Gender and development: Difference between revisions

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===Gender and neoliberal development institutions===

Neoliberalism consists of policies that will privatize public industry, deregulate any laws or policies that interfere with the free flow of the market and cut back on all social services. These policies were often introduced to many low-income countries through structural adjustment programs (SAPs) by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).<ref>{{cite book|title=Gender, Development, and Globalization:Economics as if All People Mattered.|last1=Beneria|first1=Lourdes|last2=Berik|first2=Gunseli|last3=Floro|first3=Maria S|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-0-415-53748-3|___location=New York|pages=95}}</ref> Neoliberalism was cemented as the dominant global policy framework in the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name=":02"/> Among development institutions, gender issues have increasingly become part of economic development agendas, as the examples of the [[World Bank]] shows. Awareness by international organizations of the need to address gender issues evolved over the past decades. The World Bank, and regional development banks, donor agencies, and government ministries have provided many examples of instrumental arguments for gender equality, for instance by emphasizing the importance of women's education as a way of increasing productivity in the household and the market. Their concerns have often focused on women's contributions to economic growth rather than the importance of women's education as a means for empowering women and enhancing their capabilities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benería |first1=Lourdes |last2=Günseli |first2=Berik |last3=Floro |first3=Maria S. |title=Gender, Development, and Globalization: Economics As If All People Mattered |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |edition= 2}}</ref> The World Bank, for example, started focusing on gender in 1977 with the appointment of a first Women in Development Adviser.<ref name="WB Gender">{{cite web |url= http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/gender/overview |title=World Bank Gender Overview |date=3 May 2013 |website=World Bank |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> In 1984 the bank mandated that its programs consider women's issues. In 1994 the bank issued a policy paper on Gender and Development, reflecting current thinking on the subject. This policy aims to address policy and institutional constraints that maintain disparities between the genders and thus limit the effectiveness of development programsprogram.{{sfn|World<ref Bankname="WB2010" 2010}}/>Thirty years after the appointment of a first Women in Development Adviser, a so-called [[Gender Action Plan]] was launched to underline the importance of the topic within development strategies and to introduce the new [[gender and development#Smart economics|Smart Economics]] strategy.

Gender mainstreaming mandated by the 1995 Beijing Platform for action integrates gender in all aspects of individuals lives in regards to policy development on gender equality.<ref name="WB2010">World Bank. An Evaluation of World Bank Support, 2002-08: Gender and Development. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2010. IEG Study Ser. Web.</ref> The World Bank's Gender Action Plan of 2007-10 is built upon the Bank's gender mainstreaming strategy for gender equality. The Gender Action Plan's objective was advance women's economic empowerment through their participation in land, labor, financial and product markets.<ref>World Bank. "Gender Equality as Smart Economics: A World Bank Group Gender Action Plan (Fiscal Years 2007-10)." IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc (2006): IDEAS Working Paper Series from RePEc, 2006. Web.</ref> In 2012, the [[World Development Report]] was the first report of the series examining Gender Equality and Development.<ref name="WB Gender"/> [[Florika Fink-Hooijer]], head of the [[European Commission]]'s [[Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations]] introduced cash-based aid as well as gender and age sensitive aid.<ref>Fink-Hooijer, Florika (2014-01-01). "7 The EU's Competence in the Field of Civil Protection (Article 196, Paragraph 1, a–c TFEU)". ''EU Management of Global Emergencies'': 137–145. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1163/9789004268333_009.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Boin|first=Arjen|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/854975218|title=The European Union as crisis manager : patterns and prospects|date=2013|others=Magnus Ekengren, Mark Rhinard|isbn=978-1-4619-3669-5|___location=Cambridge|oclc=854975218}}</ref>

An argument made on the functions behind institutional financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank are that they support capitalist ideals through their means of economic growth of countries globally and their participation in the global economy and capitalist systems. The roles of banks as institutions and the creation of new workers’ economy reflect neoliberal developing ideals is also present in the criticisms on neoliberal developing institutions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradella |first1=Lucia |last2=Marois |first2=Thomas |title=Polarizing Development: Alternatives to Neoliberalism and the Crisis |date=2014 |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-0-7453-3470-7 }}{{page needed|date=May 2021}}</ref> Another critique made on the market and institutions is that it contributes to the creation of policies and aid with gender-related outcomes. An argument made on the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development is that it creates a neoliberal dominance that continues the construction and reconstruction of gender norms by homogenously category women rather than the gender disparities within its policies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shields |first1=Stuart |last2=Wallin |first2=Sara |title=The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development's Gender Action Plan and the Gendered Political Economy of Post-Communist Transition |journal=Globalizations |date=4 May 2015 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=383–399 |doi=10.1080/14747731.2015.1016307 |s2cid=54179275 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/85978/9/Shields%20%2526%20Wallin%20Globalisations%20Final%20Draft.pdf }}</ref>

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* Moser, Caroline O.N. (1995). Gender planning and development: theory, practice and training(Reprint. ed.). London [u.a.]: Routledge.{{ISBN|0415056209}}.

* Nalini Visvanathan ... [et. The women, gender and development reader (2nd ed. ed.). London: Zed Books. p.&nbsp;29.{{ISBN|9781848135871}}.

* New York Times. [Accessible onhttpshttps://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/11/giving/11VIDEO.html?_r=0 "Nike Harnesses ‘Girl Effect’ Again."]. New York Times, November 10, 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2013.

* {{cite book | last1 = Barriteau | first1 = Eudine | last2 = Connelly | first2 = Patricia | last3 = Parpart | first3 = Jane L | title = Theoretical perspectives on gender and development | publisher = International Development Research Centre (IDRC) | ___location = Ottawa | year = 2000 | isbn = 9780889369108 }}

* Pearce, Samir Amin. Transl. by Brian (1976).Unequal development: an essay on the social formations of peripheral capitalism (al-Ṭabʻah 4. ed.). Hassocks: Harvester Pr. {{ISBN|0901759465}}.