IE10 & 11|work=dessci.com|access-date=22 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701235623/http://news.dessci.com/2013/10/microsoft-cripples-display-math-ie10-11.html|archive-date=1 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> MathPlayer has a license that may limit its use or distribution in commercial webpages and software. Using or distributing the MathPlayer plugin to display HTML content via the WebBrowser control in commercial software may also be forbidden by this license.
The [[KHTML]]-based [[Konqueror]] currently does not provide support for MathML.<ref>{{citation |url=http://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=30526 |title=Bug 30526 – MathML support for Konqi}}</ref>
The quality of rendering of MathML in a browser depends on the installed fonts. The [[STIX Fonts project]] have released a comprehensive set of mathematical fonts under an open license. The [[Cambria Math]] font supplied with Microsoft Windows had a slightly more limited support.<ref name="Vismor">{{Citation|url=https://vismor.com/documents/site_implementation/viewing_mathematics/viewing_mathematics.php|title=Viewing Mathematics on the Internet|access-date=13 April 2011|first=Timothy|last=Vismor}}</ref>
According to a member of the MathJax team, none of the major browser makers paid any of their developers for any MathML-rendering work; whatever support exists is overwhelmingly the result of unpaid volunteer time/work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radar.oreilly.com/2013/11/mathml-forges-on.html|title=MathML forges on|author=Peter Krautzberger|work=oreilly.com|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref>
In 2015 the MathML Association was founded to support the adoption of the MathML standard.<ref>{{citation|url=http://mathml-association.org/about.html|title=Mondial Association for Tools Handling MathML|access-date=20 June 2016|author1=Deyan Ginev |author2=Michael Kohlhase |author3=Moritz Schubotz |author4=Raniere Silva |author5=Frédéric Wang }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center; width: auto;"
|-
! style="width:12em" | Browser
! MathML
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[Amaya (web browser)|Amaya]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[AOL Explorer]]
| {{No}} <ref group="note" name="IEMathML">Available with the MathPlayer plugin.</ref>
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Avant Browser|Avant]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[Arora (browser)|Arora]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Basilisk (web browser)|Basilisk]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[Camino (web browser)|Camino]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Chromium (web browser)|Chromium]], [[Google Chrome|Chrome]]
| {{Yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.chrome.com/blog/new-in-chrome-109/|title=New in Chrome 109 |date=10 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-10 |publisher=Chrome Developers}}</ref>
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[Dillo]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Dooble (web browser)|Dooble]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[ELinks]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Falkon]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[Flock (web browser)|Flock]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[Galeon]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[iCab]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Internet Explorer]]
| {{No}} <ref group="note" name="IEMathML"/>
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[Internet Explorer for Mac]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[K-Meleon]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Konqueror]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Links (web browser)|Links]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Lunascape (web browser)|Lunascape]]
| {{Yes}} <ref name="luna">Depends on the [[Browser engine|layout engine]] which is chosen: Trident or Gecko or WebKit.</ref>
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Lynx (web browser)|Lynx]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Maxthon]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Microsoft Edge]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Midori (web browser)|Midori]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[Mozilla Application Suite|Mozilla]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Firefox|Mozilla Firefox]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[Netscape (web browser)|Netscape]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[Netscape Browser]]
| {{depends}} <ref name="ns8">Depends on the [[Browser engine|layout engine]] which is chosen: Trident or Gecko.</ref>
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[Netscape Navigator]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[Netscape Navigator 9]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[NetSurf]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[OmniWeb]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Otter Browser]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Pale Moon (web browser)|Pale Moon]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} | Polarity
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[qutebrowser]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[SeaMonkey]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[Shiira]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Sleipnir (web browser)|Sleipnir]]
| {{No}} <ref group="note" name="IEMathML"/>
|-
! {{rh}} | [[surf (web browser)|surf]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Torch browser|Torch Browser]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[Web (web browser)|Web]]
| {{Yes}}
|-
! {{rh2}} | [[WorldWideWeb]]
| {{No}}
|-
! {{rh}} | [[w3m]]
| {{No}}
|}
==Other standards==
Another standard called [[OpenMath]] that has been designed (largely by the same people who devised Content MathML) more specifically for storing formulae semantically can also be used to complement MathML. OpenMath data can be embedded in MathML using the {{code|1=<annotation-xml encoding="OpenMath">}} element. OpenMath ''content dictionaries'' can be used to define the meaning of {{code|<csymbol>}} elements. The following would define ''P''<sub>1</sub>(''x'') to be the first [[Legendre polynomial]]
<syntaxhighlight lang="xml">
<apply>
<csymbol encoding="OpenMath" definitionURL="http://www.openmath.org/cd/contrib/cd/orthpoly1.xhtml#legendreP">
<msub><mi>P</mi><mn>1</mn></msub>
</csymbol>
<ci>x</ci>
</apply>
</syntaxhighlight>
The [[OMDoc]] format has been created for markup of larger mathematical structures than formulae, from statements like definitions, theorems, proofs, or example, to theories and text books. Formulae in OMDoc documents can either be written in Content MathML or in OpenMath; for presentation, they are converted to Presentation MathML.
The [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] standard [[Office Open XML]] (OOXML) defines a different XML math syntax, derived from [[Microsoft Office]] products. However, it is partially compatible<ref>{{Citation| url=http://dpcarlisle.blogspot.com/2007/04/xhtml-and-mathml-from-office-20007.html
| |||