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There is no consensus in the literature on how much of non-coding transcription is functional. Some researchers have argued that many ncRNAs are non-functional (sometimes referred to as "junk RNA"), spurious transcriptions.<ref name="waste">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brosius J | title = Waste not, want not--transcript excess in multicellular eukaryotes | journal = Trends in Genetics | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 287–8 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15851065 | doi = 10.1016/j.tig.2005.02.014 }}</ref><ref name="PalazzoLee2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Palazzo AF, Lee ES | title = Non-coding RNA: what is functional and what is junk? | journal = Frontiers in Genetics | volume = 6 | pages = 2 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25674102 | pmc = 4306305 | doi = 10.3389/fgene.2015.00002 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
Others, however, disagree, arguing instead that many non-coding transcripts do have functions and that those functions are being and will continue to be discovered.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mattick |first1=John |last2=Amaral |first2=Paulo |title=RNA, The Epicenter of Genetic Information : A New Understanding of Molecular Biology |date=2022 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn= 9780367623920}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Hyunmin |last2=Zhang |first2=Zhaolei |last3=Krause |first3=Henry M. |title=Long Noncoding RNAs and Repetitive Elements: Junk or Intimate Evolutionary Partners? |journal=Trends in Genetics |date=December 2019 |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=892–902 |doi=10.1016/j.tig.2019.09.006|pmid=31662190 |s2cid=204975291 }}</ref>
==History and discovery==
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