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===Ruscio and Roche's comparison data===
In 2012 Ruscio and Roche<ref name =Ruscio/> introduced the comparative data (CD) procedure in an attempt improve upon the PA method. The authors state that "rather than generating random datasets, which only take into account sampling error, multiple datasets with known factorial structures are analyzed to determine which best reproduces the profile of eigenvalues for the actual data" (p. 258). The strength of the procedure is its ability to not only incorporate sampling error, but also the factorial structure and multivariate distribution of the items. Ruscio and Roche's (2012) simulation study<ref name =Ruscio/> determined that the CD procedure outperformed many other methods aimed at determining the correct number of factors to retain. In that study, the CD technique, making use of Pearson correlations accurately predicted the correct number of factors 87.14% of the time. However, the simulated study never involved more than five factors. Therefore, the applicability of the CD procedure to estimate factorial structures beyond five factors is yet to be tested. Courtney includes this procedure in his recommended list and gives guidelines showing how it can be easily carried out from within SPSS's user interface.<ref name="pareonline.net"/>
In 2024, Goretzko and Ruscio proposed the Comparison Data Forest as an extension of the CD approach.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goretzko |first=David |last2=Ruscio |first2=John |date=2023-06-15 |title=The comparison data forest: A new comparison data approach to determine the number of factors in exploratory factor analysis |url=https://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13428-023-02122-4 |journal=Behavior Research Methods |language=en |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=1838–1851 |doi=10.3758/s13428-023-02122-4 |issn=1554-3528 |pmc=PMC10991039 |pmid=37382813}}</ref>
===Convergence of multiple tests===
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